analytical hierarchy process (a.h.p)

Throughout history, human has always been relied on his environment to provide his basic needs. Defining suitable use to optimize utilization of land as well as prevention of land destruction by population increase may be a useful step to achieve the goals of sustainable development. For this manner, it is also necessary to consider the land potential. In order to fulfill the goal of sustainable development it is worth to use the capabilities of GIS to increase the speed and accuracy of the environmental assessment. In this study the capabilities of Taleghan watershed is processed to determine the utility of area. The activities which are accessed are expanding forestry applications, wide ecotourism and urban and rural use. In this research AHP as a powerful multicriteria decision making method was used.

Implementation First, all the necessary information and essential maps were collected. After that based on Makhdoom’s ecological model for Iran, all the layers of each user was evaluated. Then, using fuzzy membership functions each map was fuzzified. Fuzzification of criteria map is the best way to consider the uncertainty lies in the maps.After this step, in order to determine the weight of each criterion by AHP method, questionnaires were designed that the preference of each criterion over the other for different uses was assessed by a number of experts in this field. Implementation of AHP was done in Expert Choice software which results in determining the weight of each criterion. Next, the weights assigned to the criteria maps in ArcGIS software. Finally forbidden area for developing land-uses was added to the process. Limitation layer for forestry uses includes residential and urban lands. The output of layers integration function is a map in which all points of utility construction are expressed numerically between 0-1.

According to the results 16% of the area is appropriate for urban and rural development, 8% for the user "wide ecotourism" and 44% is perfectly suitable for forestry. Also, 70% of the area of urban development, 85% for the user "wide ecotourism" and 12% for forestry has been quite favorable.

Floods are one of the biggest global problems, so with the increasing intensity and frequency of floods, global concerns about increased mortality and economic losses due to floods have increased. In this research, using geographic information system (GIS), satellite images, synoptic station data, hierarchical analysis (AHP), and layer integration (WLC) method, flooding potential of Qarah_su catchment modeling Has been. The final flood risk map was prepared based on a combination of climatic and physical factors and elements, i.e., ten factors of vegetation, altitude, flood channel, geology, land use, rainfall, distance from the river, slope, soil, and drainage density. The weight of each criterion was used by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the weighted linear composition (WLC) method was used for spatial modeling and layer integration to prepare the flood potential map. The results of flood risk zoning showed that the 4th class as a high-risk category with 21.7% and the 5th class with a very high flood potential with 8.4%, more in the northern mountainous areas. And are located in the center of the region. In total, about 31% of the catchment area is covered by high to very high-risk flood areas, and because they have the most considerable role in runoff production, they should be given special attention in terms of watershed management. Classes one to three with low to medium flooding potential are located in low-lying areas, slopes, and plains of the center, south, and west of the basin and cover more than 69% of the area.

Industrial and economic developmentalong with population growth and increased exploitation of natural resources may upset the environmental balance. Inappropriate land use, along withpollution and destruction of natural resources are considered to be serious problems caused by environmental imbalance in many parts of the world. These problems indicate the limited capacity of environment to resist human exploitation of land. Industrial site selectionis considered to be one of the key factors in sustainable regional planning due to the different environmental impacts of industries. Because of the developmentin industrial areas and the existence of numerous mines in GolpayeganCounty, it is necessary to optimize industrialsite selection in accordance with environmental standards and regulations. Therefore, the present studyintegrates hierarchical analysis with multi-criteria evaluation methods to investigate 24 different criteria with the aim ofoptimizing industrial site selection in accordance withenvironmental standards and regulations in GolpayeganCounty.  

In accordance with the rules and regulations of setting up industrial and manufacturing units and similar studies,the conceptual model of Golpayegan county site selection was prepared based on three criteria: physical, biological and socio-economical. Followingthe preparation ofinformation layer for each criterion, spatial analysis ofEuclidean Distance was performed for each of them.Then, information layers produced in the previous steps were standardized using Boolean and fuzzy logic. The integration and overlapping in Boolean method was performed using AND logic.At this stage, all the information layers were entered into TerrSet software and standardized using fuzzy model and membership functions of the software’sfuzzy sets. The real scale (from 0 to 1) was used in this study to determine the membership function.Higher membership value in this range indicates higher utility while lower membership value indicates lower utility. In the present study, AND operator was used to integrate maps.Hierarchical analysis was used to determine the weight of each factor. Afterwards, the maps were integrated using fuzzy overlay method, weighted sum model and weighted linear combination (WLC) method. In this way, a map was produced for the industrial park site selection. Then according to the histogram curve and its breakpoints and also according to the environmental conditions of the region, it was classified into 5 classes.  

