مجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران
سال نوزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 122، فروردین 1401)

Phytic acid is an anti-nutritional compound found in bran and whole wheat flour. In order to reduce the amount of dough medium, single and co- culture of two strains of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus with 4 sourdough formulations (Formula 1 containing S. cerevisiae yeast, Formula 2 containing L. acidophilus + S. cerevisiae, Formula 3 containing L. plantarum + S. cerevisiae and Formula 4 containing L. plantarum + L. acidophilus + S. cerevisiae) were used and fermentation was performed at 27, 32 and 37 ° C at 8, 16 and 24 h. The amount of phytase, phytic acid and minerals (calcium and zinc) were measured at different temperatures and time intervals. First order model reaction was used to investigate the degradation of acid phytic and the increase of calcium and zinc at different temperatures. The data were in good agreement with this model. Moreover, the corresponding activation energies were calculated. The results showed that co- culture of L. plantarum + L. acidophilus + S. cerevisiae represented the highest content of phytase 163 U/mL and the highest calcium 27.4 mg/100g and zinc 1.69 mg/100g (at 37 °C). Although the highest efficiency of phytase production was observed in the first 8 hours of fermentation, however an increasing trend was observed in the content of zinc and calcium up to 24 hours of fermentation. The trend of phytase production was observed as follows: L. plantarum + L. acidophilus + S. cerevisiae> L. plantarum + S. cerevisiae> L. acidophilus + S. cerevisiae> S. cerevisiae. Moreover, the lowest content of phytic acid was observed after 24 hours of fermentation at 37 °C in sourdough of L. plantarum + L. acidophilus + S. cerevisiae and its amount reduced from 563.8 ± 20.5 mg/100 g in wholemeal flour to 43.8-110.3 mg/100 g.

One of the valuable and rich sources of antioxidant compounds and vitamins is grape fruit. Nowadays, the production of high quality grapes with strong texture and high shelf life of fruits is very important. Therefore, the use of organic acids to improve the quality and quantity of crops and orchards is becoming more common. Humic acid, as an organic acid derived from humus and other natural sources, can work without damaging the environmental effects to enhance the quality of grapes. This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The experiment treatment consisted of four concentrations of humic acid (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 g L-1). Attributes such as weight, length and width of berry and grape panicle, as well as acidity, organic acids, soluble solids as well as some phytochemical traits such as total phenol and flavonoid, anthocyanin and antioxidant activity were evaluated by DPPH method. According to the results of analysis of variance, traits such as weight and width of berry and panicle, total phenol and antioxidant activity, acidity and soluble solids at 1% probability level were statistically significant between treated and control samples. But traits such as total flavonoid content and anthocyanin content of samples had significantly different at 5% probability level. In general, most of the traits had the highest values in the 2 g L-1 humic acid treatment. The highest total phenol content and antioxidant activity were observed in 2 and 1 g L-1 humic acid treatments with 1.667 mg ml-1 juice and 33.84%, respectively. In general, the results showed that application of humic acid can be improved many of the physical and biochemical properties of grape fruit.

Growing public awareness about diet-related health issues has significantly led to a progressive demand for producing functional foods based on probiotics. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility of producing synbiotic apple juice containing Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) as a probiotic bacteria and mango juice (0 and 10% v/v) and orange fiber (0 and 0.5% w/v) as prebiotic agents. In this regard, the viability of L. casei, pH, acidity, total soluble solids, viscosity, and sensory properties of the samples were assessed during 45 days of storage at the refrigerated condition. According to the obtained results, incorporating orange fiber and mango juice as prebiotic compounds could significantly improve the viability of L. casei and maintain its survival above the minimum recommended value (7 Log CFU/mL) during the storage time. Furthermore, the addition of orange fiber and mango juice had a significant effect (p<0.05) on elevating the acidity, soluble solids, and viscosity as well as decreasing the pH value of the synbiotic apple juice samples during the storage time. Although sensory scores of the treatments showed a decreasing trend over time, the addition of mango juice and orange fiber could remarkably improve the overall acceptability of the treated samples compared to the control sample. In general, the results of this study showed that synbiotic apple juice containing orange fiber and mango juice in combination provided the best viability of L. casei with acceptable physicochemical and sensory properties and could be introduced as a synbiotic apple juice.

