exercises

Clinical studies have demonstrated that diabetes, as a metabolic disorder, can significantly impact the quality of life of individuals affected by the condition. Physical activity has been identified as a potentially effective therapeutic intervention for managing diabetes in these individuals. This study examined the correlation between serum levels of GLP-1 and the hormones thyroxine, TSH, insulin, glucose, HbA1c, VO2max, as well as various anthropometric indicators after eight weeks of calisthenics exercises.

This semi-experimental study involved 14 sedentary children with type 1 diabetes, averaging 12.42±1.28 years, selected through non-random sampling. The participants performed calisthenics exercises for eight weeks (three sessions per week). Physiological assessments and blood samples were collected 48 hours before and after the training period. The relationship was analyzed using Pearson's correlation test, and intra-group changes were assessed using paired t-tests.

The findings demonstrated a positive and significant correlation between GLP-1 and insulin both before (r= 0.703, P= 0.005) and after the exercise intervention (r= 0.668, P= 0.009). Additionally, an inverse and significant correlation was observed between GLP-1 and waist circumference (WC) levels before (r= 0.633, P= 0.019) and after exercise (r= 0.575, P= 0.043), as well as between GLP-1 and body fat percentage after exercise (r= 0.676, P= 0.007). In terms of intra-group changes, the results indicated a significant increase in GLP-1, insulin, and VO2max, along with a significant decrease in WC.

The findings of this study show that engaging in calisthenics exercises can be effective in reducing the negative effects of type 1 diabetes and increasing the health of diabetic children.

The change of vertical ground reaction force and loading rate rate is a important factor in causing patellofemoral pain (PFP). The aim of this study was the effect of sensory-motor exercises on the vertical ground reaction force and loading rate in patients with PFP when stair descent.

A total of 30 patients with PFP participated and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 subject in each group). Over a period of twelve weeks, the experimental group engaged in sensorimotor exercises, while the control group did not receive any therapeutic intervention. Pain intensity, fear of movement, quadriceps muscle strength, knee flexion angle, components of vertical ground reaction force and loading rate were evaluated in two stages pre-test and post-test. For data analysis SPSS 16 software and the covariance statistical method were used to compare the results between groups, and the significance level was considered 0.05.

The analysis of covariance analysis indicated that sensorimotor exercises in the experimental group compared to the control group had a significant difference in reduced pain (P >0.001), reduced fear of movement (P >0.001), incresed quadriceps muscle strength (P >0.001), incresed knee flexion angle (P >0.001), components of vertical ground reaction force (P >0.001), and reduced loading rate (P >0.001).

The finding suggest that the experimental group experienced a boost in in quadriceps muscle strength, leading to diminished pain and fear of movement, an increase in knee flexion angle, and enhanced active shock absorption. Consequently, there was an increase in both peak forces while the loading rate and valley force decreased.

Exercise activities can help to reduce and control  apoptosis-related damage in patients with diabetes. This research aimed to review studies investigating the effects of exercise on apoptosis in diabetic patients.

We conducted a search for studies examining the response of apoptosis signaling pathways to aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise in diabetic patients. This was accomplished using scientific national and international databases focusing on keywords such as "The role of apoptosis in diabetes," "Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis," "aerobic exercise and apoptosis," and "resistance and high-intensity interval training in diabetic patients."

Our review covered three articles related to the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, three on the extrinsic pathway, and five addressing apoptosis specifically in diabetic patients. We identified six articles discussing the effects of aerobic exercise on apoptosis signaling pathways, one article on resistance exercises, and five on the implications of HIIT on apoptosis across various types of diabetes. The findings suggest that aerobic, resistance, and HIIT exercise interventions increase Bcl-2 expression while decreasing the expression of Bax, Bcl-xL, p53 protein, and caspase-3, ultimately delaying the process of apoptosis in diabetic patients.

Regular participation in aerobic, resistance, and HIIT activities appears to have beneficial effects on anti-apoptotic biomarkers in diabetic patients, thereby controlling apoptosis. Consequently, a combination of HIIT and aerobic exercises is recommended as an effective non-pharmacological strategy to manage apoptosis in patients with diabetes.

 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is one of the most common peripheral nerve entrapments that occurs due to compression or involvement of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. This study aims to investigate the effect of selected corrective exercises combined with massage on hand grip strength, hand range of motion (ROM) and wrist pain in female karate players with CTS.

 This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design conducted on 30 female karate players with CTS aged 25-45 years. They were assigned to two exercise (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. In addition to the massage therapy, the exercise group performed stretching and strength exercises for 8 weeks, two sessions per week. The control group only performed their routine training. Tinel’s test, Phalen’s test and carpal compression test were used under the supervision of a neurologist to check for carpal tunnel. Pain intensity was measured using the visual analog scale; the hand grip strength was measured using a hand-held dynamometer and a universal goniometer was used to measure the hand ROM in four movements of pronation, supination, abduction and adduction. The analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data and the significance level was P<0.05.

 The combined program caused a significant decrease in pain intensity, an increase in grip strength, and an increase in hand ROM in the exercise group compared to the control group (P<0.001).

 The selected corrective exercises combined with massage therapy can reduce wrist pain intensity and increase hand grip strength and hand ROM in female karate players with CTS. The therapists and sports trainers are recommended to use this combined program to improve the carpal tunnel of female karate players.

Post-stroke rehabilitation plays a crucial role in helping individuals regain motor functions and improve their quality of life. Recent advancements in technology, particularly the emergence of virtual reality (VR), have shown significant potential in enhancing the effectiveness of post-stroke rehabilitation programs. This study aims to explore the potentials and opportunities created by VR-based interventions in the post-stroke rehabilitation.

