polymorphism

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of basil using SCoT molecular markers and to identify markers associated with traits through regression analysis.

In this research, ten SCoT primers were used to investigate the genetic diversity of five basil genotypes under salinity stress conditions in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences at the University of Graduate Studies and Advanced Technology in 2023. The experiment followed a split-plot design based on a completely randomized design, with salinity stress as the main factor and basil genotype as the secondary factor.

The results showed that among the eight primers used, the highest polymorphism was observed, resulting in a total of 105 bands. Of these, 103 were polymorphic bands, with an average of 12.63 polymorphic bands per primer. Primer SCoT1 produced the highest number of bands with 17 bands, while primer SCoT28 had the lowest number of polymorphic bands with four bands. The polymorphism percentage in basil genotypes ranged from 85.71% to 100% across different primers, with an average polymorphism percentage of 96.52%. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.35 to 0.40, with an average of 0.38. Expected heterozygosity (EH) for SCoT markers ranged from 0.38 to 0.45, with a mean expected heterozygosity of 0.42. The marker index (MI) varied among SCoT markers, with primer SCoT11 showing the highest MI (0.38) and primer SCoT16 showing the lowest (0.20). The average heterozygosity (Havp) ranged from 0.03 to 0.07 for the studied markers. Primers SCoT28, followed by SCoT10, exhibited the highest average heterozygosity, indicating their high efficiency in detecting polymorphism. The genetic diversity index of reed among the studied primers was 0.426 in the studied population. Primers SCoT1 and SCoT10 demonstrated the highest genetic diversity index values, highlighting their strong capacity to capture genetic diversity. The average Shannon coefficient for SCoT markers was 0.614, indicating a moderate level of diversity in the studied populations. SCoT1 and SCoT10 primers had the highest Shannon index values, respectively, confirming their ability to detect genetic variation. The number of effective alleles varied between 1.652 and 1.843, with an average of 1.769 in the studied population.

In general, the use of SCoT molecular markers proved to be a suitable method for investigating the genetic diversity of basil cultivars under environmental stress conditions, particularly salinity stress.

Endometriosis is a complex disease that can be hereditary and its occurrence is under many genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide studies have proven that they can be successful in identifying variants that affect the occurrence of complex diseases. In the present study, the analysis and summation of genome-wide studies in relation to WNT4 and CDKN2B-AS1 gene variants, and their association with the occurrence of this disease, has been done.

In the present meta-analysis, studies on polymorphisms associated with WNT4 and CDKN2B-AS1 genes in the GWAS database have been reviewed. The studies were related to populations with European and East Asian ancestors, and in order to investigate the variant with the highest level of association in the above gene loci with the occurrence of endometriosis, the fixed-effect statistical model was used.

Among the examined variants, loci rs3920498 (with significance p<1.1e-5 and probability ratio equal to 1.19) and rs1537377 (with significance p<1.33e-10 and probability ratio equal to 1.09) are more associated with endometriosis.

In the present study, it was found that rs3920498 (upstream of WNT4 gene) and rs1537377 (downstream of CDKN2B-AS1 gene) loci are most associated with endometriosis disease.

Violet plants (Viola sp.) belonging to the Violaceae family are ornamental plants that could be used for drug design due to their cyclotidic compounds. In this study, 21 different ecotypes of violets were collected from the northern regions of Iran. After DNA extraction, the genetic diversity of ecotypes was investigated using the iPBS molecular marker. Twelve iPBS primers used during the present investigation resulted in 214 bands. The average percentage of observed polymorphism, polymorphic information content (PIC), and marker index (MI) were calculated to be 31.92%, 0.35%, and 5.64% respectively. The Nei genetic distance index ranged between 0 and 0.66. The results indicate a considerable genetic diversity among the violet ecotypes and the efficiency of the iPBS marker in detecting polymorphism. The population genetic analysis showed that 61% of the diversity is related to intra-species diversity. The species V. odorata and V. alba exhibited the greatest degrees of polymorphism, effective allele number, Shannon index value, and heterozygosity ratios. Also, the dendrogram depicted the close genetic relationship between these two species, as evidenced by Nei's genetic distance measurements. In general, considering the existing taxonomic information and the results obtained from this experiment, it can be concluded that the use of the iPBS marker is highly effective in systematic studies of the genus Viola. The results of this experiment led to the appropriate differentiation of ecotypes and species, which could be used in further breeding studies.

