فهرست مطالب حبیباللهرحیمی

Reproduction (regeneration) is a fundamental process that drives the dynamics of a forest, occurring continuously in a healthy and natural forest with a specific spatial and temporal pattern. Natural regeneration poses significant challenges in Zagros forests, Iran. This research was undertaken to examine and analyze the current state of reproduction of tree and shrub species in the monitoring sample plots of Zagros forests. This study, while scrutinizing the species composition, origin, distribution curves, and health of seedlings and saplings, explores the interrelationship between reproduction and nurse species. It will serve as the foundation for long-term studies that determine the temporal changes in reproduction and its characteristics in the Zagros forests.

This research was conducted in the permanent monitoring plots of Zagros, spanning from West Azerbaijan to Fars province. A total of 120 sample plots of 100 square meters were studied within these plots. Each province had 30 studied sites in the typical forests, with 10 of them located in the protected forests. The variables studied included reproduction density by species, origin and type of reproduction, nurse species, height of seedling, terminal bud, and health status of reproduction. A height of 0.5 meters was set as the criterion to distinguish reproduction. The t-test was used to compare parametric data in two groups, while the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed for non-parametric data.

In the studied area, the reproduction of 20 forest tree and shrub species was recorded, and the density of seedlings and saplings was calculated to be 366 plants per hectare. However, the reproduction was not uniformly distributed, with 37% of the sample plots lacking reproduction. The abundance distribution diagram in the height classes revealed a decrease in the number of oak (Quercus spp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) reproduction with a height of less than 5 cm. Of the total number of recorded reproduction, 72.5% originated from seeds and 25% were shoots. Overall, 66% of reproduction was dependent on nurses, with oak, hawthorn, stone, and rock playing the greatest roles as nurses. Stones and rocks played a more significant role in the revival of seedlings. Cerasus microcarpa (C.A.Mey.) Boiss., Q. infectoria Oliv., and Q. libani Oliv. had the highest dependence on the nurse, while Pyrus spp., Daphne mucronata Royle, and Crataegus spp. had the least dependence on nurse species. Reproduction sheltered by nurses was significantly healthier than those without nurses. Also, reproduction sheltered by stones and rocks had a higher health rate than reproduction sheltered by trees, although this difference was not significant. Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & Spach, Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl, and Acer monspessulanum L. had the worst condition in terms of reproduction. Despite the presence of mature trees, they had no reproduction (L. nummulariifolia and F. angustifolia) or had very low reproduction (A. monspessulanum). The results showed that the number of reproduction in protected sites was higher than non-protected sites. Although this difference was not significant, the reproduction in the protected sites was significantly healthier.

The results indicated that the reproduction in the Zagros forests is not in a normal situation. However, given suitable spatial and temporal conditions, reproduction occurs and establishes. Although in conditions of disturbance and overgrazing, reproduction attempts to survive by taking shelter near stones, pits, or under thorny shrubs, the conservation of the forest stand by maintaining the tree canopy (oak, hawthorn, and other species) and the forest’s natural structure provides the best conditions for the establishment and survival of reproduction, thereby ensuring the sustainability of the ecosystem.

Parrow Mountain, as a part of the Zagros Mountains ranges in the northeast of Kermanshah city, is of interest to many geologists and nature lovers due to its geological structure and its constituent materials, karstic systems, high peaks, and many caves and sinkholes. The presence of Parrow Peak, with a height of 3354 meters above sea level, the deep and exciting cave, beautiful landscapes, and diversity of flora and fauna have provided suitable conditions for those interested in mountaineering, caving, and tourism. The presence of essential springs and springsheds such as Bisotun and Taq-e Bostan (besides the historical collections of Bisotun and Taq-e Bostan), Nojibaran and Barnaj around this mountain, as well as numerous springs in its heights, express the ecological importance and valuable role of this mountain in supplying a significant part of the water resources of the region. The region boasts a remarkable botanical diversity, identifying 375 plant species, including more than 20 endemic and rare species. This underscores the ecological richness of the area, making it imperative to preserve its unique flora. Unfortunately, in recent years, changes in climate and a decrease in rainfall, fires, the proximity to the West Cement Factory, illegal hunting and overgrazing by livestock of neighboring villages in the habitat of this mountain may expose this natural environment and beautiful landscape to destruction. It is recommended that the Department of Environment and the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization make necessary arrangements to reduce the destructive effects of these factors.

