a. rezazadeh

Fossil-fueled vehicles are being replaced by electric vehicles (EVs) around the world due to environmental pollution and high fossil fuel price. On the one hand, the electrical grid is faced with some challenges when too many EVs are improperly integrated. On the other hand, using a massive unexploited capability of the batteries in too many EVs makes these challenges opportunities. This unused capacity can be employed for the grid ancillary services and trading peer-to-peer (P2P) energy. However, the preference of EV users is one of the most important factors, which has to be considered within the scheduling process of EVs. Therefore, this paper proposes a stochastic model for EV bidirectional smart charging taking into account the preferences of EV users, P2P energy trading, and providing ancillary services of the grid. Considering the likings of EV users makes the proposed scheduling model adaptive against changing operating conditions. The presented model is formulated as an optimization problem aiming at optimal managing SOC of EV battery and electrical energy placement of several facilities considering the provision of ancillary services and contributing to P2P transactions. To evaluate the proposed model, real-world data collected from Tehran city are used as input data for simulation. Numerical results demonstrate the ability of the presented model. Simulation results display that considering the preferences of EV users in the proposed model can enhance the total income provided by the EV energy-planning model such that it could balance the charging cost. Moreover, this advanced user-based smart charging model increases P2P energy transactions amongst EVs and raises the ancillary services facility to the grid. Simulation results show that the yearly cost of optimal electrical charging on normal trips, light trips, and heavy trips is reduced by 32.6%, 51.2%, and 34.8% compared to non-optimal ones, respectively.

It is necessary to investigate nutritional statuses of the people and how household consume foods in the country provide evidence and use them for education, promotion of food literacy and nutritional policies. The objective of this study was to assess and compare energy and nutrient intakes from the usual household food baskets based on climatic regions classification, 2015–2018.

In this repeated cross-sectional study, data of the household`s income and expenditure survey (HIES) of 128,716 Iranian households, 2015–2018, were used. Based on the division of Iran's provinces into 11 climatic regions in a study on the micronutrient status of Iran (National Integrated Micronutrient Survey 2012, NIMS-2), national data of the household income expenditure survey in 2015–2018 were separated. To estimate quantities of intake from the household usual baskets, the household intake quantity for each food item was converted to the individual level using adult male equivalent (AME) index. Using Nutritionist 4 software and coding in R program, quantities of energy intakes and micronutrients of iron, calcium, riboflavin and vitamin A were calculated. One-way analysis of variance and post-hoc tests were used to compare energy intakes and nutrients received from the usual household food baskets, 2015–2018.

In the four studied years, the highest average intake of energy (3127.575 kcal) and iron (27.453 mg) belonged to the Climatic Region 10 (Ilam, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and Hamedan), the highest average calcium (1070.82 mg) and riboflavin (2.275 mg) belonged to the Climatic Region 2 (West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Ardabil) and the highest average of vitamin A intake (624.347 µg) belonged to the Climatic Region 9 (Zanjan, Qazvin, Qom and Markazi). The lowest average intake of all items except vitamin A in the four years of the study was linked to the Climatic Region 11 (Fars, Kerman, Kohkilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad) and the lowest average intake of vitamin A belonged to the Climatic Region 5 (Sistan Baluchistan and South Khorasan). Except for energy consumption, iron, calcium and riboflavin in the Climatic Region 7 (Bushehr, Hormozgan and Khuzestan) and calcium and riboflavin in the Climatic Region 8 (Tehran and Alborz), energy consumption and assessed micronutrients decreased in all climatic regions in 2018, compared to 2015. Regarding consumption of micronutrients, the average consumption of iron in all climatic regions in the four years of the study was higher than the recommended RDA. For calcium, intake was more than the RDA recommendation only in the Climatic Region 2. The average consumption of riboflavin was higher than the RDA recommendation in all the climatic regions. Regarding vitamin A, the average consumption in the four years of the study was lower than the RDA recommendation in all the climatic regions.

Overall, the findings showed that energy and micronutrient intakes from the usual household food baskets generally decreased over the years of the study. This situation was more significant in the Climatic Region 11 with significant droughts and in the Climatic Region 5 as a dry climatic region with low socioeconomic statuses. In addition, the average intakes of calcium and vitamin A in all climatic regions (except Climatic Region 2 regarding calcium) were lower than the recommended RDA. These findings emphasize the necessity of further planning for the implementation of policies focusing on food supports in drought-affected and deprived climatic regions.

