reprocessing

This study aimed to investigate desensitization and reprocessing with eye movements on the reduction of bereavement symptoms in bereaved children. In this investigation, a single-case experimental design with incongruent multiple baseline designs was used. The statistical population of the present research was comprised of bereaved children in the city of Karaj who have lost a parent within the past six months. The sample of the research was 3 children aged 10-11 years with the purposeful sampling method based on the entry criteria. This study utilized the Children’s Grief Questionnaire (Dyregrov, Yule, Smith, Perrin, Gjestad & Prigerson, 2001). as the questionnaire. In this research, a single-case design of The treatment protocol was applied in eight stages and 4 stages of baseline and two-stage follow-up for all participants. Subjects were analyzed before the treatment, after the intervention and follow-up by the aforementioned questionnaire. The study’s data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS-22. The results of the data analysis showed that the overall recovery percentage of the subjects at the end of the treatment as well as at the 45-day and 3-month follow-up stages was at a significant level (p<0.05). This treatment method can reduce the symptoms of bereavement in children. Therefore, the patients can be introduced to the experts as the main research and treatment priorities in this field.

The purpose of this study was to comparing the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and transcranial direct current brain stimulation therapy on perceived stress and anxiety in women with binge eating. This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group and follow-up 2 month. The statistical population was all women with binge eating who referred to nutrition centers in the spring of 2023 in Karaj city. In the first stage, using Judgmental sampling method, 45 women were selected and then randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (each group 15 women) and one control group (15 women) were replaced and experimental groups underwent 8 sessions 60 minutes eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, 8 sessions 60 minutes affect transcranial direct current brain stimulation therapy, but the control group received no training and remained in the waiting list. To collect data binge eating scale (BES) of Gormally and et al (1982), perceived stress scale (PSC) of Cohen et al (1983) and Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) of Beck et al (1988). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-28 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential (analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni). The results showed that both interventions in post-test and follow up had a significant effect on perceived stress and anxiety (P<0.05). In addition, the results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that affect regulation training is more effective in perceived stress and anxiety (P<0.05).

The purpose of this study was to comparing the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, transcranial direct current brain stimulation therapy and combined therapy on perceived stress and food craving in women with binge eating. This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group and follow-up 2 month. The statistical population was all women with binge eating who referred to nutrition centers in the spring of 2023 in city of Karaj. In the first stage, using Judgmental sampling method, 60 women were selected and then randomly divided into 3 experimental groups (each group 15 women) and one control group (15 women) were replaced and experimental groups underwent eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, transcranial direct current brain stimulation therapy and combined therap, but the control group received no training and remained in the waiting list. To collect data binge eating scale (BES) of Gormally and et al (1982), perceived stress scale (PSC) of Cohen et al (1983) and trait food-cravings questionnaires (FCQ-T) of Cepeda-Benito and et al (2000). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-28 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential (analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni). The results showed that three interventions in post-test and follow up had a significant effect on perceived stress and food craving (P<0.05).  In addition, the results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that combined therapy is more effective in perceived stress and food craving (P<0.05). Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and transcranial direct current brain stimulation therapy and can be used as a treatment method to on perceived stress and food craving in counseling centers and priority of use in the treatment of in women with binge eating is with combined therapy.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and motivational interviewing on the attitude towards marriage of divorced women. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included divorced women in Khodabande city in 2022-2023. 39 divorced women were Convenience Sampling selected and randomly divided into three groups (13 people in each group). The research tool included the Marriage Attitude Scale (MAS) Brattin and Rosen's (1998). The control group did not receive any intervention. Still, one experimental group received eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in 8 sessions 2 hours, and the other experimental group received motivational interviewing intervention in the form of in 8 sessions 2 hours. Multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there was a significant difference between the post-test average of all four subscales of attitude towards marriage (pessimistic, optimistic, realistic, and idealistic) of the three experimental and control groups at the level of 0.01. Also, the results show no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two interventions (P<0.05). The results showed that eye movement desensitization reprocessing and motivational interviewing are effective interventions to be used by counselors and psychologists to improve the attitude towards marriage of divorced women.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy, desensitization with eye movements and reprocessing and biofeedback on migraine attacks (frequency, duration and intensity), anxiety sensitivity, sleep quality and quality of life of women with migraine. The research was semi-experimental and was conducted using a pre-post test and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included all women who referred to Tehran's Vision of the Future Clinic in 2019 due to headache. Among the people who were diagnosed with migraine, 60 people were selected and randomly divided into 3 experimental groups and one control group. Then the people of the cognitive-behavioral group underwent group therapy for 11 sessions of 90 minutes each week, and the people of the desensitization group with rapid eye movements and reprocessing individually in 3 sessions of 90 minutes and once a week, and the people of the biological feedback treatment group were treated for 15 sessions in 3 weeks of 45 minutes. The data was analyzed by SPSS-25 software and by multiple variance analysis. Based on the results of this research, it can be stated that cognitive-behavioral therapy, desensitization with eye movements and reprocessing and biofeedback are effective on attacks (frequency, duration and intensity), anxiety sensitivity, sleep quality and quality of life of women

