جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فضاهای بی دفاع » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Several factors are effective in reducing the feeling of security in the city of Tehran among the citizens. One of these factors is defenseless or crime-prone urban spaces. Defenseless or crime-prone spaces have many characteristics that can be separated into two categories, physical and social, causing the spaces to be prone to violent behavior and thus reducing the feeling of social security. Based on this, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of defenseless urban spaces on the sense of security in Tehran.A mixed method has been used in this research. In the quantitative part, a survey method was used and the required information was collected with a researcher's questionnaire from 384 people of the statistical population and the information was analyzed using a descriptive and analytical method. Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that the physical characteristics of defenseless spaces are effective in making urban spaces defenseless. Also, the sense of security among the citizens in Tehran is low on average (37%) and defenseless urban spaces affect the sense of security in Tehran in terms of personal, financial and psychological aspects, and this effect is negative and inverse. The higher the number of undefended urban spaces, the lower the level of citizens' sense of security. and social defenseless spaces to increase the sense of security in the city of Tehran.

Today, Indefensible spaces are one of the most serious issues in"urban environments"in which the probability of crime"or"social"anomalies is higher.Therefore, the aim of the present study is to Identification and analysis Rate Risk Indefensible urban spaces Using geographic information system(Case study:Zahedan city).

The present research is of applied-developmental type and its research method is of descriptive-analytical type based on graphic methods.Therefore, in the city of Zahedan,42 places (Indefensible spaces)were identified through field surveying.Exploratory variables of the research include population and building density, income groups, quality of road network, physical quality of urban tissues, social cohesion of neighborhoods, land and building prices and land use.For information analysis GIS techniques such as mean center method, standard deviation ellipse, spatial autocorrelation have been used for spatial analysis and geographic weight regression method has been used to explain the correlation between variables.

The results showed that crime-prone spaces occur in places with a smaller extent and tend to focus in certain areas; thus, the number of these spaces decreases to the north and south.Also, Indefensible spaces have spatial autocorrelation and are distributed in clusters and unbalanced throughout the region.As a result, certain areas are the focus of the Indefensible spaces under study and follow a centralized pattern. Also, there is a significant relationship between the8 environmental variables studied by the research with Indefensible urban spaces in the Zahedan city.

Findings of the study showed that the distribution of crime-prone spaces in the city of Zahedan tends to concentration and density in a specific area.

One of the unfortunate consequences of the migration of villagers from different parts of the province to the city of Zanjan is the formation of informal settlements. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of mobbing on the formation of defenseless spaces in the informal settlement of Islamabad. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the data are extracted by observation, field survey and review of documents. The statistical population is the collection of land uses and spaces in the informal settlement area of Islamabad in Zanjan in 1399 and examines the current situation in this neighborhood. In this research, the obtained information has been analyzed using AHP hierarchical analysis process and by Arc GIS, Expert choice statistical software. Finally, the findings of the study show that the situation of mobs and defenseless spaces in the northern areas of Islamabad neighborhood was unsuitable. Madani Street, which is the main street of this neighborhood, is in a better condition than other parts, and the further it goes to Ashrafi Isfahani Street, which is located in the southern part of this neighborhood, the less crowds and defenseless spaces there are, and the situation is relatively better. As a result, the Islamabad region is moving towards a kind of gap between the civil street (with its appearance and perfectly suitable condition) and the northern streets (unsuitable condition) in terms of mobility and defenseless atmosphere.

Security is one of the basic pillars of urban spaces in order to ensure the welfare and comfort of citizens. Some urban spaces, due to their specific functional and physical characteristics, become spaces for crime and insecurity, and are considered as a defenseless space. The historical context of Oudlajan neighborhood of Tehran has created insecure and defenseless spaces due to the existence of some special physical-functional features. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to identify and study defenseless spaces in Oudlajan neighborhood of Tehran.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of method. Data collection is based on field-dominated Library Studies, which use observation, questionnaire, interview and photography tools in the field section. The statistical population is the entire population of Oudlajan neighborhood, which according to Cochranchr('39')s formula, 374 people have been identified as a sample population. Data analysis was performed SPSS software (sample T_tests, ANOVA and Friedman).

Defenseless spaces in Oudlajan neighborhood are undesirable due to the high average value. Also, in comparison between Oudlajan neighborhoods, Imamzadeh Yahya neighborhood is in a better position than the other two neighborhoods. In Friedmanchr('39')s prioritization, the functional-physical, visual dimensions are ranked first and second, respectively.