Lentil consumption has been constantly growing due to its nutritional composition and functional properties. Lentil seeds are rich in several bioactive compounds with an effect on decreasing the symptoms of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and aging. In this study, the effects of acetone extract (GLA extract), soluble fiber (GLSF), and protein (PGL) extracted from green lentils (concentration of 50 mg/ml) on anti-diabetic properties were investigated by measuring the inhibitory activity of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. There was no significant between the inhibitory activity of alpha-amylase activity by GLA extract and PGL (p < 0.05). Also GLA extract had the greatest effect on inhibition of glucosidase activity (67.08%). Fluorescence quenching had studied the changes in the tertiary structure of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase using different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 mg/mL) of GLA extract, GLSF, and PGL. The results showed that all three compounds extracted from green lentils play as a natural source to inhibit the activity of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes and be used in the production of functional foods.

Edible oils are exposed to physicochemical changes during heating, cooking and frying. Due to the high importance of this issue and the public perception of the health of oils prepared in oil shops in the city, this study was conducted to evaluate and compare the thermal stability of sesame oils prepared by shop and industrial press. Sesame oil samples were prepared from four lubrication centers in Ahvaz and their stability during 12 days during the thermal process with tests, acid number, peroxide, anisidine, Totex and iodine to evaluate the oxidative stability and also measure the composition of fatty acids with The use of gas chromatography was performed and evaluated according to Iranian national standards. The results showed that linoleic acid (C18: 2) Level (41.5-42.7) Percentand and oleic acid (C18: 1) Level (38.5- 39.47) Percentand of the maximum fatty acids in sesame oils were studied which The fatty acids of all samples were in the range specified by the National Standard of Iran. The results of acid, iodine, peroxide, anisidine and totex tests all showed a significant difference between the sample of industrially prepared sesame oil and other oils prepared by shop press method and the better performance of industrial oil at a significant level Showed 5%. By interpreting the data and results, it can be found that sesame oils prepared by industrial method have higher thermal stability than oils prepared by shop press method and are more suitable for thermal applications.

Smoked fish is one of the ready-to-eat foods that have high nutritional value and long shelf life. Therefore, the present study was performed to prepare a hot smoked laminate product from a two-year-old A. persicus and evaluate its chemical, microbial, sensory, and shelf life during refrigeration. Despite the control treatment, contamination to microorganisms, mold, and yeast was not observed in the experimental treatments during storage. Nutritional value in experimental treatments showed a significant increase compared to control (p<0/05). Loric, palmitic, stearic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic fatty acids had a relative increase in smoked treatment compared to control treatment. The increase of linoleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the experimental treatment compared to the control was significant (p<0/05). Microbial, chemical, sensory, and physical properties in experimental treatments showed a significant decrease compared to the control (p<0/05). Rigor mortis was started for 3 hours after fishing and continued for 4 hours. The control treatments for 5 days and the experimental treatments during six months of refrigeration were of good quality. According to the obtained microbial, chemical, and sensory results, smoked A. persicus fillet had a good quality until the end of storage time in the refrigerator. It is recommended to diversify the aquatic processing industry and supply ready-to-eat products to the food industry.

Today, biodegradable packaging materials have received a great deal of attention due to growing concerns about non-degradable materials; Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of betanine pigment on surfaces (0, 2/5, 5 W/V%) and CuO nanoparticles on surfaces (0, 2, 4 W/V%) in nanocomposite film based on whey protein isolated / pectin in the form of a central composite design on the mechanical properties and physicochemical properties of the film is produced. The results showed that with increasing the percentage of betanine pigment and CuO nanoparticles, the thickness and moisture of the samples increased and the solubility decreased (P <0.05). Also, by adding high levels of betanin pigment, redness (a) increased and brightness (L) and yellowing (b) of the samples decreased. Addition of nanoparticles decreased b value while it had no significant effect on a value of the samples. Also, by adding pigments and nanoparticles, tensile strength and elongation of film samples increased significantly (P <0.05). According to all the results, the use of CuO nanoparticles and betanine pigment in nanocomposite film leads to the production of a film suitable for food packaging with desirable physicochemical and mechanical properties.

