نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 43 (تابستان 1402)

A large part of Iran is located in a hot and dry climate and due to it, has a high amount of sun absorption. Indoor temperature comfort systems play a major role in energy consumption in various parts of the building, and by applying passive design methods such as solar chimneys can help maintain comfortable thermal conditions in buildings and reduce energy consumption. In this study, a thermal performance evaluation of the temperature distribution was performed by Design Builder simulation program in a building with office use in Kerman. Is. Then, by applying the chimney form variables, temperature changes and thermal comfort were studied at different angles to improve the effectiveness of solar chimneys at angles of 40 to 90 degrees in 10 degree steps relative to the horizon by solving the parameters of average air velocity and The volumetric flow rate of the flow was determined and finally, using the fluid dynamics (CFD) method of Design Builder software, the temperature distribution and the flow of air were investigated. Percentage can optimize the total energy consumption by about 16% and increase the thermal comfort index from its average value in July from 2.97 units to 2.25 units. Meanwhile, the average value of thermal comfort index in January has risen from -2.93 to -2.24 and its values ​​are closer to the standard range of Ashrae 55 and ISO 7730. However, an independent solar chimney is not able to meet the thermal comfort significantly in extreme hot weather,, and other solutions are needed to provide proper ventilation.

Nowadays, cities worldwide are faced with numerous problems. Due to the special role of the cities as the main locus for the development of social and wisdom contexts, they gained a central significance in the economic development of societies. Application of this theory's components and indices may help economic growth, social, cultural, and spatial flourishing of the cities. Thus, the present study is an attempt to review the theoretical literature of the "Creative City" concept to recognize its relevant components and indices. This has been undertaken through analysis of relevant literature based on meta-analysis and through a systematic framework of analysis. Through conducting searches in relevant references using keywords including "creative city", and "urban creativity", a total of 58 papers have been extracted from Science Direct and Google Scholar databases. Finally, it has been turned out that there are five dimensions for a creative city including social, cultural, economic, environmental, institutional, i.e., governance and applied, and finally spatial. Besides, it has 15 components and 134 indices. Finally, the conceptual model of the creative city has been presented based on the main structures, background conditions, requirements, and implications of creative city realization. The study results suggest that planning and policymaking are among the main challenges involved in the realization of creative cities within developing countries. Moreover, the recommended strategies for the realization of creative cities include an emphasis on creative urban leadership and governance, benefiting from citizens' and creative class ideas in planning and policymaking initiatives, supporting the entrepreneurs and creative people, and finally transparency in city management.

Studying and recognizing historical buildings especially pre-Islamic buildings which have received less attention is one of the requirements for researchers to better understand the architecture of the past and be inspired by how the architects of the past dealt with the issue of architecture. In the meantime, examining buildings that are similar in function or time period but have differences in location can be useful in finding different answers to solving the problem of building design. Mount Khawaja is important both in terms of location and strategy as well as in terms of sanctity and it is mentioned in most texts both before and after Islam. Ardeshir Babakan Palace also has many similarities with Kuh-e-Khajeh in terms of its location in nature and some architectural and functional patterns. Therefore, due to the proximity and proximity of this building in terms of functionality as well as time period were selected for study in this study. In this regard this article with a comparative study between Ardeshir Babakan Palace in Firoozabad and Kafrun Castle in Khajeh Mountain seeks to discover and study the similarities between these two buildings in position and general information physical features of the design and decorative features.For this purpose descriptive-analytical method has been used using direct observation of the studied buildings field surveys and documentary and archaeological studies.The results showed that the mentioned buildings are very similar in some of the general features of the design and the main design patterns and have significant differences in some of the design details such as decorations and proportions of the spaces.