Cousinia kermanshahensis Attar, Ghahr, & Assadi is a biennial herbaceous species belonging to the Asteraceae family. This species is endemic to Kermanshah province, west of Iran. Based on IUCN guidelines, three criteria were used to evaluate the status of this species: Extent of Occurrence (EOO), Area of Occupancy (AOO), and size of populations. Based on field studies and plot sampling, C. kermanshahensis occupies 0.03 km2. The extent of occurrence was estimated to be 1.929 km2 using GeoCAT software. According to our results, C. kermanshahensis is a critically endangered (CR) species. Although the spiny leaves and capitules protect the plant from grazing, the limited populations around the village can pose a serious threat to it. By preserving its seeds in the Natural Resources Seed Bank and cultivating them in Iran's National Botanical Garden, ex-situ conservation is recommended. Furthermore, Natural Resources and the Watershed Management Organization should protect this endemic species' habitats.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder among children, adversely affecting various aspects such as learning abilities, interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, and emotions. Given the detrimental impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children's mental health, this study aimed to assess the quality of life of 8 - 12 year-old children with ADHD during the pandemic.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 54 children with ADHD referred to Kargarnejad Hospital in Kashan, Iran, in 2022. Data collection utilized a demographic questionnaire and the PedsQL quality of life questionnaire. Children were assessed in four functional subscales of quality of life: physical, emotional, social, and academic, along with a total score.

The mean age of the children was 9.15±1.43 years. The highest score was observed in physical performance, with a mean of 74.48±15.08, while the lowest score was in academic performance, with a mean of 53.33±15.17. A significant relationship was found between academic performance and gender (P=0.04).

Both ADHD and COVID-19 contribute to a decline in children's quality of life, particularly impacting academic performance, which may lead to negative psychological consequences in their future years. Further research is recommended to explore treatment options for ADHD and address environmental and familial factors influencing the disorder.

The examination of Iranians' writings on tort law reveals that a significant number of jurists adhere to the maxim known as "the principle of compensating all damages." This principle holds that if the other two requirements of liability, namely causation and harmful act, are satisfied, all damages, regardless of their nature, should be compensated without the need for a specific law explicitly prescribing such compensation. In essence, unless there is a law expressly prohibiting compensation, any damage ought to be duly compensated. The authors of this essay embark on an examination of the rule that mandates the payment of compensation for all damages and its connection to the pluralistic philosophical foundations of tort law. In pursuing this objective, it is crucial to establish that tort law encompasses more than merely compensating damages. By employing a more comprehensive definition, tort law can be understood as a legal discipline that bears the responsibility of responding to the phenomenon of loss. This response,  however, does not always manifest as an obligation to provide monetary compensation for the harm suffered. In the subsequent section of the article, we delve into the various interpretations of the principle of compensating all damages within Iranian legal doctrines. Through extensive research and analysis of relevant legal literature, we identify at least two distinct interpretations: the maximal and minimal interpretations. The maximal interpretation posits that the mere occurrence of a loss is sufficient for the legal system to demand compensation. Even in cases where the causes of the loss are unknown or the tortfeasor is bankrupt, the government is deemed responsible for compensating the damage. In this interpretation, responsibility is not contingent upon fault, thereby implying that individuals may be required to compensate for damages even if they have not committed any wrongdoing. On the other hand, the minimal interpretation maintains the principle of compensating all damages while incorporating fault as the criterion for establishing responsibility. However, we shed light on the unsolvable paradoxes that arise from this interpretation. One such paradox emerges from the fact that while the goal is to compensate all damages, responsibility remains dependent on fault, adhering to the general principle of tort law: no fault, no compensation. Consequently, in situations where no explicit statute mandates compensation, damages would go uncompensated, contradicting the aim purported by this interpretation. Despite the disparities between the maximal and minimal interpretations, the underlying essence of the principle can be summarized as follows: "the principle of compensating all damages when no express law exists." Although the phrase "when no express law exists" is not explicitly stated within the principle, it can be inferred from the explanations provided by proponents of this principle and the situations in which they apply it. In order to substantiate this interpretation of the principle, it becomes necessary to delve into the philosophical foundations of tort law. For the sake of brevity, we refer to this interpretation as a "foundational concept." This concept asserts that in the absence of specific legislation, an assumption must be made, calling for compensation for any type of damages. However, despite the absence of an express law endorsing such a broadly applicable theory within our legal system, some highly respected experts subscribe to this notion. Nevertheless, case law remains uncertain regarding how to respond to this principle, underscoring the ongoing debate and lack of consensus. Contrary to this prevailing belief, our exploration of the philosophical (both monistic and pluralistic theories) and juridical foundations of tort law reveals that no theory unequivocally supports the idea of compensating all kinds of damages in all circumstances while remaining impervious to strong criticism. The findings of this study unequivocally demonstrate that the belief in such a principle—compensating all damages—is not tenable either practically or theoretically. It is unfeasible in reality, as it hampers the efficacy of tort law in organizing and regulating various social activities, and it lacks theoretical justification. Therefore, in this article, we propose that jurists and courts should refrain from invoking this principle. Instead, we advocate for a flexible, binary, and pluralistic tort system that takes into account factors such as the scale of activity, economic power, or income of the actors involved. This proposed system would enhance fairness and tailor the compensation process to specific circumstances, striking a balance between societal needs and individual responsibility. In forthcoming articles, we intend to present a detailed outline and mechanism for implementing such a system, underscoring the need for a paradigm shift in the approach to compensating damages within the realm of tort law.