An inconsistency rate of 0.04 was calculated in the present study to evaluate the accuracy of judgments made about the weight of the criteria and sub-criteria.Distance from Mouteh Wildlife Refuge, distance from faults, distance from wells and distance from roadswere identified as the most important criteria for assessing the industrial capacity of the region. Maps produced using the Boolean method include two classes of 0 and 1,the valuesin the fuzzy overlay, weighted sum and weighted linear combination methods rangebetween 0 and 1, while they range between 0 and 0.7 in the weighted sum method and between 0 and 0.8 in the weighted Linear combinations method. 2783.5 hectares of the study area have the potential of serving as industrial sites based on the Boolean method, indicating that 1.7% of the study area is suitable for industrial construction. Combining moderate, good and highlysuitable classes using fuzzy overlay method showed that 1769.13 hectares or 1.1% of Golpayeganregionare suitable for industrial site construction. Combining good and highlysuitable classes usingweighted sum method showed that 1758.77 hectares or 1.09% of Golpayeganregionare suitable for industrial site construction. Combining good and highlysuitable classes using weighted linear combination method showed that 1902.78 hectares or 1.18% of Golpayeganregionaresuitable for industrial site construction. No matter which method is used, suitable areas for industrial site constructionare located in the southeastern region of the County and in vicinity of the main road.  

Comparing the results of the present study with similar studies indicates that the Boolean logic finds the least number of suitable areas for industrial park construction and its selected areas must have an appropriate score in all evaluation criteria. Findings indicated that due to the specific characteristicsof the Analytical Hierarchy Process, this method can be useful in the investigation of regional planning issues. It can be concluded that Weighted Sumand WLC are more effective than Boolean and fuzzy overlay methods. Results indicate that all four models located landssuitable for industrial development in the southeastern areas of ​​the County and in vicinity ofits main road, thus these areas should be prioritizedin future planning, policy making and investment for industrial development. Furthermore, given the concentration of agricultural activities in GolpayeganCounty and its numerous tourism capacities, the development of agricultural conversion industries and ecotourism related industries within the predicted authorized areas can be considered as priorities of regional development. Nowadays, sustainable economic development in most countries depends on industrial development. Sustainable development of industries creates more opportunities for social and economic growth. Sinceappropriate site selection for industrial parksharmonize the goals of economic development with the goals of urban development, economic enterprises and environmental objectives, it is considered to be a step toward sustainable development. Achieving such a goal requires a revision of the site selection criteria in accordance with the sustainable development indicators. This increases national and local employment rate and accelerates industrial growth without damaging the environment. .

Reports of the World Tourism Organization indicate that tourism has become one of the largest industries in the world. What is important in tourism is its role not only in economic issues such as employment and profitability, but also in urban sustainable development. Moreover, tourism plays an important role in answering on one of the most important needs of human, which is the need to security, mental peace, recreation and entertainment that can be meet by going to the natural environment and spending some times there. In this context, the present research is aimed to identify zones with high potential for tourism in Abardeh rural district of Mashhad city, a region which has high tourism potential. The research method was descriptive– analytical with the practical aim which was performed by using documentary and survey data.Also, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to analyze data. Therefore, factors affecting zoning were gathered by using the Delphi method, and the variables were weighted based on the AHP method using Expert Choice software. At the end of this research, layers were integrated based on the weight of each criterion in GIS software by using overlay functions, and the value of each zone was obtained based on the all effective factors ,and also their weight, and all zones were then divided into three groups namely areas with high, medium and low potentials. The results showed that just 15% of the existing lands in Abardeh rural district have high tourism potential. So, for promotion tourism in this region, it is necessary to suggest tourist attraction land uses based on the potential of each zone.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of sustainability of adaptation policies with regard to sustainability indicators. In terms of methodological process, this study was conducted in two consecutive stages. The first stage of this research involves identification and extraction a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to climate change adaptation policies in agriculture based on a qualitative research paradigm and utilizing focused group techniques and interview with 17 experts from Ministery of Agriculture Jihad. In the second stage of the research, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was conducted to compare pairs of criteria and sub-criteria with respect to the main goal of sustainability of policies as well as pair-wise comparison of each set of alternatives into four classes of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Data were analyzed by Expert Choice software. After determining the weight of each criterion and sub-criterion, the alternative priorities were identified as four components of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat. The results showed that environmental, economic and social criteria were the most important to achieve sustainability of policies, respectively. Also in environmental criteria, “non-emission of greenhouse gas”, in economic criteria, “helping to diversify farmers' income” and in social criteria, “attention to social participation” were identified as the most important sub-criteria.