In recent years, the demand for fried products with lower oil content has increased. Therefore, in this study, the effect of different hydrocolloid coatings including sodium alginate (0.50 and 1.00%), calcium alginate (0.50 and 1.00%), and soy protein isolate (4.00 and 5.00%) on oil absorption and quality properties of eggplant slices during different frying times [0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 seconds] were evaluated. The results showed that the samples pretreated with hydrocolloids had lower moisture loss and oil absorption than that of the control sample. In this regard, among the treatments, calcium alginate (1.00%, with a moisture content of 16.66% based on dry weight and the oil absorption of 0.11 g/g food) and soy protein isolate (5.00%, with the moisture content of 33.66% based on dry weight and the of oil absorption of 0.26 g/g food) had the highest and lowest function, respectively. The moisture content of the fried samples decreased with the frying time increase from 90 to 270 s. Meanwhile, the frying efficiency of calcium alginate coated samples, in all four examined times, was higher than the other treatments, which showed the highest value in 90 s (93.12%). The lowest efficiency was observed in the control sample at 360 s (49.51%). The L* values in the samples coated with soy protein isolate were lower than those of the other samples, which could be due to the increase in Millard reaction. Coating the eggplant samples with calcium and sodium alginate resulted in good sensory parameters for 90 s. Overall, the results of this study showed that the use of calcium alginate coating (1%) can lead to the production of low-fat fried eggplant without adversely affecting the sensory and qualitative properties of the product.

Bioactive peptides are special protein components that have a significant effect on human body function. In this study, the effect of proteins and peptides resulting from the hydrolysis of amaranth proteins (total protein, albumin, and globulin) at levels 1 to 5% and different hydrolysis times (0.5, 1.5, 3, and 5 hours) on The properties of sourdough and the quality of bread were investigated. The results showed that the peptides obtained by hydrolysis of total amaranth protein in 3 hours had the greatest effect on the growth of Lactobacillus Plantarum (PTCC 1896) (11.40 Log CFU / mL) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PTCC 5052)  (8.32 Log CFU / mL) in vitro. These microbes are the main flora of sourdough and different amounts of peptides on their growth were statistically significant compared to the control sample. The titratable acidity and pH ‌ after 16 hours of fermentation at 30 ° C in the wet dough containing 5% peptide were 13.33 mL NaOH and 4.6, respectively, which was higher than other treatments. The highest amount of water activity, specific volume, titratable acidity, and the lowest enthalpy in bread was prepared from sourdough containing 3% peptide. Therefore, bread made from sourdough containing 3% peptides was selected as the best treatment to increase the quality of bread.

In this study, the effect of adding green tea extract (10%) on physicochemical, sensory, microbial and viability characteristics of probiotic bacteria in Pinacolada drink based on whey was investigated. The results showed that as a result of adding green tea extract, physicochemical properties such as pH, brix, dry matter and protein content of the drink did not change significantly, but the turbidity of the drink increased compared to the control sample (without green tea). The results of microbial evaluation showed that the sample containing green tea extract was free of microbial contamination compared to the control sample, which indicates the antimicrobial properties of green tea extract. Although CFU / ml 2 mold was observed in the control sample, but this amount is less than the standard and can be consumed. Unlike Bifidobacterium bifidum, the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus did not grow in beverages. Also, the survival of Bifidobacterium bacteria during 28 days of refrigeration and passing through stomach and intestinal conditions had a decreasing trend, which was more in the drink containing green tea extract than the control sample. However, until the 21st day, the viability of microorganisms in beverages containing green tea extract was maintained at the recommended level according to the Iranian National Standard (106 CFU / ml). An appropriate concentration of green tea extract can be used in the production of pinacolada probiotic drink based on whey as a new useful beverage.