Phalaenopsis is one of the most well-known genera of the orchid family and has relatively good growth due to its high adaptability. The Phalaenopsis breeding program and full investigation of progenies takes three to five years, which can be reduced by using molecular markers. In this research, in order to decrease the process of selecting superior genotypes, progenies obtained from crosses between 5 different cultivars were examined using IRAP and RAPD markers. Among 299 bands produced in RAPD, 86% of the bands were polymorphic. The average number of polymorphic bands was 13.5 bands per primer and the minimum genetic similarity (43%) was obtained between 'Sevilla'×'Sevilla' and 'Manila'×'Bombay' hybrids, while the maximum similarity (72%) was found between 'Sevilla'× 'Okayama' and 'Okayama'×'Sevilla' hybrids based on Nei similarity coefficient. From 6 selected IRAP primer combinations, 83 bands were produced, among them 72 bands were considered polymorphic bands. The highest ratio of polymorphism was obtained by 3′LTR-LTR6150, 3′LTR-3′LTR primers combination and the lowest by Sukkula -3′LTR. The maximum genetic similarity, 82%, using IRAP marker was observed between 'Sevilla'×'Okayama' and 'Sevilla'×'Manila' hybrids and the lowest amount, 32%, was obtained between 'Sevilla'×'Sevilla' and 'Manila'×'Bombay' hybrids, indicating the genetic proximity and distance, respectively, of the studied genotypes. Recombined genotypes obtained in this research, which had different band patterns with their parents, can be used for breeding programs and introducing new cultivars.

Sheep are used as a genetic model to study the relationship between genetic diversity and ovulation rate. Previous studies have shown that ovulation rate and litter size can be controlled by a set of genes called fecundity genes . Three fertility genes have been identified in sheep called BMPR1B or FecB, GDF9 or FecG and BMP15 or FecX. Tetra-ARMS-PCR is a suitable alternative method in the context of expensive methods such as sequencing and PCR-RFLP to identify SNPs whose sequences are known. The entry of the Booroola allele into the Afshari breed increased the frequency of litter size. The aim of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of two fertility genes including FecB and FecG in Mughani, Afshari and Baluchi sheep in Khorasan Razavi province.Blood samples were taken from 95 Afshari, Baluchi and Mughani sheep. Two pairs of control (outer) and specific (inner) primers were used to amplify FecB and FecG gene fragments by the Tetra-ARMS PCR method. Temperature cycling of PCR amplification for FecB started at 94°C for 4 minutes, followed by 35 cycles consisting of 94°C for 25 seconds, annealing temperature at 54°C for 35 seconds, extension at 72°C for 20 seconds and a final extension at 72°C for 5 minutes. For amplification of the G1 point mutation on the FecG gene, the annealing temperature was 54°C for 35 s, extension was 70°C for 40 s, and final extension was 70°C for 5 minutes. The PCR products were electrophoresed on a 2% agarose gel.Three genotypes have been observed for the FecB gene in Afshari sheep; wild homozygous (++), heterozygous (B+) and homozygous mutant (BB). All Mughani and Baluchi sheep were homozygous for this gene. A 108 bp band was detected for mutant homozygotes. A band of 213 bp was observed in wild homozygotes. The frequency of wild homozygotes was high in the three breeds,. The frequency of the wild allele in this breed was 0.39 and that of the mutant allele 0.61, the overall frequencies for the three breeds being 0.8 and 0.2, respectively. The result of Tetra-ARMS-PCR for the G1 point mutation of the GDF9 gene showed polymorphism in all three breeds, however, the frequency of wild homozygotes was high. In the Balochi breed, only two animals (4%) were heterozygous and 96% of the animals showed the wild homozygous genotype. In the Mughani breed, 16% were heterozygous and only one animal was homozygous mutant. In addition, only one heterozygote was observed in the Afshari breed. Several studies have shown the association of the FecB, FecG and FecX genes with litter size in sheep. Due to the high frequency of wild homozygotes and the fact that Mughani and Baluchi ewes mostly gave birth to single lambs, the role of FecB mutation in litter size of Afshari ewes was observed. The ram used in this herd was heterozygous for FecB. In general, it can be concluded that the mutant FecB allele has a correlation with litter size in Iranian sheep. However, the statistical confirmation of this issue requires a dedicated study with a detailed record of reproductive traits.The results of this study demonstrated the presence of a Booroola mutation in the Afshari ewes that were offspring of heterozygous rams. In addition, all of these ewes had litter size in at least one of the two pregnancies. Hence, the Booroola mutation may potentially increase the litter size of ewes. However, a more comprehensive study measuring biological indicators such as sex hormone levels, ovulation rate and follicle size is needed to demonstrate the effect of these types of mutations on increasing fertility.