The identity of the cities with pilgrimage potentials can be partly defined by its soundscape identity, religious soundmarks and its values. Urban designers and planners can play a positive role in the environmental richness of these territories by providing and managing proper soundscape in accordance with the contextual values. The aim of this article is to evaluate the soundscape of the peripheral territory of Hazrat Masoumeh’s holy shrine. In order to achieve the aim of this research, a descriptive-analytical research method with a qualitative - quantitative approach was applied. In this regard, qualitative evaluation of the soundscape of this territory using soundwalking technique as well as the quantitative evaluation with Equivalent Sound Level (Leq) by Sound Analyzer TES-1358 in two time periods of day and night were conducted. Based on the findings of this research, quantitatively, Day-Night average sound level is higher than the standards approved by the High Commission of Environment of Iran. In Pedestrianized areas such as Bahar pedestrian walkway, Eram pedestrian walkway and surrounding areas of the holy shrine in Astaneh Square and Imam Khomeini Square, the Day-Night average sound level is more proper compared to other areas. In the streets of Emam Musa Sadr, Taleghani and especially Motahhari Square, the Day-Night average sound level had the highest intensity. Also in the qualitative evaluation according to the religious role and spirit of this territory, there are many religious and cultural soundmarks that the holy shrine is the main one. However, the dominance of noise and anthrophonic sounds overshadows the identity of the religious and cultural soundmarks of this territory. Also, geophonic and biophonic sounds seems appropriate in this context, playing a small role as the pleasant sounds.

Learning disability is one of common behavioral disorders in children that, although can bediagnosed in preschool ages, is usually diagnosed during school. This disorder often leads toeducational problems such as poor educational performance, failure, and even drop out and causesthe incompatibility of these students at school and disrupts the educational process. Controllingthis disorder in childhood can minimize its incurable damage in adulthood. Now, given the role ofenvironment in human behavior, the question of the current study is that what characteristicsshould a standard educational environment have to improve the performance of children withlearning disability? This study is aimed to explain the principles of designing an educationalenvironment to improve the performance of children with learning disabilities. The presentresearch is applied and the research method is descriptive-survey which has been conducted infour main phases. In the first phase, the characteristics of children with learning disabilities andthe factors affecting their improvement were extracted from reliable library source and semistructured interviews (using an open-ended questionnaire) were conducted with psychologists inthe learning disabilities field. In the second phase, education and psychology experts were assessedin terms of attitude so that the findings of the first stage (using a close-ended questionnaire) willbe confirmed.The results of thisstudy show that architectural qualities improve the performance of children with learningdisabilities, including qualities related to form, light and color, sound, function, arrangement andfurniture, as well as qualities base on perception and senses with regard to the nature and qualityof mental security and peace of space.

Today, indoor plants are increasingly used in office environments due to their psychological and physical benefits and aesthetic values. However, there is no information on the greenery preferences of employees in office interiors environments. Hence, current study aims to identify employees’ preferences of indoor greenery and the effect of office complex’s green space on these preferences. It is believed that these preferences are different in various spaces of the workplace, so the plants were examined separately in the spaces of “management room”, “staff section”, “meeting room”, “waiting room”, “kitchen”, “restroom”. Therefore, the present study used a simulated photo questionnaire of office’s various interior spaces to assess the preferences of 362 employees by examining “greenery density”, “plants’ physical characteristics (plant’s type, stalk height, leaf size, color)” and “plant distance from employee’s desk” and distributed in two different office complexes, (one with green space and the other without green space), in Tabriz, Iran. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and U-Mann Whitney test. The findings of the present study show that employees generally prefer high plant density, short stem height, small leaves, flowers, and light green color in a long distance from their desk, but these preferences are different in various parts of the office environment. It was also found that there is a significant difference between the preferences of the employees of the two office complexes (with green space and without green space), regarding plant color, leaf size and plant type, which emphasizes the importance of green space in the premises of the office complexes. By introducing some plant species, the current study’s results can be used by designers to increase the use of green space and optimize the quality of the indoor environment in office spaces.

The inherent duty of urban design is managing the improvement of urban design qualities in both content and procedural dimensions.Without simultaneous attention to these two, even the purest urban design theories may remain ineffective in reality.Improving the quality of landscape, in addition to the need to formulate comprehensive, clear and more or less flexible regulations, requires the definition of a precise and efficient executive structure so that it can be a suitable lever for the implementation of these rules.facade committees are one of the types of control and implementation of these approvals, which play a significant role in achieving the goal of improving facade.The city of Mashhad has been one of the main pioneers of this issue in the country by compiling approvals and forming committees to control and guide the urban landscape.The purpose of this research is to evaluate performance of facade Committee by examining its damages, challenges and achievements and providing effective suggestions to improve this performance.This research has evaluated the performance of facade Committee in two quantitative and qualitative phases by using the mixed research method and alignment research plan.The research findings state that the most important challenges of facade committees;The quality of decisions and application of individual tastes of members is the weakness of legal position and lack of standards action and lack of executive guarantee. Its most important achievements;Drawing the attention of specialized community to the importance of the public landscape, the rights and tastes of citizens and strengthening the position of architects in the development process.Suggestions improving the performance of facade committee in the procedural section, including things such as improving the organizational administrative level of the facade committee, forming a project steering committee, preparing periodical performance reports and content, including planning for participation and polls,and culture building to promote the Iranian architectural model.