In this review study, a total of 349 articles related to the study objectives were obtained by searching databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar using the keywords "Rehabilitation," "Post-stroke," "Motion Disability," and "Virtual Reality" from 2015 to 2023. After conducting refinement steps, eliminating non-relevant studies, and aligning with the objectives of the present study, 67 articles were selected. The findings were analyzed, and the results were formulated in the current article.

The findings highlighted the potential of designing interactive multidimensional environments tailored to daily activities, and free from constraints and risks of real-world environments. Personalizing exercises according to each patient's specific condition, addressing psychological barriers, empowering and facilitating rapid patient adaptation to the virtual environment, providing tele-rehabilitation services and monitoring by specialized centers, as well as the ability to record and display progress in rehabilitation treatments were among the potential benefits of utilizing VR in rehabilitation settings.

Post-stroke rehabilitation utilizing VR as a treatment option, in line with technological advancements, offers an effective platform for the recovery of stroke patients. It allows each patient to choose their personalized treatment option in an engaging and motivating environment. By specifying the type, number, and intensity of exercises, receiving feedback on performance, and monitoring progress, patients can pursue the optimal path towards achieving their functional goals.

Athletes with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)  have deficits in executive functions, and it is very important to find new non-pharmacological methods to help them. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of motor and cognitive exercises on working memory and selective attention in athletes with ADHD.

A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and follow-up was employed, including a control group. A total of 120 athletes(males and females) with ADHD, aged 9 to 11, from Lorestan province, were initially considered. Among them, 75 athletes were randomly assigned to three groups: control, motor exercises, and cognitive exercises, with each group consisting of 25 participants.The first experimental group received motor exercises, while the second experimental group received cognitive exercises (Captain’s Log), both delivered in 10 sessions of 20 minutes each. The control group did not receive any interventions. Post-tests were conducted immediately one day after the intervention period, followed by a two-week follow-up test. Working memory and selective attention were assessed using the N-back and Stroop tests. Data analysis included mixed ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Benferroni's post hoc test performed using SPSS version 22 statistical software.

The results demonstrated a significant difference between the group of motor exercises (P= 0/0001) and cognitive exercises (P= 0/0001) with the control group. However, no significant difference was found between the two experimental groups(P= 0/536).

The mentioned exercises can be used as an effective treatment in improving working memory and selective attention in athletes with hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit disorder.

Genu varum is one of the abnormalities of the lower limbs. The aim of the present study was to review the effect of exercise training and support tools on biomechanics of transitional movements in people with genu varum.

The present study was a review article. The search for articles in Persian and Latin was from the beginning of 2010 to the beginning of March 2023, which was done in the citation databases of WOS, ISC, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. 32 articles related to the effect of exercise training and support tools on genu varum were analyzed.

Findings of four articles related to aerobic exercises showed an increase in peak reaction forces and loading rate. Findings of six articles showed the positive effects of resistance-corrective exercises due to the improvement of balance and Q angle. Results of two articles showed a reduction in the severity of the abnormality due to the frequent use of the medical floor. Eleven articles discussed the positive effects of orthosis, braces, and wedges. Two articles indicated the increase of Q angle and balance due to the use of kinesio taping. One article demonstrated that the use of kinesio taping can reduce muscle strength. Six articles mentioned the negative effects of the exercise protocol or support tools or have not reported any significant differences.

It appears that performing resistance-corrective exercises along with the continuous use of support tools is more effective compared to performing aerobic exercises.

Anxiety is a common mental disorder during the COVID-19 that can reduce quality of life. Exercise is one of the most important, simple, and inexpensive treatment approaches that can improve mental health. The aim of this study investigate the relationship between physical activity (PA) and mental health during the first wave of COVID-19. This longitudinal study conducted from April 26 to May 3, 2020.

Our snowball sampling strategy focused on recruiting the public living in IRAN (Khorasan) during the COVID-19 outbreak. The psychological impact and mental health status of COVID-19 was measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. Eventually, during this two-week home quarantine period, our sample number reached 385.

The mean of Body Mass Index (BMI) men and women were 24.91 and 24.5. People who are underweight and obese have more Stress, Anxiety and Depression than those who have acceptable weight and overweight. There is difference between the anxiety (P=0.003, F=4.027), stress (P=0.000, F=5.934) and depression (P=0.000, F=6.533) of the group that did not have physical activity at all and the groups that had physical activity every day and three days a week, during COVID-19.

Promotion of physical activity (PA) can potentially help improve mental health and wellness.

Bioterrorist incidents and the epidemic of emerging and re-emerging diseases highlight the necessity of preparation for countries more than ever. Due to the biological threats nature, managers and employees of healthcare centers are the first people to face the consequences of a biological attack. Therefore, the healthcare system must make the necessary preparations to deal with biological threats. One way to prepare is to do various exercises in this field. The aim of the current study was to identify dimensions and components of hospital exercises to Preparedness for biological incidents and threats.

Data were collected through library and internet searches in electronic sources including Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, GoogleScholar and SID using the keywords of research, preparedness against incidents and biological threats, and hospital exercises program between 2000 and 2022. Collected data were analyzed by MAXQDA v18 software.

The findings of the study consist of 9 dimensions: 1) Leadership, command, and coordination, 2) Communication, information management, and information, 3) Planning and formulation of protocols, 4) Development of scenarios, training, and types of exercises, 5) Overcapacity and resource management, 6) Exercise organization and human capital, 7) Exercise implementation and response operations, 8) Safety and security, 9) Retrieval, evaluation, and lessons learned, and 31 components as well.

According to the results obtained in this study, hospitals must implement each of the 9 dimensions and 31 sub-components carefully and in detail for the correct implementation of the biological practice.