Extended Abstract Introduction Earthquakes and landslides are the most harmful natural disasters that have synchronization and time and space correlation with each other. This study was carried out in seismic zone affected by Arasbaran earthquake (Qaradagh), in which there were a lot of casualties and destruction. On 11 August 2012, the Varzeghan twin Earthquakes [Mw 6.4 and 6.2] struck Varzeghan, Ahar and Heris region in NW of Iran. It killed more than 306 people and a large number of people were injured and has caused increment in slope instability, and transformation of geomorphic processes into risk factors. Methodology In this research, landslide susceptibility was zonated by using two models of analytic network process (ANP) and logistic regression in Qoshadagh fault system and an appropriate model was introduced. Our analysis of geohazards distribution allowed evaluation of geomorphic, climate- hydrologic, human-land use and morphologic controls on earthquake-induced-land sliding, process mechanisms, and hazard process chains, particularly where they affected local populations. For this study, both the Sentinel-2A MSI and Landsat-8 OLI data (2017) were used. Fourteen effective factors of landslide (Lithology, Land use, Fault, DEM, Climate, Aspect, TWI, SPI, Slope, Road, River, Rain, LS & Soil) were generated in ArcGIS, and then weight of each factor was determined in Super Decisions software, and final zonation maps were regained from ArcGIS afterward. Results and discussion After preparing the standard maps and options, the network analysis method (ANP) and logistic regression were used to investigate the susceptibility of land slides. In order to implement the network analysis process, the related criteria layers were developed in ArcGIS software. Then, in the SuperDisign software environment, the main model of the network analysis process was designed based on completed questionnaires by the experts. Then, a logistic regression model was used to analyze the spatial relationship between the land slide event and the effective factors in this event. The maps related to the factors affecting the land slides of the study area, which are independent variables in the land slide event, were introduced into Idrisi-Selva software and processed for logistic regression modeling. Landslide distribution layers in the area were also converted to the binary map 0 and 1 by the Calculator Image function. This means that the slip pixels on the map are shown with the number 1 (slipping) of non-slip pixels with 0 (no slip). Finally, after entering the data into the logistic regression model, the coefficients of the model are extracted using the effective parameters in the Idrisi-Selva software. Distance from the fault and precipitation factors had the most, and Land Use Factor had the least effect on landslide occurrences. Occurrence of 62.2% and 71.1% of landslides in high and very high risk classes in ANP and logistic regression, respectively, indicated an acceptable accuracy for landslide prediction maps. Validation results of methods with ROC index showed that AUC of the maps in model was 85.52%, and in analytic network model it was 81.35%, with a standard error of 0.06; while both represented a very good predictive capability Conclusion The purpose of the present study was to study the ability of this model in comparison to other methods, in addition to modeling the sensitivity of Earthquake-Induced-Landslides using the network analysis method (ANP). Therefore, effective factors in the field of scaling were identified and in the Super Decision software environment, the weight of each factor was determined. Then, the weights received in ArcGIS software environment were converted to the final map of the zoning of the landslide. Accordingly, among the fourteen effective factors in the occurrence of landslides in the area, the distance from the fault has the most effective factor in the two models (ANP) and (LR) and has the highest coefficient of effect on land-slip occurrence while land use in Both models have the lowest coefficient. As expected, the main faults, in particular the fault and the fault lines, and interspersed with the twin Arasbaran earthquakes, as well as the northern and northeastern slopes, are more susceptible to instability. The map of the model implementation categorized the susceptibility of earth sculpting in 5 classes with very low, moderate, high and very sensitive sensitivity. Very high and high risk classes have been shown to be 6.6% and 13.4% of the area of the region, prone to hazardous landslides. These results show a high correlation and correlation with the model implemented in the logistic regression method, which is 5.8% and 17.7%, respectively. The occurrence of 62.2% and 71.1% of landslides in high and very high risk classes, respectively, in ANP and logistic regression, indicate the acceptable accuracy of predicted maps for landslide. The results indicate that ANP methods and logistic regression are accurate in the study of landslide in the area affected by the Arasbaran earthquake. Logistic Regression model had better results. Using these methods together and comparing them with regard to the dependencies of landslip issues can be very useful for identifying areas prone to landslide. As suggested, these methods have acceptable results in analyzing the sensitivity to landslides. The highest density of landslides, even old landslides, are not accidental in the two-axis seismic centers with magnitudes of 6.4 and 6.2 in 2012, indicating a history of seismicity and high tectonic activity in the area. Keywords: Analytical Hierarchy Process, Logistic Regression, Landslide hazard zonation, Arasbaran earthquake, Qoshadagh Fault Zone.