Sacred art is hidden at the heart of traditional art and is directly related to divine truth and cryptography, while connecting the body of sacred architecture to the hidden essence. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the spatiality in the mosques of contemporary Iran due to the material elements of sensory perceptions in the environment in order to be able to explain the quality of the external environment of the mosques of this period. The hypothesis for achieving this goal is that there is a direct relationship between spatiality and sensory perceptions, and physical elements in the external environment of contemporary Iranian mosques cause the formation of this spatiality. The present study, using a qualitative research method, with a philosophical approach and inductive reasoning, as well as using a library and field collection method, concluded that in Al-Ghadir Mosque in Tehran, the pilgrim is involved in a limited space and does not move in space at any time. Does not feel a new experience of moving in space. Now in Reza Mosque in Tehran, the outer environment of this mosque, due to the type of form and materials used, has not been made to improve the sensory perceptions of pilgrims from the outside environment and travel to the world of mysticism, and therefore for pilgrims such as Al-Ghadir Mosque in Tehran, It does not have a mystical environment. Therefore, in Al-Ghadir Mosque in Tehran and Al-Reza Mosque in Tehran, geometry and volumetricity are more important than the qibla in order to spatially organize the external environment, and therefore, by attending these mosques, the concept of eternity and eternity is not induced to pilgrims.

The evolutions of the art of Qajar architectural decorations in Iran took place under the influence ofmodernism and the approach of architectural development, with the prosperity of the connections of the kings of this period with the western world.Thus, these changes in the architectural decorations of the Qajar houses of Kermanshah were reflected in a wide part of the historical context.In this research, how to use the architectural decorations of Qajar housesThis research with a historical method, an interpretation during the stages of investigating the patterns of decorations and influencing components of traditional and modern architecture; Analysis of the architectural decorations of the Qajar houses based on theoretical foundations and the extent of the influence of modern architecture on the architecture of Qajar period and How to model the architectural decorations influenced by traditional and modern architecture in the houses of Kermanshah was carried out. The findings of the research show that the evolution of the architectural decorations of the Qajar houses has been manifested during three periods of architecture with traditional, western and combined styles. As a result, according to the comparative analysis and according to the main characteristics influenced by traditional and western architecture in the evaluation process, theeffectiveness and modeling of the architectural decorations of houses in the form of practical developments in the first period inspired by the past and preserving identity in The second period coincided with the beginning of the influence of western architecture in Iran, under the influence of the components of western architectural decorations, and in the third period, inspired by the past and modeled after western architecture, it appeared in the form of combined decorations.

With the increasing environmental crisis, the use of solar energy became especially important, which can be an effective step to reduce pollution caused by fuels and energy consumption. Therefore, the use of new technologies in the architecture of educational spaces is considered essential. The use of photovoltaic system and hot water collector, which have a significant effect on heating, can be useful in this regard. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of these two components on heating and reducing energy consumption in educational buildings in cold and mountainous climates. In the above research, in the first step, effective components were extracted by using library and document studies. In the second stage, first, the solar water heater has been dynamically simulated using TSOL software in Urmia region, then one of the existing schools in Urmia was investigated and analyzed, and by simulating the proposed educational building in Design Builder and Modeling Solar water heaters and photovoltaic cells on the building, their effectiveness and performance on heating, production energy and the percentage of hot water supply were investigated. According to the results obtained in the solar water heater, the amount of hot water supply will be 81.3%, the efficiency of this system will be 49.9% and the saved gas will be equal to 2670 cubic meters.The energy produced by the photovoltaic system in the power plant on the roof provides 47% and in the power plant on the south side walls 22.3% of the electricity consumption of the building throughout the year, and as a result of comparing the existing state with the proposed design, the total saving was 80.3%, so Hot water collectors and photovoltaic cells have a significant effect in minimizing the energy of educational buildings.