The study of genetic diversity with the help of molecular markers is the main precondition and an important step in the improvement of vegetable plants, including tomato and is the basis for the effective use of heterosis and the protection of genetic pools. Several studies have been conducted using molecular markers between different tomato lines, but there is little studies in Iran. Based on this, the present study intends to estimate the genetic distance between a numbers of tomato lines using ISSR molecular markers.

In the present study, 12 tomato lines were investigated using microsatellite primers (ISSR) at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed by ISSR primers and PCR products fractioned on 1.5% using agarose gel electrophoresis then the bands were analysed.

The primers used showed acceptable polymorphism (85.28) and suitable score able banding patterns. The highest and lowest polymorphism information content (PIC) with values of 0.40 and 0.22 were related to ISSR2 and ISSR10 primers, respectively. The ISSR2 primer was more efficient than other primers in identifying and classifying the studied lines. The degree of genetic similarity varied from 0.23 to 0.95 between the studied lines and lines Fanal and Harlekyn had the most similarity and lines CP with Bibor and after that SP with Bibor showed greatest genetic distances. Results of cluster analysis and evaluation of quantitative characterestics of studied lines showed that genotypes 4, 5, 6 and 8 placed in first group had better yield and earliness comparing other genotypes.   

Lines CP, SP and Bibor had a great genetic distance from each other and hybridization between CP and SP with Bibor as well as utilizing of selected genotypes in first group is recommended for next breeding programs in tomato. The ISSR2 primer has useful information in distinguishing the studied lines than other primers and its useful in breeding programs of tomato.

Parrotia persica, a native species of the Hyrcanian forests, is distributed from the west to the east of the forests of northern Iran. This study investigated the genetic diversity of Parrotia persica using molecular information from populations collected from three habitats in Gilan, four habitats in Mazandaran, and three habitats in Golestan. Using the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) marker, 826 bands were obtained, with more than 90% of the bands being polymorphic. The mean content of polymorphic information (PIC) and marker index (MI) were calculated to be 0.24 and 22.4, respectively. Cluster analysis based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) algorithm revealed a wide variety in the collected samples. Based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient, the range of genetic similarity varied from 0.26 to 0.44. The results of the molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed that 21% of the total genetic diversity in Parrotia persica populations was due to genetic diversity between the populations of the three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran, and Guilan. Genetic diversity within the populations of the habitats accounted for 79%. It can be concluded that there is no difference between the populations based on the diversity of molecular information, but there is diversity within the populations. The diversity among the evangelical populations seems to be more influenced by the environment than genetically. However, for a more accurate conclusion, it is suggested that different ecotones of the population be examined with molecular markers.

Distribution of Harmonia axyridis as an invasive predator, newly appeared in Iran, was investigted in northern provinces of Iran. Some biological and morphological traits were studied, including color morphs, sex ratio, and adults body length. Samples were collected from four regions in north and east-north of Iran as well as two generations of Rasht population to assess the effect of geographical location and insect’s generation. Reproductive potential of females of two main color morphs (melanic and non-melanic) was also investigated in overwintering and summer generations. Sampling were succesful in Guilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, and North Khorasan. Proportion of melanic individuals in Heyran, Shaft, Bojnourd, Rasht (overwintering population), and Rasht (spring population) was 11.51, 12.64, 10.57, 12.17, and 11.63, respectively. Sex ratios ranged from 38 to 44% showing no difference among the obovevmentioned populations. Mean length of adult insect body in individuals from Bojnord (6.57±0.029 mm) was larger than others. There was no difference between females of the two main color morphs in terms of oviposition potential. However, overwintering females laid significantly more eggs than summer females, regardless of color morphs. This study confirmed progress of H. axyridis distribution towards new areas. Moreover, it was indicated that sampling location and generation have no effect on color morphs ratio in newly invaded areas, and oviposition rate cannot be a regulating factor for color morphs ratio in next generation.