The study of Iranians’ tort related writings explicates that most of the top jurists believe that there is a maxim called “the principle of compensating all damages”. Provided that the other two requirements of liability (causation and harmful act) exist, this principle states that all damages, regardless of their type, should be compensated without any need for a specific law prescribing the liability to compensate that kind of damage. Case law is in doubt on how to react to this principle and has since taken two different approaches. Contrary to this popular belief, however, our search in the philosophical foundations (and also in the main goals of tort law) shows that there is no theory that stays adamant about compensating all kinds of damages in any circumstances. Because of the obvious contradiction between monist theories and the principle of compensating all damages, we accomplished a search to determine such a probable connection between plural theories and this principle. The outcome of this study clearly demonstrates that none of the most indispensable plural theories can give rise to such a maxim. It seems that the belief in such a principle (of compensating all damages) is not acceptable neither practically nor theoretically; it is unfeasible in practicality and reduces the power of tort law in organizing and arranging different kinds of social activities, and it is theoretically unsubstantiated. In this article, we propound this idea that invoking this principle should be avoided by our jurists, and as well as our courts.

 Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by decreased bone density and increased risk of bone fractures. Osteoporosis can affect the quality of life and lead to depression by causing fractures and associated complications such as reduced physical activity, weight gain, and reduced self-care. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the frequency of depression symptoms in people with osteoporosis who refer to the densitometry center of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan

In this cross-sectional study, 150 people were selected from among those referred to the densitometry center, who were registered in the information system and were suffering from osteoporosis, by systematic sampling. In order to collect information, a questionnaire including demographic information and Beck's depression questionnaire was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and chi-square and independent T-test. 

In this study, 86% of people with osteoporosis had depressive symptoms, of which 42% suffered from severe depression. The rate of depressive symptoms in osteoporosis patients with a T score was also reported as 37.9% on average. In this study, the difference There was a statistical significance between the family history of depression and the use of psychiatric drugs and depressive symptoms (P<0.001).

The majority of people with osteoporosis had some degree of depression symptoms, which shows the importance of early investigation and treatment of depression in these patients.