According to the studies, cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in iran. Some patients suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder after surgery. Desensitization treatment with eye movements and reprocessing can lead to a significant improvement in the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, but little research has been done on the effect of this treatment on the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in the research community.

This study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of desensitization treatment with eye movements and reprocessing on the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery.

This study is a pre-test, and post-test design with a control group, and the statistical population is patients who were referred to Tehran Cardiac Rehabilitation Clinic 4-6 weeks after coronary bypass surgery. Among these, a sample of 40 people was placed in 2 intervention and control groups by random sampling, and the assessment of people was based on the revised Weiss and Marmer impact of event scale in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up (after six months) was done in both groups. Analysis of variance with intergroup repeated measurement was also used for data analysis.

Statistical analysis shows that the desensitization treatment with eye movements and reprocessing leads to a significant reduction in the variables of avoidance, hyperarousal and unwanted thoughts (P≤ 0.001), and its effect was sustained until the end of the six-month follow-up period.

According to the present study, desensitization treatment with eye movements and reprocessing using exposure and reprocessing of the traumatic event reduces the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in cardiovascular patients. It is recommended to conduct studies with more samples.

The aim of this study was the effectiveness of reprocessing based on cognitive narratology on post-traumatic cognitions in female high school students faced with physical and emotional trauma in Kermanshah. The method of this study was quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with control group and its statistical method was analysis of covariance with repeated measures. In order to select the participants of the study, based on Cochran and Morgan table, 800 students aged 13 to 19 years were selected by cluster sampling and answered the post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic cognition scale questionnaires. Of the 800 people who received a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, 40 were randomly selected and again randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The members were assigned in such a way that 20 people in the experimental group received therapeutic protocol related to cognitive processing based on schema system and reprocessing based on cognitive narratology and 20 people in the control group did not receive any intervention. The results showed that reprocessing based on cognitive narratology on post-traumatic cognitions in post-test scores was significant (p <0.001).Post-traumatic cognitions in students with physical and emotional trauma.

This study compared the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), emotional freedom technique (EFT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating PTSD in patients who recovered from Covid-19 in Tabriz (Iran).The present study was quasi-experimental based on a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all female patients recovered from Covid-19 aged 25 to 60 years in Tabriz in 2021. forty-eight patients sampled using the purposeful sampling method and diagnosed with PTSD were randomly assigned to three experimental groups(n=36) and one control group(n=12). Participants in EMDR and EFT sessions were treated individually in six 45 min sessions. Similarly, those who took part in the CBT sessions were treated in groups in 45 min sessions. All participants were evaluated in two pre-test and post-test stages by a post-traumatic stress disorder checklist. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using the analysis of covariance. Post-test PTSDA scores were significantly reduced in three experimental groups (P <0.05). Additionally, a reduction in PTSD scores in the EMDR group was substantially more significant than in the CBT and EFT groups. Three EMDR, EFT and CBT psychotherapies relieved the symptoms in PTSD patients. However, according to the post-test results, EMDR intervention was more effective than CBT and EFT psychotherapy in reducing PTSD symptoms. Since, all the three methods can improve behavioral strategies by influencing irrational thoughts and emotion release, they are effective ways to reduce PTSD .

 The spread of the coronavirus has caused a severe crisis in the world and has caused many psychological and emotional damages. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of the desensitization method with eye movements and reprocessing (EMDR) on anxiety and controlling negative emotions regarding the covid-19 disease.