A few studies have assessed associations between the number of eating occasions (EOs) and energy intake from meals and snacks with metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate EOs and energy intake from meals and snacks and their relationships with metabolic syndrome in 20–60 year-old employees of Bandar Mahshahr Petrochemical Company, Bandar Mahshahr, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 293 petrochemical workers were selected using census method. Food record were collected for three days [fixed workers:two days of working days (Days 1 and 2) and one day of rest (Day 3); and shift workers:one day of working (Day 1), one night shift working (Day 2) and one rest day (day 3). Demographic and socioeconomic information and chronotype were collected using valid questionnaires. In this study, eating occasion was defined as energy intake of 50 kcal or more per hour of the day. Differences and associations between the number of EOs  and the portion of energy from the main meals and snacks with metabolic syndrome were investigated using Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression analysis, respectively.

The mean and standard deviation of the number of eating occasions of shift workers were significantly higher than fixed workers (p < 0.01) and the meals frequency of fixed workers were significantly higher than shift workers (p < 0.01). The mean and standard deviation of total energy intake at Day 2 (night working) of shift workers were significantly higher than fixed workers (p < 0.01) and energy intake of meals at Day 3 of fixed workers were significantly higher than shift workers and energy intake from snacks at Days 2 and 3 and average of 3 days of shift workers were significantly higher than fixed workers (p < 0.01). After adjusting for the effects of confounders, shift workers with a higher proportion of energy intake from meals (main meals and snacks) were more likely to suffer from metabolic syndrome and its complications. Furthermore, one unit increase in the number of EOs, meals and snacks was associated with increasing the chance of hypertriglyceridemia and high waist circumference. In fixed workers, possibility of metabolic syndrome and high waist circumference was increased with the increases in the number of EOs  and snack and energy intake of meals and snacks. Moreover, the likelihood of hyperglycemia was rised with an increase in the portion of energy intake from snacks. Chances of hypertriglyceridemia and high LDL-C was increased with increasing in the number of snacks and energy intake of snacks (p < 0.05). 

This study revealed the importance of paying attention to nutrition in shift workers through training and nutritional interventions and diagnosing the risk factors linked to working conditions in decreasing risks of metabolic syndrome and its complications.

Based on available evidence, dietary diversity may change with aging. Decreases in dietary diversity score of the elderly people may be affected by various factors, including their demographic and socioeconomic status. The aim of this study was to assess and compare demographic and socioeconomic statuses associated with dietary diversity score (DDS) of the elderly people living in Tehran City, in 2017 and 2021.

In this longitudinal study, 368 elderly people [204 (55.4%) women and 164 (44.6%) men] over 60 years of age were assessed at two-time points of 2017 and 2021. Demographic and socioeconomic information were assessed using a questionnaire and dietary intake was assessed using 24-h food recall questionnaires for two non-consecutive days. Dietary diversity score was calculated based on Kant method. Statistical analysis was carried out using R software and mixed effect model.

The mean ±SD (standard deviation) of age of the elderly people was 67.06 y ±5.52 and 70.89 y ±6.48 in 2017 and 2021, respectively. Moreover, mean ±SD of the elderlies’ dietary diversity score in 2017 (5.07 ±1.20) was higher than that of 2021 (4.94 ±1.09) (p < 0.05). After adjusting the effects of all demographic and socioeconomic variables in the model, higher education compared to under-diploma education had direct relationships with dietary diversity scores  (β = 0.794; p < 0.001). Due to the longitudinal design of the study, differences in the effects of the higher education on dietary diversity scores between 2017 and 2021 was -0.151, meaning that these effects decreased by 0.151 in 2021, compared to the baseline year; however, non-significantly (β = -0.151; p = 0.416). Elderly people living in households with size of three or more (β = 0.614; p < 0.01) had higher dietary diversity score compared to those who lived alone (β = 0.652; p < 0.05). Differences in the effects of households size of three or greater on DDS between 2017 and 2021 was non-significance (β = -0.091; p = 0.712). Having middle (β = 0.971; p < 0.001) and high (β = 0.417; p < 0.01) incomes was directly linked to higher DDS compared to low incomes. Differences in the effects of income levels on dietary diversity scores between the two period of the study was not significance (p > 0.05).

findings indicated that having university education, higher income and living in households with the size of 3 or more were the most important demographic and socioeconomic characteristics associated with higher DDS in elderly people living in Tehran City. Studies with longer periods of time can reveal more definitive results regarding the effects of socioeconomic statuses on diet quality of elderly people.

To-date, no studies have assessed phenotypes of frail in the elderly people living in Tehran and their relationships with nutritional status. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence of frailty and its relationships with malnutrition in elderly people living in Tehran, 2021–2022.