Pectin is used as a coagulant in the food industry due to its thickening properties. Also, the polysaccharide is widely used in the food industry, which is due to its unique technological properties (its gelling properties in the production of jams and like jams such as fruit, etc.).  The aim of this study was to optimize and evaluate the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of pectin extraction from apple pomace by microwave and acid extraction method. Microwave extraction efficiency in the pH range of 1.22 to 1.78, time 10.6 to 17.4 minutes and power 320 to 580 W and by acid extraction method in the pH range of 1.5 to 2, time 60 to 90 minutes and temperature of 75 to 90 °C was optimized by the response surface method (RSM). The results showed that in microwave extraction at pH 1.22, time 17.4 minutes and power 580 W and in acid extraction method at pH 1.5, temperature 90 °C and time 90 minutes maximum extraction efficiency (9.17 and 8.83% respectively) were observed. Also, under optimal microwave extraction conditions, pectin with better quality characteristics (higher degree of esterification, galacturonic acid, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, emulsifying activity and water holding capacity) was obtained than the traditional method.

Nowadays, the necessity of using stable and high quality Pickering emulsions in the preparation of low-calorie foods has been considered by food industry researchers. In this research, the effects of oil type (sesame and corn) and its amount (20-70%) on some properties of Pickering emulsion containing amaranth protein isolates  (droplet size, creaming index, protein absorption, surface tension and color indexes) were investigated. The results showed that the diameter of emulsion droplets was in the range of 0.87 to 1.5 μm. Although the increase in the oil concentration caused a very significant increase (P <0.0001) in the diameter of the emulsion droplets, protein absorption, and b* index, a notable decrease (P <0.0001) was detected in the color indexes of L* and a*. In other characteristics of prepared emulsions, the rise in oil content from 20% to 50%, effectively increased the creaming index (P<0.005) and surface tension (P<0.0001), while in samples containing 70% oil, the mentioned properties decreased. Finally, it is concluded that the samples containing 70% corn oil or 20% sesame oil had the best emulsion properties.

In this study, natural dye curcumin wasused to monitor the quality of packaged fish meat through color changing indicators and the color changes of the indicators were evaluated visually and with colorimeter during storage of fish samples at room temperature (for 60 hours) and in the refrigerator (for 12 days). In order to evaluate performance of paper indicators for monitoring the quality of fish, the quality characteristics of fish such as total viable count, pH, and TVB-N were evaluated. This indicator had very good characteristics such as less moisture absorption than the control, excellent stability during storage for 30 days, and high selectivity to pH changes. The FTIR results showed that the curcumin was well stabilized on cellulose filter paper. The results of color changes of the indicator during fish storage indicated that with increasing the storage time, the brightness (L *) of the indicator based on curcumin significantly decreased and red-green (a *) and yellow - Blue (b *) parameters increased. Colorimetric indicator based on curcumin indicated significant color changes from yellow to orange due to sensitivity to pH and detection of TVB-N and hydrogen sulfide compounds. According to the results obtained from the qualitative characteristics of fish in relation to performance and function of colorimetric indicator during fish spoilage, it can be concluded that curcumin provides a promising approach in intelligent packaging systems for meat products to monitor fish meat freshness.

Eve’ yogurt is one of the nutritive dairy products in Iran. The aim of this study was molecular identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated of ewe yogurts from 3 different regions of Iran (Mashhad, Dezful, and Hamedan) and assessment of their technological properties. A total of 47 isolates were molecularly identified by PCR of 16S rDNA gene and sequencing. Isolates were evaluated for technological properties including Lactic acid and diacetyl production, lipolytic, urease, and proteolytic activities. The statistical analysis of data using SPSS software indicated that diacetyl production and pH changes by bacterial isolates for 24 hours were significantly (P<0.05) different among yogurts from Dezful, Hamedan and Mashhad. The technological properties of isolates demonstrated that Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus (H1, H2) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (H1, H2, H3, H7, H9, H10) of ewe’s yogurt from Hamedan have high technological properties. Also, based on the analysis results of the organoleptic properties and texture stiffness of yogurts produced by selected isolates, S. salivarius (H2) and L. delbrueckii (H3) suggested as a suitable starter culture.