One of the most important goals of urbanization is providing safety and security for its inhabitants. So, the safety of the city to protect citizens as well as public and private property against natural and abnormal disasters by adopting new methods, is necessary at all levels. Cities as gathering centers of physical and human capitals are often the target of enemies.  Due to the presence of vital land uses in the city, each region is important hence, the planning to reduce damages, create safety and related sustainability there, is one of the most important actions. Accordingly, passive defense is important in policy making as well. In many cases, converting the crisis of war and disasters into tragedy is the inefficiency of urbanism condition from the defensive point of view. Therefore, it is essential to assess the vulnerability and create appropriate solutions to reduce such damages. The case study, here, is the second municipal area of Shiraz, which in this research is divided into zones, after studying 14 effective indexes of urban texture’s vulnerability. Using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information system (GIS), the vulnerability level of the second city area has been determined as: low, medium and high. The research findings show that 7.2%, 43.7% and 49.08% of the second area were in low, medium and high risk zones, respectively. Areas 6 and 13 in low risk zones, Areas 1, 4, 5, 7, 10 and 12 in the middle zone, as well as Areas 2, 3, 8, 9, 11 and 14, are in high risk zone. Priorities of planning and the crisis management are provided taking into account the structural consideration of the city and its level of vulnerability.

Masal district, like other parts of western of Guilan, is exposed to a number of natural hazards, including landslides due to its special conditions. In this study 91 identified landslides indicate the high importance of this phenomenon and its associated risks to the Masal. Therefore, the present study was based on a descriptive and analytical method, based on library studies and the use of existing documents and articles and researches previously done. Topographic maps with scale of 1.25000 and 1.50000 and maps Geology was used on a scale of 1.000.000. The GPS was used as research tool and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as algorithm. Data were analyzed in AutoCAD environment using ArcGIS software. In AHP method dual comparison of factors and components as the best zoning method was selected. Data were combined by using ArcGIS software and extraction of restriction and vector models and three-dimensional models such as DAM and TIN models. As a result of the work, not only in the hierarchical analysis method but also in the frequency of each of the factors, slopes of 10 to 30 degrees had the highest percentage of landslide.

Parking as one of the most important urban infrastructure plays a major role in reducing the marginal and psychological park traffic. Locating parking lots is affected by several factors, which is a comprehensive study of these factors in proper distribution of parking in urban spaces. In this research, the optimal location for class parking was established in Tabriz city and in the studied areas. For this purpose, the AHP hierarchical analysis method was used and for calculations, the EXCEL software was used. To do this, after reviewing theoretical foundations and preliminary studies and collecting information, six criteria were selected as the final and superior criteria that included criteria of property value (land), travel attraction centers, access networks, compatibility, population density and nodes Traffic is And also after reviewing the opinion of the experts and owners of the 3 ranges (A, B, C) for the construction of class parking lots. The boundary A includes the fourways of the city and the university's flank, the boundary of B includes the Valliasr and the throne, and the C range includes the four-way spring and chaos. According to the calculations and the obtained weights, range A was identified as the optimal location for class parking constructed according to the centers of the travel jargon in and around this area. Due to the fact that in this non-class parking lot, its ground can be used to build class parking.