In this cross-sectional study, 508 elderly people over 60 years old living in Tehran were selected using systematic random cluster sampling method. General information were collected using general questionnaires, physical function using two-part questionnaire of activities of daily living and daily activity with the help of instrumental activities of daily living tool validated for the elderly and quality of life using valid 12-item SF12 questionnaires. The 12-item questionnaires on quality of life; validity and reliability of which were verified in the Iranian society was applied. Frailty was carried out using Fried et al. 5-indices, including 1) slow walking, 2) muscle weakness, 3) fatigue, 4) low physical activity, and 5) unintentional weight loss. Muscle strength was assessed using hand grip dynamometer. Malnutrition assessment was carried out using standard 2-part MNA (mini nutritional assessment) questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were carried out using standard methods and body mass index was calculated.

The mean and standard deviation of the age of the elderly people were 71.09 y ±6.88 years. The number of men and women participating in the study was almost equal (50.6% men and 49.4% women). In total, 51.4% of the participants were pre-frail and 23% were frail. More than half of the participants had low muscle strength (54.3%). After adjusting effects of confounders in comparison with healthy individuals, the probability of frailty in people at risk of malnutrition (95% CI: 1.63–5.67; OR = 3.04) and the probability of pre-frailty in the two groups of at risk of malnutrition (95% CI: 5–11/21–04; OR = 10.37) and malnutrition (95% CI: 5.31–5.31; OR = 7.18) were significantly higher (p < 0.05).

In this study, nutritional status was strongly associated to frailty. Identifying nutritional problems associated with muscle weakness and malnutrition can be used in health and nutrition planning of this age group.

Colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths that has significantly increased over the past three decades. New therapeutic approaches, such as oncolytic viruses, have become very imperative recently to destroy cancer cells. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secretome that is produced in response to variant conditions involves different paracrine molecules secretion that has therapeutic potential in several chronic diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives are employed as regenerative medicine; nevertheless, there is ambiguity in the function of these cells in the control of malignancy. This study aimed to examine the apoptotic effect of secretomes derived from MSCs affected by encompassing oncolytic reoviruses. Mesenchymal stem cells were cultured after separation from abdominal adipose tissue of BALB/c mice. After three passages, the cells were infected by reovirus at the multiplicity of infection of 1 plaque-forming unit per cell. Uninfected and infected secretomes with reovirus were collected separately. The colorectal cancer CT26 cells were confronted with uninfected secretome, infected secretions, reovirus as a positive control, and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/High Glucose as negative control separately. Finally, apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. The infected secretome with reovirus was capable to induce apoptosis more than the uninfected secretome in CT26. However, the supernatant of reovirus infected cells was more capable to induce cell death, in comparison to the infected secretome. Infected MSCs with oncolytic reovirus produced a type of condition media that enhanced apoptosis induction and could have a therapeutic effect on cancer cells. Nonetheless, tumoral cells confronted with the oncolytic reovirus showed more capability in inducing apoptosis in CT26 cells. As a result, the use of oncolytic virus and infected secretome are more effective than uninfected secretome in inducing apoptosis.

The aim of the present study was to assess associations between nutrient adequacy ratio and mean adequacy ratio with body shape index and waist-to-height ratio in free-living elderly in Tehran city, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 583 elderly people (304 women and 279 men) aged 60–80 years from Tehran were selected using systematic cluster sampling method. Demographic questionnaire, activity of daily living, instrumental activity of daily living and two 24-h dietary recalls were used to assess general characteristics, physical function and dietary intakes of the participants, respectively. Nutrient adequacy ratio of energy, protein and 11 micronutrients and their means were calculated. Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight and waist circumference were carried out using standard methods and body shape index and waist-to-height ratio were calculated.

The median (interquartile) of body shape index was 0.082 (0.086–0.079) and the mean ±standard deviation of WHtR07 was 0.06 ±0.07. The mean waist-to-height ratio of females was higher than that of males and the median body shape index  of females was lower than that of males. After adjusting for the effects of all confounders, associations of mean adequacy ratio with waist-to-height ratio and body shape index were not significant. Nutrient adequacy ratios of energy and protein were directly linked to waist-to-height ratio and body shape index respectively and nutrient adequacy ratio of thiamine was inversely linked to body shape index.

: No associations were detected between the adequacy of dietary intake and the two indicators of body fat distribution status after controlling for the confounding factors (lifestyle, demographic and socioeconomic factors).