In the present research, gelatin-sodium alginate films incorporated with various concentrations of yarrow essential oil were prepared. The release of yarrow essential oil from gelatin-sodium alginate films into watery (distillated water), acidic (acetic acid 3%), alcoholic (ethanol 10%) and fatty (ethanol 85%) food simulants was measured at 25 ºC. In each simulant, all films had similar release profiles with an initial fast release followed by a sustained slow release. Results indicated that yarrow essential oil released faster from film in watery food stimulant due to the swelling in water. Films maintained their structures in fatty food simulant after 240 h. The artificial neural network (ANN) and mathematical (first order, Kopcha, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Weibull function and Hixson-crowell) models were applied to describing essential oil release from film. Mathematical modeling results indicated that Weibull model could satisfactorily describe the release kinetics of essential oil for all food simulant (minimal correlation coefficient (R2) and mean square error (MSE) of 0.991 and 10.22, respectively). The ANN model with 3-17-15-1 topology accurately predicted the kinetic release of yarrow essential oil from gelatin-sodium alginate film in all food simulant with R2 = 0.999 and MSE = 0.56.

Promising secondary metabolites of brown algae have been given particular importance, due to their various biological activities. In the present study, two extraction methods including maceration and ultrasound were performed to prepare extracts from brown algae including Padina distromatic, then, aimed to evaluate antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-Alzheimer’s activities of extracts. Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method had higher total phenol (43.25 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (24.59 mg QE/gDA). However, the maximum antioxidant activity was observed in algae extract prepared by maceration method. Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method had the highest inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase and the strongest inhibition of nitric oxide production was observed in this extract. Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua bacteria were more resistant to Padina algae extract than other microorganisms and the results of microbial test showed that Padina algae extract prepared by ultrasound method was more antimicrobial than maceration method. Collectively, the obtained results provide valuable evidence for antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and antimicrobial activity driven by Padina distromatic extracts which can highlight their possible approach in the therapeutic utilization.

Cakes are one of the products in which fat substitutes can be used to reduce calories. Fat replacer Gel (FRG) is a compound that has the same functional properties, stability, physical and chemical properties as fats, but produces fewer calories per gram than fats. The fat replacement gel is composed of a combination of fat, fat substitute premix (FRP) and water. Fat replacer premix containing WPC, maltodextrin and inulin, and different concentrations of premix were used in the cake batter. The response surface statistical method was used to optimize the formulation and the dough viscosity and cake hardness were used to evaluate the model and select the optimal formula. Under optimal conditions, the results of dough viscosity, specific dough density, cake volume and sensory evaluation were evaluated using SPSS software. The variables of water, FRP and fat were linearly and quadratically affected by dough viscosity and hardness, respectively. Interaction was observed between water and FRP and there was no significant difference between dough viscosity and measured and predicted hardness. Optimal production conditions were determined as 70.42% water, 1.50% FRP and 10.28% fat. Some physical and chemical properties of dough and cake were compared with the control sample under optimal conditions. The results showed that the viscosity and specific density of the optimal dough were higher than the control. The optimal cake volume and moisture content was higher compared to the control sample. There was no significant difference between control and optimal cake in terms of hardness and color and sensory evaluation. The results showed using fat replacer gel (FRG) as a fat substitute can reduce the amount of fat by about 76% of its initial amount, without causing undesirable quality changes in the final product.

Food additives such as enzymes and hydrocolloids are widely used to improve bakery products. By setting a goal to increase crop volume and increase flour strength, in this study, along with a control sample, Sodium alginate and alpha-amylase enzyme during 8 samples (in different amounts, respectively, alpha-amylase and sodium alginate 75-0, 150-0, 0-150, 0-300, 75-150, 75-300, 150 150, 300-150 mg) were added to the bread dough and then rheological properties were investigated by farinograph and extensograph devices. The results showed that among all treatments, treatment 5 (containing 300 mg of sodium alginate) was the best treatment in the studied factors such as development time, consistency, water absorption, stability, degree of softening, farinograph quality number and tensile strength. Therefore, it is recommended to use 300 mg of sodium alginate hydrocolloid to increase the volume and strength of the flour