The results indicate that there are 72 defenseless spaces in Oudlajan neighborhood, so through strategies such as infrastructure development, cultural and sports facilities with the help of people and local institutions can play an effective role in organizing and returning security to the neighborhood.

Unprotected urban spaces are a threat to the security of citizens. Therefore, their organization is essential for the promotion of social security. The purpose of the present study is to explore and analyze the relationship between urban defensible spaces and environmental variables.

The research area is Ardebil Municipality District 3. Urban independent spaces include 172 independent variable locations of this study identified through field surveys. Exploratory variables included population and building density, income groups, passage network quality, physical texture of urban textures, social cohesion of neighborhoods, land and building prices, and land use. GIS techniques such as mean center method, standard deviation ellipse, spatial autocorrelation for spatial analysis and geographic regression method were used to explain the correlation between variables.

Crime spaces occur in less extensive areas and tend to focus within certain areas of Region 3. The number of these spaces decreases to the north and south. Also, these defenseless spaces have spatial self-correlation and are distributed as clusters and imbalances at the regional level. As a result, certain ranges are the focus of the defenseless spaces studied and follow the centralized pattern. Also, there is a significant relationship between 8 environmental variables studied in the study of defenseless urban spaces in the 3rd district of Ardabil city.

Research findings show that there is a significant relationship between defensible spaces and environmental variables. The result is that environmental variables have a direct impact on the formation and growth or destruction and elimination of defenseless spaces.

The increasing urban development in Iran has caused many social, economic, and environmental problems. Among the social issues in cities, especially metropolitan areas, is the spread of crime and the formation of insecure spaces in the city. When urban spaces create a sense of fear and insecurity in people, they become defenseless spaces. That is, spaces in which a person feels the presence may be attacked or something unpleasant happens to him. In other words, such spaces, for whatever reason, could induce fear in people. These spaces are the product of a complex interaction in which the lack of symbolic and real barriers, the absence of the definition of specific areas and monitoring facilities, including natural-social and physical supervision, have made the rate of crime and social harms significant. Therefore, the identification of such spaces is necessary to take preventive measures and reduce the occurrence of crimes.  

The purpose of this study is to identify, analyze, and rank the risk of defenseless spaces in District 3 of Ardabil city. The present research is of applied-developmental type and its research method is descriptive-analytical based on graphic methods. In order to collect the required information, first, a library method was used. Also, the field harvesting method was used to identify defenseless spaces in District 3 of Ardabil city. To perform the analysis, criteria such as the frequency of defenseless spaces, population and building density, income groups, the quality of the road network, the physical quality of the texture, social characteristics, land and building prices, and land use were used. In the next step, data related to the main criteria of the research on surface complication (area zoning) were entered and the analysis was based on spatial statistics in GIS. Finally, after determining the effective parameters in the analysis of urban defense spaces in the form of pairwise comparison of the hierarchical analysis process, the weight of each research criterion was calculated according to the opinion of experts (30 experts including professors and experts in universities, research centers and offices such as Municipalities, law enforcement research offices, and experts in the field of urban planning). Then, after preparing the standard maps, creating a distance map from them, standardizing and reclassifying each of the maps, the layers were superimposed using the weight overlap index.  

Based on the map prepared using the kernel method, neighborhoods No. 3, 4, 6, and 9 had the highest density of defenseless spaces and thus are in a state of danger and vulnerability in terms of the existence of defenseless spaces. These neighborhoods are most densely populated. Calculations made using the nearest neighborhood mean tool indicated that urban defenseless spaces were distributed, clustered, and unbalanced throughout the region. According to the above results, certain areas are the focus of defenseless spaces under study and follow the centralized pattern; in contrast, parts of the area surface are considered as clean areas in terms of the existence of such spaces. The result of implementing the AHP model in GIS showed that 45.35% of the neighborhoods are at high and very high risk in terms of the existence of defenseless spaces. These neighborhoods are among those with informal settlements and middle neighborhoods of the city whose condition of the road network and the quality of their texture are not suitable. They have a high population density and the land use in this area is not compatible. These areas have the potential to spread social harm and delinquency. Also, poor monitoring, visibility, solitude and darkness, confusion, and burnout are the most important elements of urban space defense.  The present study can pave the way for other studies such as the study of crime in the city by types of crimes, the effect of environmental variables on crime, urban crimes based on type of urban context, and other related issues. Based on the findings, the following suggestions can be considered in managing and reducing the vulnerability of neighborhoods:1) Preparing a comprehensive crime plan.  This can help and guide the security forces. In this regard, GIS is very important. 2) Regenerating worn out urban texture that often forms criminal areas. 3) Determining the status of ruined buildings (cleaning or reconstruction) in the area, the number of which is not small. 4) Establishing or combining centers with long hours of work time (even 24 hours a day) 5) Locating and constructing law enforcement centers even in the form of smaller units in vulnerable areas. 6) Installing CCTV cameras in crowded spaces and announcing its existence along with controlng the space by using signs while observing aesthetic principles (with priority on installation in vulnerable areas). 7) Updating and accurately recording computer information about the place and time of crimes.