 The present research method is quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design. The statistical population of the research was women referring to Akbar Abad Health Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. From the current population, a sample size of 30 people was selected by the purposive sampling method. They were randomly assigned to two groups (15 participants in each group). The state-trait anxiety questionnaire (Spilberger et al., 1983) and the emotional regulation questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003) were used to collect data. In addition, the experimental group received EMDR (Shapiro, 2017).

 The results showed that the EMDR method significantly reduced anxiety and controlled negative emotions regarding the covid-19 disease (p<0.05).

 It is concluded that with the EMDR method, anxiety and negative emotions can be improved.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of EMDR and PC on quality of life in patients with coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The study was a quasi-experimental that included pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The statistical population included all patients with CABG referred to the rehabilitation clinic of Tehran Heart Center, and were selected using available sampling based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty-six randomly selected patients were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. In EMDR group, each patient underwent this treatment individually in six sessions, and the same was carried out for PC. The control group received no treatment. The research instruments included Impact of Event Scale and SF-36, which were performed on patients in all groups in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Data analyzed using MANCOVA. The results in the post-test showed a significant difference between EMDR and the control group in emotional problems and in the follow-up showed a significant difference between the two groups in physical function, emotional problems, energy / fatigue, emotional well-being and pain, and significant differences between the PC and the control group in emotional problems and emotional well-being. Also, the results did not show any significant difference between the effectiveness of the two interventions on the quality of life. It seems that EMDR and PC were both effective in enhancing quality of life. Also, there is no significant differences between the two treatments.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of EMDR on Shame and Feeling of Guilt among Women with Sexual Abuse experience in Childhood.

In this research, a single-case experimental design, type of non-concurrent multiple baseline designs was used. The statistical population consisted of all women with Sexual Abuse experience in Childhood referred to Ahvaz counseling centers. The sample research consisted of 3 women among women were selected according to the results of the PTSD Checklist (Weathers, 1993) with cut of point of 50 and with purposeful sampling method. To evaluate the Shame and Feeling of Guilt, the State Shame and Guilt Scale (SSGS) were used. The protocol of EMDR was carried out in three phases of basic lines, intervention, and follow-up. The data were analyzed using visual drawing, the reliable change index (RCI) and the formula of improvement percentage.

The findings indicated that in the treatment phase the women experienced 27.13% improvement in Shame and 26.19% in Feeling of Guilt.

The research findings illustrated that EMDR is effective on the decreasing of shame and feeling of guilt of the women with childhood sexual abuse by recovering traumatic memories and gradually turning them into healthy cognitive and emotional schemas.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most common and debilitating psychological disorders. Numerous studies have examined the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapies and third generation on the improvement of obsessive-compulsive disorder, But the main issue is that if new therapies such as imagery Rescripting and reprocessing therapy affect womenchr('39')s obsessive-compulsive disorder?

This study was implemented to study the effectiveness of imagery Rescripting and reprocessing therapy on cognitive abilities, distress tolerance and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in women.

The present study is a quasi-experimental. The quasi-experimental design of the present study was pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all women aged 20 to 45 years in Kermanshah in 1397. The research sample was 40 women aged 20 to 45 years in Kermanshah who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Structured clinical interview, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Goodman et al., 1986), Nejati cognitive ability questionnaire (2013) and Simmons et al. (2005) Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) were used to collect data. The experimental group received 12 sessions of 90 minutes imagery Rescripting and reprocessing therapy (IRRT) based on the approach of O’Shea and Moran (2019) once a week and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed variance analysis with repeated measuring.

The results of mixed variance analysis with repeated measuring showed that imagery rescripting and reprocessing therapy (IRRT) is effective in reducing cognitive problems and the symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder and increasing distress tolerance (P≤0/001).