Urban Good Governance based on participatory planning is today the dominant aspect of modern urban management in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate, evaluate and prioritize urban governance elements, from the viewpoint of Bukan urban management activists in West Azarbaijan province. The research method in this paper was descriptive-analytical and based on documentary and survey surveys. The required research data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and a hierarchical analysis method was used to conduct the required analyzes and prioritize the indicators. This study draws on the principles of good governance provided by global organizations such as the United Nations Development Program, the World Bank and international theorists, participatory, accountability, transparency, rule of law, effectiveness-efficiency, and accountability. Have been analyzed. Finally, a prioritization of existing indicators and criteria was done using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results obtained from the analysis, evaluation and prioritization of the data show that the responsibility index in rank 1, participation in rank 2, effectiveness - efficiency in grade 3, accountability in rank 4, rule of law in grade 5 and Transparency is at 6th place.

Management of the movement of people and goods in the streets of a city is the main cause of urban transport systems. Operation of the system is dependent on the necessary infrastructure and proper placement of the various components and the components consistency together. One of the most important public transportation infrastructure is Multi-storey car parking structures as one of the centers of large cities. This can play a major role in reducing Traffic of parking in street sides and its psychological effects. The parking lot can have the necessary performance when in the right place. The study was descriptive - analytical and the purpose is to make location for the Multi-storey car parking in the city of Rasht. In this context, based on the literature and opinion of expertin transportation, urban development and urban planning, we selected 8 parameters including distance to main populated centers including malls, office - services, entertainment - catering, access to arterial roads and main squares, the distance to and functionality and compatibility of applications. The data have been analyzed using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The final area suitable for parking lot has been selected by overlay map. Then, using a map obtained from research model, during the field visit, it was found in an area that has very good potential. The area of land for construction of parking lot are located in the barren, vacant land, old parking and dilapidated buildings. We selected 9 areas with 35,547 square metersto build parking. We made a ranking of the suitable aseas with the demand and the need to resolve the problem of lack of parking garages in order of importance and priority.

The proper study of atmospheric phenomena and reporting the weather in accordance with current standards and extracting the average of climatic elements in different periods in a region in order to recognize local climate and micro climate of a geographical units, requires building a network of enough weather stations. This problem is very important, due to creating exclusive conditions in urban areas that are created because of the physical difference between cities with their surrounding environment. Therefore in this research after studying effective parameters on urban weather stations site selection under mentioned circumstances and the qualities of the studied area, positioning indexes including: dispersion of climatic elements in the city, dispersion of physical qualities of the city (crossings and land uses) and dispersion of environmental jeopardies in relation with the climate of the city were selected and after gathering required information of each index such as: climatic data in reported form, matrix data related to physical qualities of the city and environmental jeopardies reports, required layers were extracted using GIS. Setting priorities of indexes related to each other was done using experts’ verdicts and analytical hierarchy process technique and binary comparison. Then, the obtained weights of layers normalized with Fuzzy membership function in AHP are compounded and overlapped using weighted average approach and the weight of the layers were determined and finally the most appropriate parts including 11 parts are prioritized and located with a suitable distance from the main station in order to expand Mashhad and replace urban weather stations .

Coastal tourism has been rapidly growing in recent decades and is, thus, known as the fastest part of the tourism industry. Beach areas, as one of the aspects of ecotourism, have gained great achievements in attracting tourists and are now popular natural tourist resorts. Kaftar lake in Eghlid is one of the beautiful beach tourist attractions that attracts many tourists annually, especially on holidays. It is considered as a potential region for developing beach tourism, but, unfortunately, there are no facilities and services required by tourists. Buildings and other requirements should be placed at a special spot in a tourist complex with maximum efficiency. Since a lot of standards and indexes need to be analyzed to set up a tourist complex, this research aims at choosing the best location for this purpose by using Boolean logic and AHP technique. After using Boolean logic in a GIS environment, three places of Kaftar lake were examined as potential regions where to establish a tourist complex with such standards as domination of the ground, availability of the beach, flatness of the ground, reasonable construction costs, enough sunshine for sunbathing, and acceptability and originality of the ground. Finally, the best place was decided to be on the northern side of the lake.