Considering the importance of preventing the occurrence of violent behaviors in Tehran, especially theft, strife and conflict, snatching bags and harassment against citizens and examining the factors affecting the increase of violent behaviors, this study aims to investigate the role of defenseless urban spaces in violent behaviors. Has been done in Tehran.
In this research, the combined method has been used. In order to achieve violent behaviors and the number of their occurrence, the secondary analysis method has been used. For identifying defenseless spaces and the causes of differences in the type of violent behaviors, participatory observation has been used and to examine the correlation between research variables, correlation method has been used. Is. Also in this research, 124 crime hotspots in Tehran are considered as study areas. From 384 people according to Cochran's formula, the required information has been collected with a researcher-made questionnaire.
According to the obtained findings, it can be said that both physical and social dimensions of urban spaces are effective in making urban spaces defenseless. And theories that focus on only one dimension of the characteristics of defenseless spaces to control violence (whether physical or social) cannot adequately represent the totality of defenseless spaces and reduce violence. Thus, theories that focus on both dimensions better illustrate the totality of defenseless spaces. On the other hand, one-dimensional theories can be considered only in terms of the type of violence. Both dimensions have an effect on the defenselessness of spaces, but in comparison, according to the results obtained according to the type of violence studied, social factors make the spaces more defenseless for the occurrence of disturbance than physical factors. Also, social factors have a greater role in preparing the spaces for the occurrence of snatch bags and quarrels and conflicts, but physical factors have a greater role in preparing the spaces for the occurrence of theft. Therefore, solutions to reduce violence through urban design should pay attention to both physical and social dimensions of spaces, simultaneously in order to have the greatest impact on reducing violence and crime through urban design and intervention in the environment.

In recent years, the sense of social security has been one of the most popular tools for advancing human development around the world, and almost all countries in the world have implemented some social laws to increase security and have a direct relationship with space and the quality of the urban environment. Inadequate urban spaces, defenseless spaces, and unsafe neighborhoods are threatening factors for urban and social security. These defenseless spaces in the city of Tehran have been greatly increased due to physical and demographic growth and demolition, as well as the exhaustion and destruction of old areas. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the lived experience of insecurity in urban defensible spaces in a model by identifying the components, causal and intervention conditions, contexts, strategies and consequences of insecurity. The structure is tested and validated. The method of analysis in this study is a combination of exploratory and analytical one and is of practical purpose. In the first step, Grounded Theory is used to discover the paradigm paradigm, and in quantitative part, it is validated using the structural equation modeling of the heuristic model. The qualitative section sampling was purposive and data analysis was performed using three stages of open coding, axial and selective coding. In the quantitative part of the study, 377 of them were selected as the sample size using Cochran formula. In this study, interviews were analyzed and coded by Strauss-Carbin method. Out of 23 in-depth interviews, 256 meaningful statements were extracted and 231 corresponding concepts were extracted from these statements. In the axial coding step, 256 concepts have been transformed into 23 subcategories. Finally, after a closer look at the links between the concepts of subcategories, 10 key themes emerged: spreading fear, legal vacuum, insecurity, distrust, traumatic contexts, chaos and mismanagement of urban issues, Social isolation, neighborhood identity, negative mentalities, and negative experiences are all the more abstracted in these categories at the selective coding stage, a nuclear category that describes "feeling insecure in defenseless urban spaces due to the presence of traumatic contexts and negative mentalities in a specific identity context." Supervision weaknesses and negative experiences with strategies for repeated, insecure and legal vacuum in each Chaos and mistrust and led to social isolation "appearance that can give all the other categories covered. In the quantitative part, the results of modeling have shown that the extractive qualitative model is reliable with respect to its coefficients. The feeling of insecurity in defenseless urban spaces can lead to chaos, mistrust and social isolation due to the presence of traumatic tissues and negative mentalities in the form of a specific identity in the context of regulatory weakness and negative experiences with past and present strategies of insecurity and legal vacuum. It should cover all the discussions of Tehrani citizens about the feeling of insecurity in defenseless urban spaces and also have an analytical aspect. Citizens of Tehran thus experience, understand or perceive the causal conditions, context, and consequences of ethnic and ethnic crises in their lived experiences. They have explained the particular insecurity in defenseless urban spaces in a particular context and context, which increases the expectation of insecurity in urban areas if these conditions are available everywhere.