Wheat is the most important cereal crops; it is a stable diet for more than one third of the world population. DNA markers play the most important role in diversity due to the relative ease in their generation and elimination of the influence of environment. The objective of this research were study of genetic diversity of bread wheat cultivars using RAPD markers and efficiency of these markers in grouping and distinguishing wheat cultivars based DNA fingerprint. 

In this study 42 wheat cultivar was evaluated with using 20 RAPD markers. The amplified fragment profiles were visually scored for presence (1) and absence (0) of bands and entered in a binary matrix. 

The results showed that, RAPD primers detected 132 fragments and 88 of them (66/67%) were polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments varied in size from <100bp to 3000bp. The number of polymorphic fragments primer ranged from 2-7 with an average of 4/4. RAPD68 and RAPD28 each whit 7 polymorphic bands showed the highest amount of polymorphism. Primer RAPD68 were able to distinguish the cultivars omid and azadi, primer OPB08 cultivars Chenab. Sepahan, Salyasonez and primers TIBMBD17 and TIBMBB09 cultivar Atrac from other cultivars. Cluster analysis using Jaccard matrix and UPGMA method was performed, wheat genotype clustered in seven distinct groups, and the genetic similarity values ranged from 0.74 to 0.94. sistan and gasparo showed the most genetic similarity (94%). Atrac, Azadi and vrinac were clustered as outliers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) determined 1% inter group diversity and 99% intra group diversity for studied genotypes. 

The results of this research showed that there was not genetic variation among bread wheat cultivars, that can be due to the low number of primers and cultivars under investigation. Suggested to use other primers such as SSR, which shows more diversity.

The review of published articles in the field of genomic selection shows that in the most of studies conducted in livestock and crop species, genomic evaluation and prediction of genomic breeding values ​​have been done without considering the dominance genetic effects. However, recent studies have shown that the dominance genetic effects contribute significantly to the phenotypic variation of productive traits of domestic animals. Therefore, it seems that ignoring the dominance genetic effects will affect the accuracy of the genomic evaluation. In this article, the consequences of not considering the dominance genetic effects in the genomic evaluation model on accuracy, mean square error, bias and reliability of genomic breeding values ​​were investigated.

A genome consisting of 5 chromosomes, each 1 Morgan length, containing 5000 bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was simulated at heritability level of 0.5. All quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were assigned additive genetic effects. Different distributions of QTL effects (uniform, normal and gamma) as well as three scenarios of the number of QTL as 5, 10 and 20% of the total number of SNPs (respectively 250, 500 and 1000 QTLs) were considered as simulation hypotheses. In different scenarios, dominance genetic effects were given to 0.00, 10, 25, 50 and 100% of QTLs. The genomic breeding values ​​were estimated using the genomic best linear unbiased prediction method (GBLUP) and the criteria of LR method such as prediction accuracy, mean square error of prediction, bias and reliability of the genomic breeding values ​​were used to analysis genomic breeding values ​​predicted by GBLUP.

The results showed that if the dominance genetic effects contribute to the phenotypic variation of the interested trait, but ignored from the genomic evaluation model and remain unseparated from the additive genetic effects, lead to a decrease in the accuracy of the genomic breeding values ​​by about 25%. Also, the mean square error of prediction of genomic breeding values ​​increased by 60% following increase in the percentage of QTLs with dominance effect from 0.00 to 100%. The bias of genomic breeding values ​​was also affected by ignoring dominance effects and increased by 36% following increase in the percentage of QTLs with dominance effect from 0.00 to 100%. Also, the reliability of genomic breeding values ​​was significantly reduced by about 40% with the increase in the percentage of QTLs with dominance effect from 0.00 to 100%.

In general, the results of this research showed that not separating the dominance genetic effects from additive genetic effects leads to low-accuracy, biased, and unreliable estimates of genomic breeding values, which will ultimately reduce the efficiency of genomic selection schemes. Therefore, it was suggested that in order to increase the efficiency of genomic selection, dominance genetic effects should be included in the genomic evaluation model.