In this study, the graphene oxide was used as adsorbent for the separation (adsorption and desorption) of flavonoids from lemon peel. Properties of desorption extract (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, scavenging ability of DPPH free radicals) were determined. Antioxidant activity of desorption extract at three levels of 250, 500 and 1000 ppm and BHT synthetic antioxidant at 200 ppm in antioxidant-free frying oil were evaluated by measuring peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid test, conjugated DN and color index. Each gram of lemon peel extract contained 19767.20 μg phenolic compounds and 33.552 μg flavonoids on dry matter. Each gram of desorption extract contained 5861.56 μg phenolic compounds and 3.446 μg flavonoids on dry matter. Peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, conjugated DN and color index of oil increased with increasing heating time and the highest increase was observed in the control treatment without antioxidants. Treatments containing desorption extract at 500 and 1000 ppm, can compete with BHT antioxidant. The results of this study indicated that desorption extract can be used as a replacement for synthetic antioxidants in oil.

Rice is one of the most popular staple food of population. . It can absorb contaminants and heavy metals from the soil and affect human health.. Therefore it is necessary to have information about the heavy metals in rice and intake of them by human. Based on this, heavy metals cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel in rice samples were studied from three sources: Iran, Pakistan, India and atomic absorption spectrophotometer The amount of heavy metals of Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni in various rice samples ranged from 0.04±0.008 to 0.40±0.03, 0.19±0.10 to 0.50±0.0, 0.092±0.04 to 1.28±0.1 and 0.19±0.01 to 0.89±0.01 respectively. The highest total heavy metals was observed in Taj mahal and the lowest in Abdalsalam. Estimated daily intake (EDI) value was calculated for different rice types.The concentration of cadmium and lead were above limit of quantification (LOQ) defined by FAO/WHO except one brand, whilst the chromium amount was significantly lower than LOQ. From recent rice consumption data, the estimated daily intakes of toxic compounds were computed for Iranian population. Estimated daily intake (EDI) for all heavy metals through imported and domestic cultivated rice consumption was considerably lower than the ADI.

The demand of low-fat and reduced-fat product has greatly increased due to consumer’s awareness of the relationship between diet and health. This has led the dairy food industry to continuously work on formulating and developing “functional dairy foods” with good textural qualities. In this research, the influence of different levels of Alyssum homolocarpum seed gum (AHSG) (0-1%) and Flaxseed gum (FG) (0-1%) on the physicochemical, sensory and microbial properties of low-fat synbiotic cream cheese during 45 days of storage were evaluated. The results showed that AHSG and FG increase caused significant increment in moisture content, hardness, springiness, adhesiveness and spreadability of samples. Evaluation of the organoleptic properties showed that addition of AHSG and FG caused a double impact on the sensory properties, and sensory parameters improved up to medium concentrations of AHSG and FG. Results showed that during the storage, acidity increased while pH, hardness, springiness, adhesiveness and spreadability were decreased. Based on the probiotic count test, only optimized sample had the amount of probiotic bacteria in the standard range at the end of storage time. The findings of this study showed that incorporation of AHSG and FG into the formulation of low-fat synbiotic cream cheese could be an effective strategy to overcome the problems associated with fat reduction.

In the frying process, many changes that occur affected by type of oil and frying load and the uniform distribution of oil temperature is important in different parts of the fryer due to the uniform frying of food. Therefore, with monitoring the distribution of temperature, oil and miosture in the product over time, the frying process can be controlled more effectively and reached a deeper understanding of this complex process. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of oil type (sunflower, soy and canola) and frying load (1/20, 1/15 and 1/10 kg of potatoes to oil) on the frying process in four different positions of potatoes inside the fryer. The statistical analysis of the data showed that frying load has a significant effect on the loss of moisture and oil absorption, while the potato position in the fryer has not significant effect. By increasing the frying load, the amount of oil absorption and the final moisture of potatoes increased. The results indicated that the temperature of the potato center was not affected by the type of oil and frying load and the center temperature was estimated about 96-95 ℃. Unlike the center temperature, the surface temperature was affected by the ratio of potato to oil and increased by increasing the frying load.