The notion of uncertainty in the real world has raised doubts about the conventional outcomes of economic analysis. While economic analysis suggests that injurers apply an optimal level of care based on cost-benefit logic, empirical observations indicate that injurers often deviate from this rational behavior and exhibit varying levels of care. This raises the fundamental question of how uncertainty affects the motivation of the injurer in determining the optimal level of care.
Research studies have demonstrated that individuals adjust their level of care, either reducing or increasing it, in response to the degree of uncertainty associated with the application of liability rules that aim to minimize their costs. Consequently, negligence criteria in liability systems, such as the "Reasonable Human" standard, fail to accurately capture human decision-making.
This article aims to prove that real humans do not always act solely based on cost-benefit analysis, which forms the foundation of most legal analyses when making decisions. Instead, when faced with a high probability of an accident, individuals may exhibit care levels that deviate from the optimum.
The primary question addressed in this article is whether the cost-benefit logic model, under conditions of uncertainty, can provide a criterion for determining fault that truly reflects the decision-making process of real individuals regarding the applicable level of caution.
The hypothesis or claim of this article is that the injurer's decision based on the "reasonable person" criterion is not immune to the effects of uncertainty on the injurer's motivations and the quality of the resulting loss. Consequently, the exclusive reliance on the "reasonable human" standard for establishing negligence, in the presence of uncertainty, introduces a departure from the model of rational behavior. Hence, economic models of civil responsibility are not fully compatible with this standard, as they fail to accurately depict human decision-making and yield objective results that align closely with reality.
Research This article utilizes an economic approach to explore the impact of uncertainty on the injurer's incentive to exercise care, aiming to critique the expected outcomes based on economic consequences.
Considering the influence of uncertainty on the quality of the injurer's motivations, which results in deviations from rational behavior, it becomes apparent that the theory of "reasonable person's behavior" as an interpretation of the negligence verification criterion fails to provide an accurate representation of human decisions.
The application of this criterion in the real world, seemingly influenced by the "theory of rational behavior" as an economic assumption, inevitably occurs under conditions of uncertainty. In other words, every decision, by its very nature, incorporates the presence of uncertainty and requires its effects to be taken into account.
The decision regarding the level of care that a reasonable person should exercise is made under the assumption that each level of caution corresponds to a distinct probability of liability, signifying a degree of uncertainty.
If an injurer faces a high probability of liability under the assumption of optimal care, there is an incentive to exercise more care than the optimum, and vice versa. Therefore, the decision of the reasonable injurer, based on the "reasonable person" criterion, is not exempt from the effects of uncertainty on the injurer's motivations.
Consequently, the exclusive reliance on the "reasonable human" standard for determining negligence, in the presence of uncertainty, leads to a departure from the model of rational behavior. This highlights the incompatibility of economic models of civil responsibility with the aforementioned standard, which fails to accurately portray human decisions and yield objective results that closely align with reality.
For instance, it is an undeniable proposition that a reasonable person, when making decisions about the level of care, considers a level of care based on cost-benefit logic. However, a real human, not merely an economic entity, may deviate from this proposition when faced with a high probability of liability despite taking optimal care. In such cases, the real human would be motivated to exhibit care levels beyond the optimum, even if it entails bearing expenses without economic justification. It becomes evident that reducing the degree of uncertainty and eliminating any ambiguity in establishing responsibility rules could be a potential solution.
In conclusion, this article argues that uncertainty significantly impacts the incentive of the injurer in fault-based liability with an economic approach. The reliance on the "reasonable human" standard, which is influenced by the assumptions of rational behavior in economic models, fails to account for the effects of uncertainty on human decision-making. As a result, economic models of civil responsibility do not fully align with this standard and cannot accurately capture human behavior. By acknowledging the inherent presence of uncertainty and its influence on decision-making, a more realistic and objective understanding of human motivations in determining the optimal level of care can be achieved.

One of the dangers that environmental health experts face at work is violence, the incidents of which are observed every year. The type and extent of this violence depend on the ethics of the operator. This s tudy aimed to determine the s tate of violence among environmental health experts in Kashan and Aran va Bidgol, Isfahan, Iran.

In this descriptive s tudy, 53 environmental health inspectors working in the centers affiliated with Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran, were selected. The data collection tool was a 58-item reliability-validated ques tionnaire consis ting of four parts, including physical violence (18 items), psychological violence (12 items), sexual violence (12 items), and racial violence (12 items), and there were three open ques tions at the end of the ques tionnaire. After the ques tionnaire was completed, information was recorded in SPSS software, and analysis was performed using independent t, Chi-square, and Fisher s tatis tical tes ts.

According to the results, 30% of the subjects experienced a physical attack, 90% verbal violence, and 7% racial violence in the pas t three years. No cases of sexual violence were reported. Moreover, the curator's insult to the inspectors had no relationship with the inspectors' behavior and was influenced by factors related to the curator himself and cultural and social factors.

Based on the results, a combination of personnel training and improving their communication skills, as well as behavioral training for attendants, would be effective in reducing cases of violence.

In this study, the structure of Zagros forest stands was analyzed using neighborhood-based indices such as Clark and Evans, uniform angle, mingling, diversity of dimensions, diversity of combined structure, and distance to the nearest neighbor in two one-hectare (unprotected) sample plots in Chaharzebar and Barzeh forest areas (as a sample of the majority of Kermanshah province's forests). Clark and Evans index values of 0.87 and 0.88 for quadrupeds and ridges, respectively, and uniform angles of 0.51 and 0.5, respectively, revealed a spatial distribution pattern in both hilly areas and a species distribution pattern in random quadrants and the Barzeh region. The average mingling index values of 0.13 and 0.005 revealed that the Barzeh region had substantially lower species mixing than the Chaharzebar region. In addition, the mean diameters of differentiation indices with values of 0.55 and 0.38, and height differentiation with values of 0.2 and 0.19, were determined for Chaharzebar and Barzeh, respectively, indicating a minor height difference and the diametric superiority of Chaharzebar trees over Barzeh. In general, the structure of the forest in the analyzed regions has been significantly altered, and the findings of the hybrid diversity index revealed a low level of biological, species, and dimensional variety in the two studied forest stands.