Based on the findings of this study and considering that the pattern of imagery Rescripting and reprocessing therapy Focuses on images, feeling, disturbing memories, and cognitive reconstruction, it can be considered as an effective intervention along with other therapeutic interventions for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder Practically used.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the extent effectiveness of EMDR on the anxiety Speech and academic self-efficacy in students with social anxiety. The method of this study was experimental design with pre and post-test design with control group. The sample of the study was 30 students with social anxiety that were selected by simple random sampling among the students of the Persian Gulf University. They were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Before and after the treatment, self-efficacy, anxiety Speech and social anxiety questionnaires were administered to the two groupsThe results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there is a significant difference between the mean post test scores of the experimental and control groups (p < 0.001), so that EMDR can reduce anxiety Speech, social anxiety and Improved academic self-efficacy. Therefore, we conclude that desensitization treatment through eye movement and reprocessing is effective in improving speech anxiety, academic self-efficacy and social anxiety.

Although a variety of treatments have been developed over the past decade to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), one of the most effective psychological treatments to improve its symptoms is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This study was performed with the aim to systematically review the studies which have focused on the effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on post-traumatic stress disorder. In this systematic review, searching was conducted in SID, Magiran, Noormags, and Google Scholar databases for clinical trials written in Persian and English using the keywords "post-traumatic stress disorder", "PTSD", " eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" and "EMDR" as well as their English equivalent. Totally, seventeen full-text articles were subjected to a final review. After searching, screening, and evaluation, the results showed that all studies in general (overall score) had reported positive effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing on improving post-traumatic stress disorder. The findings also showed that this therapy was effective for specific groups, including victims. The studies covered were conducted in different individuals, small sample size, and various cultural contexts. According to these findings, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing could be useful psychotherapy to treat trauma-associated symptoms and improve psychological symptoms in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Further studies however are needed in order to reach firmer conclusions about EMDR of psychotherapies on some symptoms.

The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively emerging psychotherapy technique during which the patient focuses on the lateral movements of the clinician's fingers while keeping an image of the traumatic experience in the mind. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in improving generalized anxiety disorder in students.

The present quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all students studying in the second-grade secondary school of Tehran in 2019. Using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method, a sample of 24 individuals was selected and they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The demographic variables questionnaire and general anxiety disorder-short form were used to collect data. The data were analyzed by SPSS-22, descriptive statistics, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The results indicated that there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups in reducing generalized anxiety disorder and its components (P<0.05).

The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) was effective in improving generalized anxiety disorder in students; hence, it was effective in improving such disorders.

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the three therapeutic effects of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) in reducing anxiety in patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Method was quasi-experimental with three experimental groups, one control group and pre-test, post-test and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population was 486 patients referred to Kerman Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital in 2018. 60 men were selected in purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to four groups of 15. In group 1, six 45-minute sessions of Shapiro solo EMDR (2014) were performed. In group 2 six 60-minute sessions of group CBT of Dugas & Robichaud (2007) were performed. And in group 3 six 60-minute sessions solo EFT of Church (2014) were performed. All the Four groups completed the Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg & Jacobs's Anxiety Inventory (1983) in three stages. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance.

Results in group 1showed that at the level of 99% confidence, state anxiety (F = 42.36) and trait (F = 12.66), in group 2, state anxiety (F = 5.38) and trait and in group 3, state anxiety (F = 15.23) and trait (F = 18.50) were reduced. This effect remained stable at follow-up stage. In addition, among the three methods, EMDR was more effective on state anxiety than the other two interventions (P= 0.015).

Since, all the three methods can improve behavioral strategies by influencing irrational thoughts and emotion release, they are effective ways to reduce anxiety in PTSD patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigation the effectiveness of Regular Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing on school anxiety and resilience in students. The participants included all boy students in high school of Najaf Abad city in 2015-2016 academic years. From this population, 60 individuals students whose school anxiety scores were two standard deviations above the mean, selected by multistep cluster sampling method, and were assigned into two experimental (30 individuals) and control groups (30 individuals). This study was an experimental with a pre-test and post-test design and control group. For collect data used from Philips school anxiety questionnaire and Conner and Davidson resilience scale. The experimental group received group Regular Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (8 sessions of 90 minutes while the control group received no training at all. Data was analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MONCOVA) method. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of experimental and control groups. In the other hand, instruction desensitization by eye movement and reprocessing led to decrease school anxiety and increase resilience (p<0/001). Instruction treatment by eye movement and reprocessing is an effective method for decrease school anxiety and increase resilience among high school students. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use from this methods for decrease school anxiety and increase resilience among high school students.