Today's society needs to educate creative children to carry out all the social, economic and political activities of the country. In this regard, children's communication with the social environment can guide them in the direction of intellectual development and creativity. The main purpose of the research is to create a space for intellectual growth and development of social skills of children aged 2 to 10 years, and to create internal motivations and attention to themselves, to challenge attitudes and develop skills, and to examine the role of education and the influence of architecture on the learning environment. Therefore, the main question of the research can be stated as follows: Can effective indicators in the design of elementary schools and children's creativity centers lead to the improvement of creativity and social skills among children in educational environments? A descriptive-analytical method was used. Data collection was done by three documentary methods, interview (questionnaire), field visit and observation. In accordance with the effective indicators for the design of elementary school and creativity center using tools and methods of analysis hierarchy (AHP) to identify and prioritize elements and analysis method (SWOT) to evaluate weaknesses (SPSS) for statistical analysis and from the program ( EXCEL) was used to separate and organize the results, and finally, the research concluded that physical indicators and natural factors, along with architectural design and legibility, play a facilitating role in the development of children's creativity and social skills. According to the design components of the children's space in the selected spaces, it was concluded that the design components had a positive effect on the development of the child's creativity and skill learning, and the research hypotheses that sought to prove the effect of the physical components of the child's space on the child's creativity and skill learning have been realized.

The problem of housing shortage and the increase in urban population doubles the need to pay attention to the capacities of these fabrics in providing housing to residents, not only to prevent the aggravation of bad conditions, but also to prevent the evacuation of The middle deteriorated fabrics and the relocation of their residents. The middle deteriorated fabric has been selected for studying due to its great extent in Isfahan. Through field research and interviews with experts in the field of urban management, it has become clear that today, owing to the main problem of these fabrics, which is mainly the small size of lands, in most cases, the land assembly model is used as a way to solve the housing renovation problem. The purpose of this study is to determine the most important components affecting the quality of design in residential space in the middle deteriorated fabric. For this purpose, by examining the literature, these components were extracted in three scales of residential units, complexes (blocks), neighborhoods. And finally they were weighted to clarify their position and importance by using a questionnaire and obtaining the opinions of experts in the field of architecture and urban planning. The results have shown that the neighborhood scale with the highest weight, determined the necessitate accurate knowledge of texture features prior to the planning of the housing in addition to clarify the importance of six components of access, physical continuity, diversity of use and services, proximity to compatible uses, identity and social continuity. While the density component, as the most important component among the three scales, clarified the need to pay attention to the fabric capacity at the neighborhood level to prevent the overflow of unwelcome population to the aggregated areas while preserving their old inhabitants.

Extensive studies show that increasing access to natural light through windows will improve the quality of the internal environment of hospitals; While from the point of view of increasing the energy efficiency of the building, with the increase in the size of the windows, the heat transfer through the glass and the need for Summer cooling load are increased and the energy performance of the building decreases. By reducing the size of the windows, besides increasing energy consumption in another way, the environmental quality of the hospital also decreases. In climatic conditions like Mashhad, where the temperature difference between outside and inside the building is large, the design of windows is more sensitive to increase the energy efficiency of the building. This research seeks to answer the question, what physical characteristics should the windows of hospitals in Mashhad have in order to increase energy efficiency in the building through the optimal absorption of solar energy in addition to creating thermal comfort? For this purpose, conventional construction methods in the design of hospitals; The methods resulting from the guidelines of the 19th topic of the National Construction Regulations of Iran, and the proposed methods of this study based on increasing insulation were compared with each other. The research was carried out by means of algorithmic simulation of building conditions, in energy and light analysis plugins (Honeybee and Ladybug), in the Grasshopper software platform, and the data were compared, described and It was analyzed. As a result; In addition to the fact that the spaces formed based on the guidelines of topic 19 are more economical than the existing buildings, the application of the proposed methods of this study has a greater impact on reducing energy consumption. The role of considerations such as insulation in reducing energy loss is decisive but limited.