The pulses, including pinto bean have a great contribution to human nutrition by having a significant   protein content. Moreover, drought is one of the most important environmental stresses that negatively affects plant growth and development stages and consequently grain yield. In general, the most important effects of drought stress are the disruption of the photosynthetic apparatus, the reduction of stomatal conductance, premature leaf senescence and ultimately, the reduction of yield and yield components. However, the response of different plant genotypes to drought stress is different. About 60 percent of bean production in developing countries is done under drought stress. Iran is a country with a warm and dry climate that more than 85 percent of it located in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, the cultivation of pinto beans in Iran is carried out under drought stress conditions and we need to find a way to increase yield under drought stress conditions. One of the strategies to against drought stress is the introduction of tolerant and compatible plants. Accordingly, it is important to evaluate and select drought tolerant genotypes based on the traits that directly affect crop yield potential. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate 18 pinto bean genotypes under different irrigation regims.

This experiment was conducted in 2019 at Bean Research and Training Campus Farm, Khomein, using a 3-replicate split plot RCBD. The irrigation regimes as main plot consisted 50 (I1), 70 (I2) and 110 (I3) of cumulative evaporation using a standard class "A" evaporation pan.18 pinto bean genotypes (KS21336, KS-21359, KS-21331, KS21293, KS-920054, KS-21284, KS-21374, KS-21195, KS-21318, KS-21168, KS-21373, KS-21158, KS-21359, KS -21486, KS-21488, KS-21573, Ghaffar and Sadri) were considered as subplot. The grains of each genotype were planted in six rows with a length of three meters. Irrigation treatments were applied about 30 days after planting. Pest, disease and weed control were performed according to conventional methods during the growing period. Plants were harvested from each experimental unit at physiological maturity stage and leaf area index, leaf relative water content, plant height, grains per plant and in pod, pods number per plant, 100 grains weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index traits were recorded. In addition, the drought tolerance index was calculated to identify the tolerant genotypes of pinto beans. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the GLM procedure in SAS (version 9.1; Cary, North Carolina, USA). The least significant difference test (LSD) was used to assess the significance of differences in treatment means at the 5 percent probability level.

Irrigation regimes caused a significant reduction in leaf area index, leaf relative water content, pods number per plant, grains number per pod, grains per plant, 100 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index at I2 (27, 7, 25, 17, 37, 4, 6, 30 and 11 percent, respectively) and at I3 (41, 10, 45, 34, 60, 14, 23, 30 and 40 percent, respectively). In general, the rate of decreases was greater with increasing water stress intensity. Therefore, it can be concluded that drought stress negatively impacts plant growth and yield, with the severity of the stress playing a significant role. Drought stress can result in reduced photosynthesis, metabolic disturbances, and even plant mortality. Among the genotypes studied, KS-21318 exhibited the highest grain yield, followed by Ghaffar and KS-21158, respectively. Under normal irrigation conditions, grain yield demonstrated a positive and significant correlation with the number of grains per pod. In the I3 irrigation regime, characterized by severe stress, grain yield showed positive and significant correlations with the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, and number of seeds per pod. The pinto bean genotypes examined exhibited notable variations in leaf area index, plant height, number of grains per pod, number of pods per plant, grain yield, harvest index (HI), and drought tolerance index under both mild and severe stress conditions. The highest and lowest harvest index in I3 irrigation regime (severe stress) belonged to KS-21318 and Ghaffar genotypes. Among the studied genotypes, the highest and lowest mild drought tolerance index belonged to Ghaffar (1.17) and KS-21486 (0.387) genotype, respectively. As well as, the highest and lowest severe drought stress tolerances belonged to Ghaffar (1.12) and KS-21486 (0.373) genotype, respectively.

Correlation coefficients between traits showed that in order to breed pinto beans in terms of seed yield, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod and thenumber of seeds per plant should be considered. Among the studied genotypes, according to drought tolerance index in terms of grain yield, Ghaffar genotype was identified as drought tolerant genotype. In general, there was a significant variation among the studied genotypes in response to different levels of irrigation and this can be used to breed and select pinto bean for drought tolerance.