Lipid oxidation is important issues that can lead to the degradation and destruction of foods containing lipids. A number of antioxidants have been used to solve this problem. Stachys lavandulifolia is a medicinal herb with antioxidant properties. Given that the impact of new technologies compared to traditional methods in terms of saving time, energy, and increase the efficiency of extraction have been identified. The aim of this study was modeling the extraction of antioxidant compounds from Stachys lavandulifolia by ultrasound-assisted extraction method. For this purpose, to model the extraction efficiency of neural network antioxidant compounds, artificial neural network hybrids - genetic algorithm and response surface methodology were used. The best model was obtained based on the results of the neural network model with gradient optimization method, with trainbr training and tansig transfer function and the number of hidden layers of this combination with two neurons 8 in the first layer and 4 in the second layer. For this network structure, an error of 0.0128 and a correlation coefficient of 97.30% were determined. By comparing this method with the response level, the model accuracy increased from 92% to 94.68%. The best result for the hybrid model occurred in the trainbr learning algorithm with the tansig transfer function with a hidden layer and 18 neurons. The error rate and correlation coefficient in this method were equal to 0.0693 and 83.27%, respectively. According to the results of the neural network with the logger method, it answered better and the hybrid method of the genetic algorithm with the neural network was not a suitable model for prediction. Finally, it can be said that mountain tea can be considered as a potential source of antioxidant compounds and neural network can be considered as a successful application method to predict the extraction efficiency of antioxidant compounds.

the spraying drying method is one of the most important ways to prevent the loss of strategic food products and increase their shelf life. Optimizing the operating conditions of this system can be a good platform for the production of products with ideal physicochemical quality. In this study, the effect of different wall concentrations (maltodextrin) on the core (pomegranate juice extract) on efficacy encapsulation, concentration of polyphenolic compounds (µg garlic acid /ml), antioxidants (%), anthocyanins (mg/ml), using the RSM and the central composite design were investigated. The optimization rate was based on the highest amount of anthocyanin, polyphenol, and antioxidant activity. Optimized conditions were: 5.70% for core compounds and 18.50% for maltodextrin as wall coatings with 70% permeability using SPSS statistical software (Version 16, USA) To compare the experimental results and the model in the form of t-student test and for the optimal experimental results, the factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block at the 95% probability level was used. The effect of microencapsulation process on the release rate of bioactive compounds during 60 days of storage was analyzed in 4 treatments: refrigerator-dark, refrigerator-light, medium-dark, environment-light. The results of the analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the 4 treatments (p <0.05) and the refrigerator-dark treatment had the highest stability compared to other treatments. MATLAB software was fitted for all three groups of antioxidants, polyphenols, anthocyanins, the First-order model was selected as the top model. Finally, under optimal conditions, the production of microdermabrasion powder can be considered to develop the enrichment of food products with the obtained powders

In this study, 20 different samples of processed pizza cheese were prepared by butter essential oil (1, 1%), white cheese (1, 1%), ricotta (1, 1%) and physicochemical properties including acidity, pH, moisture content tests. Protein and salt, percentage of fat and fat changes in dry matter is examined.In the study on the amount of changes in pH and acidity, both parameters were within the acceptable standard range and also the percentage of moisture, protein and salt of pizza cheese produced that all three parameters had acceptable limits compared to the relevant standard, but the percentage of changes Fat and fat in dry matter, the values ​​obtained according to the standard indicate that this product is a high-fat pizza cheese.

Nowadays, due to the proven adverse effects of synthetic antioxidants, much research has been done on using natural antioxidants, including natural extracts and essential oils, in the production of foods. One of these natural compounds is turmeric, which has traditionally been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries and is known as a functional food. in this research effect of turmeric essential oil on oxidative stability of soybean oil was evaluated. Turmeric essential oil was extracted using Clevenger apparatus. Different concentrations of turmeric essential oil were compared with synthetic antioxidant TBHQ during oxidation process of soybean oil for 14 days at 70 °C and peroxide value, acidity, iodine and anisidine value were measured. results showed that with increasing the concentration of turmeric essential oil, the amount of oxidation was significantly reduced. The highest antioxidant capacity were seen in samples containing 1000 ppm essential oil. Our research showed that turmeric essential oil could be used as effective natural antioxidant in oil industry.