Grain length is one of the most important characteristics in rice breeding, which affects the yield and quality of the grain. In this study, the genetic diversity of grain length and width and 1000 seed weight were evaluated in the F2 population resulting from the crossing of L44 line (maternal parent) and IR-229R genotype (paternal parent). Also, molecular markers correlated with grain length were used to identify genotypes with longer grain length in the F2 population. The results of the evaluation of morphological traits showed that the average length of rice grain in the second generation L44 × IR-229R population is 11.16 mm, which is close to the average grain length in the mother genotype L44 (11 mm). Also, 10 genotypes showed longer seed length than the paternal parent, and among these genotypes, 6 genotypes (numbers 8, 10, 76, 82, 91 and 96) had greater seed width and 1000 seed weight than the population average. In the molecular evaluation, it was found that primers RM488 and RM234 (correlated with rice grain length on chromosome 1 and 7, respectively) showed polymorphism between parent’s genotypes. In examining the grain length trait with markers RM488 and RM234, genotypes 76, 82, 91 and 101 with grain length of 12.96, 12.66, 12.79 and 12.53 mm respectively were identified as long seed genotypes.

Myostatin gene is an inhibitor of skeletal muscle developmentmutations in its coding regionpromotesmuscle growth in some breeds, mutation of the myostatin gene has a significant effect on the increase of the body weight and carcass traits. This study was aimed to investigate the polymorphisms in exon 3 of the myostatin gene and evaluate investigation of body weights and carcass traits measured by ultrasound in Kurdi sheep.

In this study, back fat thickness and loin muscel area traits were measured by ultrasound instrument. Blood samples were collected randomly from 139 Kurdi sheep and following DNA extraction, a 388 bp fragment from exon 3 of myostatin gene was amplified. For genotyping of myostatin gene, PCR-SSCP, PCR-RFLP, and direct sequencing techniques were used. To determine the fixed effects of gender, birth type and birth year on the studied traits, GLM procdure of SAS software was used. Least square means comparison of different fixed effects subclasses was carried out by Tukey-Kramer test at 5% probability level. To measure the relationships between tarits, pearson correlation was used.

In PCR-RFLP technique, after enzymatic digestion of all samples, only one genotype was observed and this locus was monomorphic. PCR-SSCP analysis showed two band patterns A and B, which were very similar in shape. Therefore, to determine the actual genotype, some samples with different band patterns were evaluated by direct sequencing technique. The results showed that there is no polymorphism among samples. The mean ultrasonic fat thickness and loin muscle area in this study were 0.46 cm and 7.78 cm2, respectively, with an average body weight of 43.42 kg at the time of ultrasonography. The correlation between the two ultrasound carcass traits (UBF and UMA) was positive (r=0.84, P<0.0001). The lowest correlation coefficient of carcass fat thickness and ocular muscle area with the studied traits were 0.02 and 0.3, for birth weight and weaning traits, respectively. The highest correlation coefficient of the studied traits with carcass fat thickness and loin muscle area were 0.82 and 0.87 for body weight at the time of ultrasonography and middle tail width, respectively (P=0.001).

In this study, using PCR-SSCP, PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing, only one genotype was detected in the myostatin gene. Considering that various studies have introduced the mutated allele of the myostatin gene as an effective allele on the double muscling for breeding and improving the quality and quantity of meat, the studied herd did not have the allele. Considering the relatively suitable diversity observed in the studied traits, especially the carcass traits measured by ultrasound, there will be a possiblity to improve the traits through selection.

In a survey on the fauna of ladybirds which was carried out in Shahrood and Bastam regions during 2015, oenopia conglobata with a frequency of 11/23% relative to the other species was in fourth level. Ladybirds are the most important natural enemies of pests such as aphids, psyllids and lace bugs that activity of them is proved on the non-fruit trees and fruit trees. Color pattern variation of the elytra and pronotum in Oenopia conglobata was studied on ornamental and forest plants in two differents weather conditions in Shahrood and Bastam regions. Samples were collected by net-trap and white-tray. After transferring to the laboratory, were placed in glass with alcohol 75%. Identification was conducted based on general morphological characters as well as of their genitalia. Different morphs were identified based on morphological characteristics including color, size, pattern and number spots on dorsal surface of the elytra and pronotum. 5 different morphs of O. conglobata were identified so morphs 4 and 2 had the highest and the least abundance, respectively.

The camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) is one of the compatible plant species with arid and semi-arid regions that is important for forage production, soil protection and medicine. This research was carried out in order to investigate the genetic diversity of camelthorn ecotypes, to determine the similarities and differences between ecotypes and to recognize the genetic structure of different camelthorn ecotypes using ISSR and SCoT markers.
 
The 22 ecotypes from different regions of North, Razavi and South Khorasan provinces were studied. The DNA was extracted by the CTAB method. The 12 ISSR and 18 SCoT primers were used in the molecular analysis.
 
The polymorphism percentages in the two markers were 99.42% and 95.42%, respectively. In the ISSR and SCoT markers, the IS5, IS8, IS10 and S2, S4, S6, S7, and S10 primers amplified the highest number of bands, respectively, and the IS1, IS2, IS3, IS6 and S1 amplified the lowest bands, respectively. In the ISSR and SCoT markers, the IS6 (0.44) and S12 (0.44) primers had the highest PIC value, respectively, and the IS4 (0.09) and S1(0.04) primers had the lowest PIC value. In the ISSR marker, the IS6 primer had the highest and the IS2, and IS10 primers had the lowest Nei genetic diversity index and Shannon information index, respectively. In the SCoT marker, the S14 primer had the highest, and the S1 primer had the lowest Nei genetic diversity index and Shannon information index, respectively. The cluster analysis classified the ecotypes into three groups. The molecular analysis of variance showed that the 9%, 14% and 91%, 86% of the total genetic variation were related to the within and between groups in ISSR and SCoT markers, respectively.
 
This study demonstrated the accuracy of the ISSR and SCoT markers in identifying high levels of polymorphism and was appropriate for investigating the genetic diversity amongst camelthorn ecotypes. The IS6 and S12, and S14 primers were recognized as the best primers in this study, and it is suggested that these primers be considered in future studies. In total, the results showed that the diversity within populations was higher than the diversity between populations, which indicates that the geographical distribution does not follow of genetic diversity in the camelthorn plant.

Adalia and Oenopia conglobata are two polymorphic species of ladybeetles. They are active in all of ecosystems and play important role in control of Aphids. To study the polymorphism of these species, weekly sampling was done in spring and summer in 1400 in Sarakhs region. The specimens were transferred to the laboratory and both species were identified based on their appearance, male reproductive organs and with the help of valid keys. Then, morphs of Adalia and O. conglobata were separated, identified and frequencies of each morph were determined on host plants and host insect too. A total of eight casts were collected for the Adalia ladybug and five casts were collected for the O. conglobata. The highest frequency related to forms five and six for A. bipunctata and forms three and four for O. conglobata. This study was conducted for the first time in the region and can be the introduction of additional research to identify the forms of other species of Coccinellidae family.

The date palm is one of the most important trees in dry and tropical regions as a good food source and plays an important role in the country's economy. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the population structure, genetic diversity and protection of the genetic reserves of important date genotypes using the ISSR molecular marker for use in genomic studies. The present research was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity of 70 Iranian date genotypes belonging to 13 different populations, using 10 ISSR markers. The number of alleles in each gene location was between 5 and 10, and 65 alleles were observed. The highest content of polymorphic information was 30, and the lowest was 6%, respectively, for primers C877 and C842, and the content of polymorphic information was 10 markers with an average of 19.4%. Principal component analysis (PCoA) showed that the two main components included 80.43% of the total changes. The highest genetic similarity based on the Jaccard coefficient was observed between the G12 (Diri) and Deglet-Noor (G13) genotypes, and the lowest value between the male base genotypes (G19) and Amehshanbe (G36), due to genetic diversity in local populations, which can be taken into account in the race. The dendrogram of the cluster analysis based on the UPGMA method showed six main clusters. In this study, some genotypes were not grouped based on geographical distribution. Date male genotypes differed from the other genotypes in both UPGMA and PCoA clustering cases. As a result, suitable approaches of ISSR markers have created distinctions among the 70 date palm genotypes studied, which will provide valuable information for the future improvement of this important product.