One of the most important and significant issues in the present study is how to apply economic models in identifying and establishing liability rules. The function of models in analyzing the legal phenomena, including liability rules, is to understand the decision-making logic when encountering interdisciplinary issues so that decisions made by decision-making entities can be optimized in the liability system. The application of the liability rules to achieve the optimization goal by economics makes the nature of the issue raised in these models interdisciplinary. For example, the criterion for the efficiency of liability rules is to create optimal economic incentives to apply care and activity. In fact, the problem facing the presented economic model regarding the rules of liability is to establish the liability rules in cases of unilateral incidents in such a way that the decision variables such as care and activity level, optimality, and the goal contained in the objective function are realized. While emphasizing the role of modeling in identifying and establishing liability rules, the present study strives to first determine the unilateral incident cases and present the criterion for determining these cases and second to conduct analysis of the strict rules of liability and negligence in the cases of unilateral incidents based on the modeling approach. This issue has not been addressed in the research conducted so far. Accordingly, this study presents an example of the application of the modeling method, which indeed a problem with an interdisciplinary nature is presented.

In mainstream economics, people make decisions based on a rational model based on the cost-benefit logic. However, the behavioral attitude, as the outcome of the teachings of behavioral economics, posits that decisions are not made in the real world by real individuals about real issues as defined in the rational models of decision-making (Cost-benefit); rather, the decision-making process is influenced by biases.
One of the theories in the field of behavioral economics that deals with the effect of these biases on individuals’ decisions is the prospect theory, which focuses on the effect of loss aversion bias on the decision-making process. This study investigates the effect of loss aversion bias on the legislature’s decision-making based on the prospect theory and the teachings of behavioral economics.
The findings of this article confirm the existence of loss aversion bias-based thinking in the Iranian civil liability system, including the enacting of appropriate means of litigation, foundations of liability, and principles and rules of loss compensation. Using the prospect theory, this article seeks to find the traces of bias of loss aversion and evaluate the position of this bias in the liability system in order to provide a more realistic picture of the legislator’s decision-making.

Ranunculus dalechanensis Iranshahr & Rech. f. is a rhizomatous perennial herb in the Ranunculaceae family. This alpine species is a local endemic in Kermanshah Province, west of Iran. The habitat of this species is located in the South of Sonqor city with a limited distribution near the pick of Dalakhani Mountain. Based on IUCN guidelines, three criteria were used to evaluate the status of this species: Extent of Occurrence (EOO), Area of Occupancy (AOO), and population size. Based on field studies and plot sampling, R. dalechanensis occupies an area of 0.0006 Km2 (600 m2). According to our results, R. dalechanensis is defined as a critically endangered (CR) species. The high traffic of climbers and livestock of neighboring villages in the habitat of this species may expose this natural environment and beautiful landscape to destruction. It should be noted that even though this species is poisonous, animal grazing cannot be considered a threat, but it will cause physical damage and uprooting of the plants. The ex-situ conservation is recommended, by preserving its seeds in the Natural Resources Seed Bank and cultivating the species in the National Botanical Garden of Iran and the Zagros Botanical Garden. Ex-situ conservation by Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization is urgently needed.

This study is to monitor the drying and decline of oak trees in four levels of drought in two forest areas (with deterioration and control) of the forest masses of Kermanshah province for three consecutive years. The results of this trend showed that the number of healthy trees decreased from 31 % at the beginning of the study to 10% at the end of the period in the Tootshami sample. This trend is reduced from 45% to 28% in the Barzeh sample (less dryness) and has been transferred to other drying classes. Also, the analysis of the results of dryness with seedling and coppice regeneration trees showed that in the Tootshami sample, 77 % and Barzeh, 65% Copic trees had different levels of dryness. The highest dryness ratio in Tootshami, with 43% related to class (drying up to 50%) and in Baereh, with 52% related to class (Dieback) was observed.

In recent years, one of the environmental problems of the Zagros forests is oak trees decay, which is manifested in the form of dryness of trees. Such issue is a multidimensional, complex and national phenomenon in the Zagros forests.

In current study, the impact of canopy severity of dryness on characteristics of leaves and seeds of Quercus brantii was monitored in deteriorated forest areas in Veyleh district of Kermanshah province during 2019-2021. Sampling of leaves for three consecutive years in spring and summer from five fixed trees in each decay class was randomly done. Each time20 leaves (5 leaves in each crown direction) were transferred to the laboratory to measure leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves and moisture percentage. Also, 25 seeds were separated from the same trees in each direction of the canopy and the dimensions of the seeds, seed cup and weight of 100 seeds were determined. The research treatments included tree decay at four levels (healthy, top canopy dryness, canopy dryness less than 50%, canopy dryness more than 50%). Combined analyses of quantitative data using SPSS statistical software in a completely randomized design was carried out and mean data were compared with Duncan's method at 5% level for four levels of drought and three years of study.