World Bank, in a report on our country, has named the following factors as the water challenges facing the country: decrease in per capita recoverable water, loss of water quality, inefficient use of effective consumption monitoring in industry and agriculture, soil salinity, the poor quality of maintenance and preservation of reservoirs, restrictions on the recoverable cost and lack of coordination among relevant agencies. According to the United Nations Report on Iran, because of the lack of drinking and healthy water in Iran, a large population in the villages are at risk of various diseases such as infectious ones and diarrhea. So paying attention to supplying safe water and resolving the problems of rural water supply is important. However, providing the safe and clean water requires managing and maintaining reservoirs and controlling the quality of drinking water in rural areas. Water management involves balancing the quality and quantity of demanded water, quantity and quality of supplied water, water pollution, recycling and reusing water along with the impact of public policies on all of these intertwined components. In each area, water management will change over time and may assume various forms. Managing the interaction between the mentioned elements in any area affects the economic structure and development of agriculture, technology and industry. careful choice of water resources and their conservation in developing countries, particularly in rural areas, is the most important measure to prevent the spread of intestinal diseases caused by water, and in these countries drinking water cannot be provided merely through treatment processes, since water resources are inadequate and the efficacy of water treatment plants in these countries are very low. In this study, in order to investigate the effective factors and to rank and categorize the rural centers, hybrid model of TOPSIS technique and analytic hierarchy process were used. Combining these two methods, in addition to increasing the accuracy of the analysis is considered a new approach. AHP technique, introduced by Satie for the first time, has the ability of combining quality standards and turning them into quantity ones. In this study, a questionnaire was designed and completed in terms of Paired comparisons and, by combining expert comments and utilizing Expert Choice software, the final weight of indicators and key metrics of risk in water sources were determined. The variables and Indicators related to risks of drinking water were classified into eight groups: risks related to management factors, participation factors, environmental factors, locating the source and the reservoir, source and reservoir characteristics and those related to physical quality of water, together with the ones related to chemical quality and finally bacteriological risks. AHP method has been used to form the Matrix and determine the index weight, with the help of Expert Choice software, and grading and ranking the rural centers was done using TOPSIS model. As we knew, the metrics and indexes are not of equal important or priority relative to one another, a deficiency which has been solved in this algorithm through the table of indicators’ weights. In other words, the measurements used in the TOPSIS method can be introduced in both quantitative and qualitative measures and the qualitative indicators should be converted to quantitative ones. The results show that the number of users of drinking water in rural areas under study was estimated to be 1898, of which 6 villages were supplied by rural Water and Wastewater and the villages of Kharv and Calate Timoor were supplied by their Islamic Councils. Well was the main sources of water supply for the villages and only in villages of Tajrood, Kharv and Calate Timoor the drinking water was provided through spring. The water delivery system in the mentioned villages was gravity and in other villages pumps were used for water delivery. Calculating the weight of the main parameters affecting the risks of sources of drinking water in the studied villages revealed that the weight of the factors related to bacteriologic characteristics is 0.197, that of Managing factors is 0.160, the physical quality factors of water is calculated to be 0.156, and the weight of factors of chemical quality of water and location of water sources are 0.117 and 0.112 respectively. Accordingly, with respect to the weight of obtained parameters in each of the villages, the villages under study were rated using the ideal or TOPSIS model, the results of which revealed that the village of Qharache and Kharv have the highest and lowest ranking in terms of risks of drinking water sources, respectively. Tajrood and Torogh villages were ranked third and fourth, respectively. Moreover, according to rankings, the studied rural centers were divided into five levels in terms of risks related to reservoir and drinking water distribution network. The villages of Tajrood and Qharache were placed in the first level, with a low risk, Torogh was placed in the second level with a low risk, Paeen Darre and Banad Ghara villages were in the third level with medium risk, Calate Timoor in the fourth level with high risk, and in the fifth level Creeze and Kharv are placed both with very high risk levels.