identification of urban defenseless spaces in order to optimize the management of crime and prevent the emergence of insecure spaces is necessary. Therefore, in this research, which is a practical nature, descriptive-analytical method and applying various techniques and techniques such as the ANP and Vikore model have been attempting to zoning and identifying urban areas without defense. The data and information requirements of the present study were compiled by using field and library methods. In the library method, information is gathered by referring to citation databases, reference libraries, databases of different organizations. In the field method, in order to identify the urban defenseless spaces, using the field observation method, field surveys (filling in the checklist) and location of the geographic location were recorded. The statistical population of the present study was the neighborhoods of Ardabil city, whose condition was evaluated in terms of defensiveness in 2018. The results of this study indicate that most of the peripheral neighborhoods and integrated rural villages in the northwestern and western parts of the city of Ardebil are vulnerable to defensiveness against delinquent behaviors. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to improve the conditions of planning for the use of appropriate security equipment, the utility-part of the spaces using an appropriate lighting system and the removal of dead and abandoned spaces and observation barriers and training Citizens take place

Defenseless spaces have different effects on urban spaces and the lives of citizens, which have the greatest impact on increasing crime and reducing citizens' sense of security. This is especially true in urban worn out and inefficient texture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between defenseless spaces and theft at Harandi neighborhood level. For the purpose of this research, this research is a part of applied research and is a part of descriptive - analytic research component. The data collection method was documentary-survey. To determine the unsafety of a different part of the neighborhood at the first, the neighborhood is divided into 20 blocks based on local trails and then from 22 sub-indicators in the form of 5 indicators of defenseless spaces. Using entropy and viquor method, weighing and ranking of different parts of the neighborhood have been addressed. A geographic weighting regression has been used to investigate the relationship between defenseless spaces and theft offenses. The results of the research have shown that the relationship between the defenseless spaces at the neighborhood level is not the same. In this research, the greatest relationship has been between defenseless areas and theft crimes in the eastern neighborhood, especially in the southeastern neighborhood of the neighborhood and in accordance with Shoosh park between Shoosh streets, Ray street and Anbar - e – Gandom street. In contrast, the least relation between defenseless space and theft was also in the western and northwestern neighborhoods. With regard to the relationship between defenseless spaces and crimes (robbery), with the reduction of defenseless spaces, some crimes can be prevented.

Considering the importance of preventing the occurrence of violent behaviors in Tehran, in particular, theft, strife, conflict, hacking and harassment against citizens, and investigating the factors affecting the increase in violence behavior, this study aimed to investigate the physical role of defenseless urban spaces in behaviors Violent in Tehran.In this research, the hybrid method has been used. In order to achieve violent behaviors and their occurrence, secondary analysis method has been used. For recognition of defenseless spaces and causes of differences in the type of violent behaviors, participatory observation in the amount and for analyzing the information of analytical methods and A few statistics have been used. Also, in this research, 114 mass crimes in Tehran are considered as study areas.As a result of the research, it can be said that physical factors have a significant role in predisposing spaces for the occurrence of casualties, conflicts, involvement, theft, and harassment as the four most important types of violent behaviors. Also, the physical characteristics of urban defenseless spaces in the occurrence of violent behaviors are ranked first and ranked first in the theft, in the second place on the victory in Kiev, in the third place in conflict and conflict, and in the last rank affect the harassment.