The results of this study showed that the highest amount of linoleic acid in the offspring resulted from the cross between female parent genotype of MSG15 with pollinizers of MKG24 was 57.42 % and the lowest value in the pollinizer of MKG10 was 47.11%. Also, the highest amount of oleic acid was found in the MKG10 pollinizer in the amount of 27.33 % and the lowest in the offspring resulted from the cross between female parent genotype of MKG15 with pollinizers of MKG24 was observed 19.78%. The highest amount of linolenic acid was obtained in pollen parent of MKG10 with 19.30% and its lowest value with 13.88%was found in the offspring of MKG24 parent that pollinated by self-pollen. The highest amount of palmitic acid with 5.80% resulted in self-pollination of MKG24 parent and the lowest value was observed 3.30% in MKG10 pollinizer. The maximum amount of stearic acid with 3.11% was obtained in the offspring from self-pollination of MKG24 and the minimum value with 1.27%was found in the MKG5 pollinizer and offspring resulted from the cross between seed parent genotype of MKG23 and pollinizer of MKG5.

Scientific evidence suggests an association between high fat intake and obesity, hardening of the arteries, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, tissue damage and certain types of cancer. The growth of pizza cheese production and consumption in the preparation of many foods from one On the other hand, the increasing growth of cardiovascular diseases as well as obesity in many developed western countries has made low-fat mozzarella cheese one of the topics studied and researched all over the world. In this study, the effects of using rice starch as a fat substitute hydrocolloid on the rheological properties of low-fat mozzarella cheese were investigated. Thus, in two concentrations of 0.05% and 0.025%, the above hydrocolloids were examined and low-fat mozzarella cheese without fat substitute was considered as a control sample. All experiments were performed in three time periods: production, 3 months after production and 6 months after production, which is the date of consumption of cheese. The results showed that the use of this hydrocolloid led to obvious differences in the rheological properties of low-fat mozzarella cheese. So that it increased the moisture content of low-fat cheese and as a result the melting of this cheese increased and caused a significant decrease in the percentage of oil level and due to the increase in moisture content and protein percentage the elasticity of the cheese increased significantly and the cheese texture. The hardness improved and the hardness decreased, resulting in a more desirable cheese-like mouthfeel.

Low-fat dairy products don't have desirable texture and sensory properties because of having low levels of fat. Pear powder can be used as a carbohydrate-based fat replacer for fortification and improving the texture of low-fat dairy products due to having a positive effect on texture improvement and desirable nutritional compounds such as pectin, lignans, phenolic compounds and dietary fiber. In this context, pear powder was added to milk (1.5% fat) at levels of 1, 2 and 3%. The experimental yogurts were compared with control yogurts produced from whole milk (3% of fat) and low-fat milk (1.5% of fat). The samples were stored for 15 days at 4 ± 1 °C and their physicochemical, texture and sensory properties were evaluated during storage. According to results, increasing the rate of pear powder in yogurt samples caused to a significant increase in acidity, viscosity, water-holding capacity and hardness and a significant decrease in pH and syneresis (p<0.05). In all samples, while acidity, viscosity, hardness and water-holding capacity increased significantly during storage, pH and syneresis decreased (p<0.05). The yogurt manufactured with 1% of pear powder received the highest overall acceptability scores among the yoghurts fortified with pear powder. In conclusion, using 1% of pear powder for manufacturing low-fat set-type yoghurt had the best results in terms of physicochemical, texture and sensory characteristics.

The use of edible coatings can help reduce the undesired effects caused by the drying process of fruits and vegetables. In this study, the influence of two different edible coatings including basil and chitosan (0, 0.5 and 1 %) on drying kinetic, color, texture and antioxidant activity of apple slices were evaluated at different temperatures (40, 50 and 60 ˚C) in hot air oven and vacuum drying. The results showed that the use of different coatings in both drying methods increased the drying time. Fitting of different mathematical models on the experimental data showed that the Midili model for basil coatings and the approximation of diffusion model for chitosan coatings are able to predict the moisture content more accurately than other models. With increasing coating concentration or decreasing drying temperature the lightness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and antioxidant activity enhanced. But, the redness, yellowness, brownness, total color difference and hardness diminished. Generally, basil and chitosan coating pretreatment could be considered as an effective approach to improve the quality of the dried apple fruit in drying industry.