Growing population and increasing urbanization has led to the expansion of informal settlements. Informal settlements in developing countries, more than other urban tissues are exposed to various risks and natural disasters. This type of settlements, often develop and spread without regard to natural hazards, with no specific plan and no attention to regulations. Expansion of informal settlements in the city of Bandar Abbas, has been causing problems for cities and urban management. One of the most important informal settlements in the city of Bandar Abbas is Chahestaniha. In this study Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine zones which with a view to effective natural factors need replacement. First, effective natural factors were studied. Then according to the weight of each factor, the map of these weights was prepared. In the next step, the vulnerability map, using layers of the weight and the weight coefficient of each factor is provided. Afterward, the Arc Scene in the Arc GIS software was used to scrutinize areas that are in need of replacement. Finally, after the field visits, using three-dimensional topography of the neighborhood and scrutinize the results, requiring replacement zones have been identified. The results of this study indicate that the northern and northeastern parts of the neighborhood, located within the high risk environment, and in case of danger, damage will be irreparable. Factors such as, inappropriate construction, low resistance materials used in buildings and old buildings, narrow streets, on the establishment of constructions on detached and non-resistant elements of nature, high slope, and unstable hillsides near neighborhood in the eastern part, and the risk of mass movement, can intensify vulnerability of this neighborhood. Accordingly, in the decision-making process leading to the preparation of plans for organizing this type of settlements, it is essential to consider the effect of environmental factors and morphogenesis phenomena.

The major threat to habitability may be the degradation of arid lands in developing countries where many people depend upon restricted resources for their livelihood. Although land degradation process in arid regions (desertification) is not new or site specific، the environmental awareness in a world board scale has extended and generated a wider public interest، extensive to the scientific circles and governments. Desertification affects the livelihoods of millions of people، including a considerable proportion of the poor in arid lands which occupies about 41% of the Earth''s land and are home to more than two billion people. The persistence of unresolved stabilization of these fragile environments and the substantial decrease in the provision of ecosystem services as a result of intensive use of resources، incapacity of wide spread suitable technologies for providing rose supply of food، forage and fuel، water scarcity، and climate change puts desertification in among the main environmental challenges today and a major impediment to getting human needs. Recently، arid regions and desert ecosystems with including several potential and various resources such as unconventional water became remarkable area for economic projects. Regarding to desert condition and in order to guarantee both rich and sustainability and prevent undesirable consequences of these economic projects، addressing the suitable areas for aquaculture is very vital consideration in any aquaculture activities. Relatively rarely، in the case of suitable site selection research، the researchers apply Geographical Information Systems (GIS) based MultiCriteria Evaluation (MCE) analysis to determine suitable sites in aquaculture in Iran. Therefore، this study was conducted to identify suitable sites for Artemia farming development in SiahKouh Playa، Yazd using Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). The method is based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) which is one of the multi-criteria decision making methods. Analytical Hierarchy Process usually includes three phase: first، the decomposition of a complex problem into a decision hierarchy in order to determine the main components of the problem، second the evaluation of options (comparative judgment) by means of a pairwise comparison، which enables the decision maker to assess the contribution of each criterion to the overall goal، and finally third the synthesis of the priorities، so as to identify the relative preferences for the chosen policy options. One of the major advantages of this method is that it considers the interrelations between different levels of decision as well as the interconnection of the decisions in one level. Following determining the decision makers group، the most important criteria effective in determination of suitable area in study area were identified through comparison questionnaires filled by the experts and researchers. The second questionnaire was designed to determine the rate of each criterion to choose the best alternative. The thematic layers of slope، geology، geomorphology، soil، vegetation، climate such as isohyet، hydrometery، land use، power lines and management quality indices are the main data required for determining the suitable area for Artemia farming. These layers were extracted and manipulated from the available topographic، geologic maps، aerial photographs and field survey data analyses. Spatial analyst function in Arc-GIS 9. 2 software was used for matching the thematic layers and evaluating the aquaculture indices. The results showed that three main factors are effective in suitable area determination for aquaculture units in desert ecosystem. These factors are as follow according to their importance، environmental، technical، and infrastructure، socio-economic. The environmental criteria were included geomorphological faces and rangeland area. The indices in the technical criteria were slope percentage، soil texture، unconventional water resources and climatology factors such as evaporation، rainfall and temperature. The indices in the infrastructure، socio-economic criteria were based on distance to cities، roads and power sources and also land use. Finally those criteria and indices were applied to address the optimal areas for Artemia farming by using weighted linear combination assessment. In the final result of this study، suitability levels were determined as suitable area (area with high potential، located east and eastern south of study area) and non suitable area. The results of this study indicated that the best choice among three alternatives is considering the geomorphological faces as assessing and monitoring unit of other criteria in arid and desert ecosystems. Also، using multi criteria analysis methods will help to make better decision and choose effective alternatives.