There are security and sense of security in cities is one of the most important needs of the citizens that the reduction or lack of them, depends heavily on the quality of life of citizens and their use of urban spaces, particularly urban public spaces is negatively affected. meanwhile spaces are defenseless in a neighborhood of the main factors that reduce or insecurity and sense of security citizens. This issue in worn and old urban areas according to their physical condition and be more social. The aim of this study was investigate urban defenseless spaces in the neighborhood Harandi. research methods is descriptive and analytical and data collection documents - field. in the field of direct observation and questionnaire model safety assessment was to examine the issue. for data analysis SPSS software was used. Cronbach Alpha for the questionnaire designed 0/896 (more than 0/7) is. The results show that safety space at the neighborhood level is inadequate (mean =0/238). The results also indicated that among the index indicators of the presence of people in space (private space or too much congestion) has the greatest impact on defenseless neighborhood spaces (B=0/237). Finally, to improve making safety of spaces defenseless in neighborhood level solutions were presented.

Including the consequences of defenseless spaces in cities, less safe and more importantly reduce the sense of security among citizens, so evaluation these spaces and their effects on the sense of security of the citizens is essential. The purpose of this study is also evaluating the effects of defenseless spaces on the sense of security of citizens in the Bazar neighborhood of Tehran. This research has an applied aim and its methodology Library - survey (questionnaire) is. To study for defenseless space of three indicators (physical, social and social - physical) and three indicators sense of security (sense of security of language, physical and visual) are used. The sample size using Cochran's formula, according to statistical population (23,696 people), 384 is obtained. To analyze the data, two software SPSS and SMART - PLS is used. The research results show that the between physical and social indicator’s sense of security of citizens there is a significant relationship, but between the social - physical indicators by sense of security, there is no significant relationship. As well as social indicators (crowding, privacy, etc.), the greatest impact on sense of security of citizens.

Sense of insecurity in urban public spaces is one of the most important concerns of citizens. Urban spaces planners and designers try to recognize factors related to sense of insecurity especially in urban spaces and provide security for the users of these places. A large amount of citizens are women who their presence at work and social activities has risen. So that they need to be considered in planning and construct of a city. They need to special facilities of space to increase their assurance and confidence of attendance in urban spaces. In this study it is probed to investigate fields of social sense of insecurity among women and recognize the factors effected on concerns and fears of women in public spaces and urban places with emphasis on urban physical features.
According to theoretical literature and research records , theoretical framework is stated based to Oscar Newman Theory, Jane Jacobs Theory and Kewin Linch Theory, and then research hypothesis and analytical model has been extracted. The research method is survey and questionnaire has been used for gathering information . The statistical society of this research is Mahabad that sample was choosed by stratified sampling and 368 questionnaires have been filled in total, and also the description and analyzing of data has done by SPSS software. The results of the research presents that environmental factors such as indefensible spaces, surveillance and legibility has significant relation with the sense of insecurity. And also among singular variables,

Security is one of the human needs. As human needs hierarchy of Maslow, the security is in the second level and it's after the physiologic needs. The scientists believe that the factors like social, economic, cultural and etc. effect on security.in the meantime we can mention indefensible space role. Target of this paper is applying of GIS for finding and analyzing of these spaces; until in this way have a better recognition about these spaces for recommended the appropriate solutions. This research applied spatial analyst (GIS) and analyzing indefensible spaces in case study (Pardis). The result shows that distinguishable spatial patterns can be fined and these situations are useful for defining the subject and action plans in case study.