There is a significant difference (p≤%1) between different levels of dryness for dry weight, fresh weight, leaf moisture content and all characteristics related to seeds, but for the average leaf area, there is no significant difference between different levels of oak tree dryness. The interaction of different levels of dryness with study years was significantly different (p≤%1) for the following traits: length, average diameter, cup thickness and weight of 100 seeds. Also, a significant difference is observed in the diameter of the seed cup mouth diameter (p≤%5) finally, the interaction of the year in dryness levels for the traits cup height, cup diameter and percentage of seed viability is not significant. The maximum dry weight of leaves is related to the surface of more than 50% of dryness and the minimum is for healthy trees, which shows a significant difference (p≤%5) with other levels of dryness. The highest fresh leaf weight is related to less than 50% dryness and the lowest is related to healthy trees which has a significant difference (p≤%5) with other levels. The highest percentage of leaf moisture is related to healthy trees and the lowest amount is related to trees with more than 50% dryness which does not show a significant difference with canopy dryness trees. The highest dry leaf weight is related to the surface with more than 50% of dryness and the lowest amount is related to healthy trees and has a significant difference (p≤%5) with other levels.

It seems that the reproductive and vegetative characteristics of oak trees are totally impressed by different classes of tree dryness. Also, different climatic conditions during different years have a significant impact on such characteristics. The results showed that the health status of the trees has a great effect on leaf weight. Dried up Oak trees have larger and heavier leaves than healthy trees. With increasing drying rate, the quantity and quality of seeds have decreased drastically but for the characteristics of the leaves, the changes are such that the trees try to maintain their viability and to some extent maintain their photosynthetic level. In this area, reduced rainfall and the presence of drought effects from previous years is a serious threat to the vitality and health of the under study forest.

Outbreaks of a new virus called COVID-19 have been reported in China since late December 2019. This study was performed to evaluate the demographic, clinical, paraclinical findings and outcome of patients with the COVID-19 delta strain.

In this case-series study, 239 patients with delta strain of COVID-19 with positive PCR were selected. The patients' files contained demographic information, clinical symptoms, paraclinical findings and outcome. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS software.

Among the studied patients, women were the most frequent with 53.6% and more than half of the patients were over 50 years old. The majority of patients had blood group O (45.2%), and nearly 60% of patients had at least one underlying disease, of which high blood pressure, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are the most common. Nearly 90% of patients did not receive the vaccine. The most common clinical symptoms included fever (60.3%), cough (59.8%) and dyspnea (50.2%). Nearly 90% of patients experienced mild to severe lung involvement, and nearly 75% of patients were in the moderate to severe range of the severity of the COVID-19 disease. Finally, 13 patients (5.4%) died.

Considering that most of the patients did not receive the vaccine and also the majority of them were in the moderate to severe phase of the disease, the necessity of receiving the vaccine to prevent the disease of COVID-19 is clear.

Can monist theories that address tort law's philosophical foundations, such as corrective and distributive justice or optimal deterrence, manage the enormous diversity of circumstances that tort law now handles? The answer appears to be no. In the normative phase, monist theories seek to assure us that all laws must be designed to achieve a certain goal, while in the descriptive phase; they seek to demonstrate that all components of tort law are grounded on a single logic. This poses substantial obstacles for these theories, to the point that it appears we cannot accept monist theories philosophically or practically, suggesting that resorting to plural theories is the final option given the variety of circumstances that tort law must deal with today. In this study, we examined and analyzed four pluralistic theories in the realm of the philosophical foundations of tort law after assessing their explanations and premises. Each of these ideas has some beneficial traits that contributed to their success as a plural theory, but they also have some severe defects that render them insufficient when used as a coherent and effective theory. While embracing the plural approach, the authors of this essay suggest that present pluralistic approaches to the philosophical underpinnings of tort law have numerous severe shortcomings. A cohesive, effective plural theory could yet be created, in our opinion. Finally, we sketched out the outlines of such a theory and will go into further depth in another essay that will be published to our legal community in the near future.

Recycling is one of the main elements of comprehensive waste management. This study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of women towards solid waste recycling in Kashan.
 

In this descriptive study, 368 women were selected from households by random sampling. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 with descriptive statistics and analytical tests at a significance level of 0.05.

The scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice of women were 4.1±83.74, 14.3±75.54, and 4.1±45.29, respectively. The results showed that 37.2% of women in Kashan had good knowledge, 43.1% had good attitude, and 57.2% had good performance towards solid waste recycling. A significant difference was observed between the level of performance among different educational groups in terms of attitude and knowledge, between the level of knowledge of individuals and occupational groups, and between the level of knowledge of people in terms of marital status, and between different groups of owners and tenants in terms of knowledge.

It seems that the performance of women in Kashan was at an acceptable level compared to others participants in other studies.

Leishmaniasis, a common parasitic disease between humans and animals, which is currently one of the major health problems in many parts of Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aran and Bidgol and the effects of climatic factors on that during 2016-2019.

This cross-sectional study was performed by referring to the health records of 964 cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Aran and Bidgol during 2016-2019 and epidemiological information was recorded. In addition, the climatic characteristics of the study area, including temperature, humidity, and precipitation were collected from the meteorological station of the study area. Then correlation analysis was performed between meteorological elements and the incidence of the disease. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.

60% of the patients were male. The age group of 0-10 years had the highest frequency (23.9%) among patients. Also, 47.7% of the patients had a history of traveling to endemic areas and the highest rate of leishmaniasis was related to urban residents. There was also a weak positive correlation between humidity and rainfall with leishmaniasis incidence (r = +0.55).  A weak negative correlation was also observed between temperature of the environment and leishmaniasis incidence (r = -0.42).

Due to the significant increase in cutaneous leishmaniasis in recent years in the area, as well as the appropriate ecological conditions of the area for sand fly activity, it is recommended to conduct the necessary training to observe health in hot seasons and field controls, such as baiting.

Workerschr('39') health status is one of the main factors affecting industry productivity. Therefore, effective employee periodic examinations are important not only for the benefit of industries and for improving the health of workers but also for the health of the community.

This descriptive study was done in98 on 60 cases of industries of Kashan that they had occupational health expert. The tools were occupational medicine items Ministry of Health checklists after weight by Analytical Hierarchy Process. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software.

Assessing the occupational medicine status of Kashan industries with this checklist showed that according to cut-off point 70, 18 industries (30% of the industries) scored poorly. Results of linear regression analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between work experience of occupational health experts with occupational health status of industry (P <0.05).

Due to the evaluation and prioritization of 10 items of occupational medicine status in Kashan industries, it is suggested that the relevant authorities in their health interventions consider these priorities

The study of Iranians’ tort related writings explicates that most of the top jurists believe that there is a maxim called “the principle of full compensation”. Provided that the other two requirements of liability (causation and harmful act) exist, this principle states that all damages, regardless of their type, should be compensated without any need for a specific law prescribing the liability to compensate that kind of damage. Case law is in doubt on how to react to this principle and has since taken two different approaches. Contrary to popular belief, however, our search in the philosophical foundations (and also in the main goals of tort law) shows that there is no theory that stays adamant about compensating all kinds of damages in any circumstances. From only one theory we can infer such a principle, but because of some major defects in this conclusion, it has been widely criticized by tort law philosophers.It seems that the belief in such a principle (of full compensation) is not acceptable neither practically nor theoretically; it is unfeasible in practicality and reduces the power of tort law in organizing and arranging different kinds of social activities, and it is theoretically unsubstantiated. In this article, I propound this idea that invoking this principle should be avoided by our jurists, and as well as our courts.

Oral problems, particularly dental caries, are among prevalent health problems across the world that normally initiate in adolescence. This study aimed to determine oral health-related factors based on the health belief model among 10th to 12th-grade students in Kashan.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 180 10th to 12th-grade students living in Kashan City, Iran, in 2017-18. Using multistage sampling, students were randomly selected from schools. Then, students completed a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire. Utilizing independent t-test, logistic regression, ANOVA, and Pearsonchr('39')s correlation coefficient, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS 20.

50.6% of the participants brushed teeth at least once a day, 20% used dental floss once a day, and 8.3% referred to the dentist once every six months. There was a significant positive correlation between perceived self-efficacy and oral health behaviors (r=0.35; p<0.001). In addition, perceived barriers had a significant negative relationship with oral health behaviors (r=-0.30; p<0.001). However, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived benefits had no significant correlation with oral health behaviors (p>0.05).

The health belief model has the necessary effectiveness in promoting oral health behaviors. It is suggested to utilize appropriate plans and educational interventions based on behavioral models and theories to increase self-efficacy and remove barriers to toothbrushing behavior, utilization of dental floss, and improvement of oral health in students.