Congenitally blind people always need to find a solution and resort to compatible factors in the environment in order to understand their surroundings, gain physical and social independence. In order to understand the environment, in addition to the external senses, they resort to the esoteric senses, memory, imagination and mental imagery. Perception, therefore, for these people is a kind of knowledge about the outside world that arises from the combination of sensory information and the mechanism of thinking and can be different from objective reality.The objectives of this study is answering the question of what process the perception of the environment by congenitally blind people is based on? The results show that there are quantitative and qualitative differences in the mental imagery of the blind and visually impaired. Blind people are able to perceive objects directly in space due to their ability to combine emotions. Having a clear picture of the environment enables them to move in it. The blind are not much different from the sighted in visualizing the movement that takes place in relation to physical perception. Blind people also use tactile information to perceive information in nearby spaces, and use auditory imaging to capture distant situations with the help of sound reflections and enhance auditory focus. Therefore, in order to understand the environment for all people, especially blind people who have no visual experience, it is necessary to use physical, auditory, olfactory, thermal, tactile and the like changes in designing and planning the physical environment to increase the quality of understanding the environment. This enables the active presence of blind people in public spaces in order to create equal opportunities and unhindered, independent, comfortable and safe access to the physical environment.

Sense of place is one of the most important phenomena in creating a relationship between people and the environment. People's age can create different interests in environmental indicators. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of age and also to investigate the location sense indices of two oil and non-oil residential complexes. In the qualitative part, textual data has been used to interpret the content of textual data through systematic processes of coding, categorization, and theming with grounded technique. First, semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts. Interview analysis was performed using Atlasti software and open and axial coding method. In open coding, 44 indicators were extracted and in axial coding, they were classified into 9 axes. In a small part, a questionnaire was designed with a Likert scale. Cronbach's alpha criterion is used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. Then it was randomly distributed among 373 residents with age groups in three groups of 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80. The results show that in the New Side residential complex, in the age group of 20-40 years, the highest share of factors related to activity, memory, social interactions, and security, in the age group of 40-60 years, the highest share of factors related to security, natural landscape, memory, significance. In the age group of 60-80 years, the largest share is related to green space, natural landscape, social interactions, comfort, and security. In Jundishapur residential complex, in the age group of 40-40 years, the highest share of factors related to activity, memory, social interactions, in the age group of 40-60 years, the highest share of factors related to memory, natural landscape and comfort, in the group Ages 60-80 are the most important factors related to memory, natural landscape, social interactions, and comfort.

In ecological psychology field, multiple concepts have been proposed that address the interaction between the physical structure of the environment and human behavior as well as the effect of activity patterns of individuals on designing a suitable space. One of the most influential concepts related to the relationship between people and the environment is affordance. In spite of different studies, the theory of affordance has not been pointed to as a practical and efficient concept which is applicable in design. Thus, this important matter requires some studies regarding the in-depth analysis of the concept of affordance in the context of human environment and the relationship between this concept and users’ activity patterns in the sustainability of these spaces. Users of open spaces have different activity patterns according to their needs and desires, and examining the reasons for these differences is statistically and interpretively significant. Different age groups have relatively significant psychological differences in their perception of the affordances of residential spaces, and it is important to gain an understanding of the ways in which these groups perceive the affordances of open spaces in residential complexes. The main issue brought up in this study is how the perception of environmental affordances for different age groups are ignored in the process of designing open spaces. This has led some of these groups to abandon these spaces.The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between physical and individual characteristics of different user groups with a perception of affordances and activity in open spaces.The open spaces include a wide range of subjective and objective affordances for use by all age groups. The activities that occur in these spaces are influenced by individual characteristics such as age and gender,

Although in developed countries the emphasis of architectural design is on setting standards to achieve sustainable goals and the principles of green architecture are used as criteria for sustainable design, but in our country and the city of Mashhad not only the results but also the standards have not been considered and observed. High-rise multifunctional buildings built in natural environments is one of the emerging phenomena in different countries, especially in developing countries. Different buildings in their environment due to incompatibility can cause irreparable damage. Designers and builders, based on their teachings and the principles of environmental protection, begin to build buildings for sustainable development, but the criteria for sustainability in design are only responsive to some seasons and can not fully meet all seasons. Is to extract the weaknesses in the design of multi-functional high-rise buildings. The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative, which in the qualitative stage with the help of future Delphi research with three phases of brainstorming, delimitation and selection and finally with Kendall coefficient to variable refinement. It deals with case examples. In a quantitative stage, a questionnaire with Likert scale is compiled and given to 384 users in 4 different chapters for analysis of JMP and Sigmaplot software, and at the end, a graph of mean motion and graphical correlation are extracted. The results show that the ecological architecture variables in the two seasons of summer and winter have a correlation of 0.73. The highest correlation is between summer and winter seasons and the lowest is between spring and summer seasons with the value (0.0004); And designers have paid attention to two chapters in their designs.