Defenseless spaces including areas with high vulnerability index in the cities due to the population growth and physical expansion on one hand and the exhaustion and destruction across the old areas on the other hand، nowadays are highly increased (Laidler، 2009). Urban defenseless spaces due to the high influence on urban life especially in order to the sense of fear of crime and insecurity in the city (Newman، 1996) have a high potential to research. The main property of the defenseless spaces is lack of social monitoring. In cities، where the traffic is low or if a crime occurs the opportunity to help someone who is violated is low، gives more audacity to criminals to commit a crime (Trancik، 1986). In addition، in this type of areas instability of population can be seen and is considered as one of the most important features of defenseless spaces. Thus undefended areas are one of the most suitable points for intruders and criminals. In other words because of physical structure defenseless spaces can have an important role in creating a sense of fear and insecurity (Mortazavi، 2002). This paper aims to clarify the concept of urban defenseless spaces and semantic analysis of experiences in the defenseless areas of Mashhad and revealing sense of fear and insecurity in these experiments around three axes: defenseless spaces، defensible spaces and the sense of fear and insecurity caused by undefended spaces are investigated. Systematic review of the records showed that defenseless spaces are defined with 4 physical and social characteristic including lack of visibility، lack of being surrounded and regulatory opportunities، beaten and old space، solitude and darkness. Study Area: Mashhad municipality is divided in to 13 regions and Zone 11 has selected as the study area of this research، this choice is according to the statistics of the transportation and traffic organization of Mashhad municipality that this region has the most underpass، and the reason can be clarified by the two purposed of the underpasses in this zone، one is for daily commute and the other one is because of starting Mashhad subway. The zone 11 of Mashhad Municipality in order to provide faster and easier access to civil services separated from zone 10 in 1995. This region is currently an area of 1. 800 hectares which includes 6. 16 percent of the entire city and is divided in to two areas and has approximately 222 thousand inhabitants which are about 7. 9 percent of the total population of the city. The research method is systematic review through records of the defenseless and showing the relationship between these spaces with a sense of fear and insecurity. Phenomenological approach is one of the most important methods of qualitative research. The main focus of phenomenological analysis is the study of conscious experience and its purpose is to describe the experience of social life as they are in real life. Phenomenology consider the person as part of environment and it helps creating a comprehensive description of the phenomenon experienced in order to understand its inherent structure. The experience of Pedestrians crossing some defenseless spaces and defensible spaces in Mashhad has been analyzed with the empirical phenomenology method. For this purpose 3 underpasses in zone 11 (one of them is before Esteghlal Square، one is in Vakilabad avenue، and the other one is in Kalantary Highway) in Mashhad which have had the maximum swing of defenseless properties and the opposite of defensible space، are selected purposefully and the experience of 12 participants under these underpasses has been analyzed. These experiences through in-depth interviews with passers has been readout، based on three methods of encoding text، (Open، axial and selective)، the resulting texts are analyzed. The first step in the process of text analysis is extraction of semantic units and then identifying their common meanings. The second step is identifying the Common points and Points of difference among the Passers which have had the experience of crossing the underpass. In addition، sufficient condition for the number of samples (limiting to 12 participant) was performed based on the principle of the data saturation. The phenomenological analysis of the experience of crossing the 12 participants of three underpasses which have had the maximum swing of the defenseless properties showed that firstly in these experiments 12 units of meaning including fear of violence، fear of harassment، feel a vacuum، feel unsafe exist. They can be found in the following categories overall sense as a sense of fear and insecurity categories. Secondly، in these experiences features of harassment occurrence، horror and dark are the subscription aspects in those underpasses which had the characteristics of defenseless spaces. And good light - the guard- crowd and high congestion are the subscription aspects in those underpasses which had the characteristics of defensible space and the use of underpasses and intense of fearness are the different aspects of the underpasses. Thirdly، lack of supervision، visibility، quiet and darkness، exhaustion and oldness are the most important elements of defenseless spaces (underpasses). Generally the results of this phenomenological experience of crossing the underpasses expresses the sense of fear among those who perforce or accidentally have used the underpass and their views and observations confirmed the defenseless of the space. Finally، according to the results of field observations in order to reduce sense of fear and to prevent the emergence of environmental opportunities for the criminals to commit a crime. It is recommended that in the design of underpasses color and light pollution should be avoided. Underpass should not be inscribed. In addition، the selected color in the space can help to feel comfortable or tension. Beginning and end of the underpass should be clear. It means that it should be balanced and be in a form of a straight line. U-shaped and L-shaped design of the underpasses should be avoided. Apart from all these aspects the most important principle in providing safety and comfort for Pedestrians passing an underpass is enough light. That''s why one of the fundamental principles of Oscar Newman''s theories is that، the crimes in day and night، have significant differences. So it is better that adequate consideration about lighting be given to the underpasses and burned out or broken bulbs be replaced on time. Phenomenological experience of crossing the bridge underpass in Mashhad among 12 passersby (Participants in the interviews) showed that Point against defenseless spaces، are defensible spaces that Newman introduced the defenseless spaces theory in 1996 (Newman، 1996:41). The features of defenseless spaces can not be generalized to all the bridges، but the results and the evidence suggests that the characteristics of the defenseless spaces should be visible in the environment. In the case of defenseless areas underpass and overpass bridges were also named، but the main problem is that every bridge underpass or overpass will not be considered as defenseless space. In terms of features، the continuous absence of people and activity disorder are effective characteristics in order to create a non-defense area and then a sense of fear and insecurity and because social factors in comparison to physical-social factors are more effective، Social factors also have a proportionally greater impact on creating defenseless areas.