Basic color in horses, such as black and white, brown and chestnut ASIP and MC1R gene is affected. The relationship between color horse and purity the study of gene polymorphism Aguti put special attention. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the polymorphism in exon 2 gene Aguti population of Arabic horse in Khuzestan. In this study, PCR-RFLP method for the detection of different alleles of the Aguti gene in horses used. Bleed extension of the 45 head of horses in the city of Ahvaz, Dezful and Shush were collected. Polymerase chain reaction 101 bp fragment of exon 2 gene and gene-specific primers were used Aguti. 11 bp deletion in exon 2 gene ASIP (Aguti signaling protein) occurred because of the In / del (delete and Insertion) of the gene Aguti. Finally three band pattern AA, Aa, aa abundance 0.414, 0.457, 0.127, respectively. The allele frequencies of A and a 0.644 and 0.356 respectively.The results showed that this fragment of gene polymorphism and genotype AA, Aa, aa population was established. The results showed that there is Hardy-Weinberg dis equilibrium in the studied population.

Having a fat tail is a characteristic of some Iranian native sheep breeds, whose main role is usually to store energy for using in limited food conditions. However, the amount of energy required to store fat in this tissue directly affects the efficiency of meat production and carcass quality. In Iran, the average weight of each carcass is about 15.3 kg, of which 15% is the fat tail. It requires 1.7 kg more feed per kilogram of fat tail than meat (protein), and customers pay a lower price per unit of weight for sheep with heavier fat tail. Today, researchers in the field of animal breeding have a special focus on reducing the weight of the fat tail and increasing the marketability of sheep carcasses. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) belongs to the β-metamorphic growth factor of the β family and plays an important role in bone and cartilage development and, therefore, seems to be the best candidate for the fat-tailed phenotype. Comparison of the results of genotype obtained from Ovine SNP50K Bead Chip in tow fat-tailed breeds with the results obtained in 13 thin tail breeds showed a missense mutation in BMP2 gene, with the frequency of different alleles in these two different groups. In this study, in order to detect the polymorphism in BMP2 gene exon 1 and investigation of its relationship with tail fat trait, blood samples from 150 same age ewes of Lori Bakhtiari breed were randomly taken which are maintained in Gahar Dorud sheep breeding center (Dorud, Lorestan). DNA extraction was performed using a special DNA extraction kit (Pars Toos, Iran) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Determination of quality and quantity of extracted DNA was performed using agarose gel electrophoresis and nanodrop spectrophotometer, respectively. BMP2 gene exon 1 was amplified successfully by a pair of specific primer. The accuracy of this process was confirmed by 1.5% agarose gel. Then, using PCR-SSCP technique, 12% polyacrylamide gel and silver nitrate staining, probable polymorphisms were tracked in this position and finally calculation of Chi-square test (χ2) for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) has been assessed by Popgen (Ver. 1.32) software. The relationship between genotypes and average fat tail weight (Corrected by body weight (BW)) has been analyzed with the PROC GLM procedures in Statistical Analysis System (SAS) v. 9.1 version. Based on the results, amplification of BMP2 gene exon 1 was successfully done and three different patterns of polymorphism have been detected through SSCP analysis.  Exon 1 of BMP2 gene in Lori Bakhtiari ewes containing A and B alleles with distributions of 197 and 103 and frequency of 65.7% and 34.33%, respectively, that have generated AA, AB and BB genotypes with distribution of 75, 47 and 28 and frequencies of 50%, 31.33% and 18.67%, respectively. Mean comparison of fat tail weight in each genotype using Duncan procedure showed that the effect of genotype on fat tail weight in Lori Bakhtiari breed was significant (P <0.05). AA genotype with average fat tail weight of 5.16 showed higher performance than AB genotype with average fat tail weight of 4.29 and BB genotype with average fat tail weight of 3.76. The results of statistical analysis also showed that the presence of allele A causes heavier fat tail weight and the presence of B allele causes lower fat tail weight (P <0.05). Heterozygosity and Homozygosity observed in this study are 0.3154 and 0.6846, respectively. The significance of the calculated chi-square genotypic frequency in each population at the level of 0.05 in comparison with the chi-square table shows that the studied populations are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Which can be attributed to the pressure of selecting on reference population for genetic breeding for fat tail weight at Gahar Dorud sheep breeding center. Today, advances in genomic technologies have multiplied, and if information on loci associated with meat quality traits can be obtained and the genes that control these traits are located on chromosomal sites, they can be incorporated into breeding programs. Breeds should be used with MAS and cause genetic growth and development of these traits. Using molecular detection methods and identifying sheep carrying B alleles and selecting them as the parents of the next generation, we can move towards producing herds with lower fat tail weight and more marketability.