Forests as one of the most important natural inexhaustible resources have a crucial role in life continuity and also in maintaining and sustainability of ecosystems. Combustion is one of the many devastating factors in forests. Due to degradation of forests and range lands in different parts of Iran, specially in Alborz and Zagros mountains,anticipating facilities to resist fire seems substantial. This study aims at identifying regions with high potential of ignition in forests. Initially, contributing factors to fire according to study area`s characteristics, Helen Protected Area were determined and were prioritized through questionnaires under Delphi technique via SPSS software. Following, quantitative weights of the factors were calculated by analytical hierarchy process. Finally, by assigning the weights to raster map layers of the factors in GIS software and overlaying them,the fire hazard map was prepared. Results reveal that around one fourth of the total area has the high and very high potential; which are mostly situated on regions with high slope and elevation on southern hills with Astragalus sp. and other annual species in the vicinity of settlements and road network. Due to utilizing Analytical Hierarchy Process and integrating it with GIS and gaining spatial distribution of fire hazard, the results provide planners and decision makers with a handy tool to prevent combustion and conserve forest resources.

People working in the field of transportation traffic and also experts who know expansion of special routes for bus، are vas one of the solutions for establishment of social justice and also causing speed in capacities of public transportation in metropolises. BRT is one of the temporary، short-term and low cost solutions for solving the traffic problems of third world metropolises. Mashhad is the host for about 15 million yearly pilgrims and tourists. The increase of pressure on infrastructure particularly traffic system is particulary clear. BRT system is raised for solving traffic problems in Mashhad since 1387. This research is applied and it aim is the assessment of effectiveness level of BRT in Mashhad. After the collection of data، the efficiency level of BRT special routes in Mashhad was investigated using AHP model. Research results indicate that 1013 routes have higher effectiveness. These routes provide services from west to east in the study area.

Gully erosion can be considered as one of the advanced and critical forms of water erosion causing the destructors of the large amount of the earth. Identifying the factors that have an important impact in the occurrence of this type of erosion and its zoning can also be considered as one of the essential and important tools for managing and controlling this phenomenon. This study has been carried out with the purpose of identifying the factors affecting on the creation of gully erosion and the stimulation of the possibility of its occurrence in Dyreh catchment. The most effective factors in gully creation are: slope, slope direction, horizontal and vertical curvature of the slope, lithology, distance from waterway, and distance from the road. The land was selected and then these layers were created in GIS. Therefore, in the creation of gully erosion, they were classified based on preferences in order to have a paired comparison in the matrix table. Finally, the act of weighting the functions and overlapping of the layers were done by Arc GIS software and according to the resulting coefficient's hazard zonation map obtained in 6 layers: without risk, very low risk, low risk, medium risk, high risk, and too high risk. The final coefficient of numerical value was defined using the numbers obtained by multiplying the weight of each criterion in the index anywhere between zero and 100. In which the more tendency to 100 indicates as high risk of landslide’s, and the coefficients close to zero indicate that there is less risk and that its occurrence is without danger. The results further showed that %36 of Dyreh basin faces high risk, and too high risk causing the displacement of large volume of soil.

Landslide susceptibility zonation mapping is necessary in urban and rural development planning. So far different methods are presented for Landslide susceptibility zonation. In this study، using statistical method of Frequency ratio and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on paired comparison and intervention based such as slope، aspect، altitude، geology، land use، Normalized vegetation index (NDVI)، curvature and the linear elements waterways، road and fault، landslide susceptibility map was prepared as part of the Talar watershed in the Mazandaran province. Results showed that 35/78% of the area has low Susceptibility، 38/05% of the area has moderate Susceptibility، 22/14% of the area has high Susceptibility and 4/03% is a very high Susceptibility area.