Unwanted vibrations of the vehicles are regarded as harmful threats to the human health from various biomechanical and psychophysical aspects. Road roughness has been considered as the main cause of unwanted vibrations in bus vehicles. Vertical seat vibrations have been found via simulation of a ten degree of freedom (10-DOF) model of an intercity bus vehicle under harmonic and random excitations caused by road roughness. To suppress undesirable vibrations, mass-spring-damper passive absorbers are proposed in a thirteen degrees of freedom (13-DOFs) model of the bus. By optimizing the characteristics of the embedded passive absorbers under each seat, and implementation of the designed absorbers, it is observed that the vertical displacement amplitudes in the frequency response of the seats are reduced especially near the bus resonance frequencies. In addition, the vertical displacement and acceleration amplitudes are decreased in the random excitation of the road roughness. According to the results, optimized mass-spring-damper absorbers are suggested as a practical solution to suppress the unwanted vibration effects in the bus vehicle.

Maternal dietary intakes during pregnancy play vital roles on fetus growth and birth outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between the maternal dietary intakes during pregnancy and body mass index for-age z-scores (BAZ) at birth.

This cohort study was carried out on 342 pregnant women referring to public health centers and hospitals under coverage of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran and Iran universities of Medical Sciences in Tehran city. Dietary intake information was obtained by completing two non-consecutive 24-h recalls at Weeks 31–34 of gestation. The final infant birth anthropometric measurements were carried out using health records. Associations were analyzed using linear regression by further adjustment for confounding factors.

BAZ at birth was directly associated with fat and trans-fatty acid and negatively associated with poly-unsaturated fatty acids intake of mother during pregnancy. BAZ was also directly related to maternal dietary intake of magnesium, phosphorus, folate, niacin, and vitamin C and inversely related to calcium intake during pregnancy (p < 0.05). 

Maternal dietary intakes was associated with neonatal anthropometry status. Nutritional assessment during pregnancy seems to be necessary to ensure the optimal intakes of micronutrients and macronutrients by mothers.

Traffic accidents are the leading cause of death in the world, which brings great cost to the economy. So, this study aimed to determine the loss of productivity in traffic accident victims admitted to hospitals in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2018.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 551 injured persons selected randomly. For productivity loss estimation, we used the health and labor questionnaire on the base of the human capital approach. Data retrieved from the hospital information unit and calls to patients until three months after their accident. Then, data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests.

The mean and standard deviation of productivity loss three months after the accident was (18.81±25.21) million rials (499.6±669.6 $). The productivity loss with a huge difference in men was 20.93±25.75) million Rials and the age group of 25-35 years was (22.10±29.79) million more than the other groups, respectively. According to the regression results, among the injury groups, productivity loss were affected by the injury category to the abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis.

Examining the indirect cost of traffic accidents can be useful in public health decisions. By measuring and comparing the cost of this disease in the community, health care decision makers can be helped to set up and prioritize health care policies and interventions.

Intussusception is the most commen cause of intestinal obstruction in the young child less than 2 years old. The cause of intussusception is not clear between the ages of 6 and 24 months of age, although one hypothesis suggests that hypertrophy of the Peyer’s patches in the terminal ileum from an antecedent viral infection acts as a lead point. Peristaltic action of the intestine then causes the bowel distal to the lead point to invaginate into itself. In children, we can reduce the bowel with air or contrast enema. Intussusception is rare in adult and mostly due to tumural leading poit that surgery is required.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with diminished joint proprioception, balance deficits and increased risk of falls. Patients with medial knee osteoarthritis are at higher risk of balance deficits and falling due to the development of secondary varus deformity. Therefore, it is of great clinical importance to identify the treatment methods that could improve balance in knee OA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lateral Wedge Insole (LWI) on static and dynamic balance in patients with moderate medial knee osteoarthritis.

Thirty patients with moderate medial knee OA participated in this semi-experimental interventional study. Patients were recruited from orthopedic and rheumatology clinics of the university. For each patient, the static and dynamic balance were assessed in two conditions including wearing shoes with flat insole and wearing shoes with lateral wedge insole, using a Prokin stabilometer. The balance variables were the anteroposterior and mediolateral velocity and standard deviation of the center of pressure (COP) displacement, and total stability indices. Patients performed two familiarization trials, then, three actual trials with at least 30 s interval for each test.

Wearing LWIs resulted in significant decreases in the anteroposterior (static:1.78mm/s, dynamic:6.63mm/s) and mediolateral velocity of COP (static:1.53mm/s, dynamic:5.58mm/s) in compression to wearing shoes with flat insole (p<0.001). The anteroposterior (static:1.04 mm, dynamic:1.57mm) and mediolateral SD of the COP (static:1.58mm, dynamic:2.02mm) were also decreased after using LWIs (p<0.007). Except for the anteroposterior stability index, other balance indices were also significantly improved (p<0.05).

Our findings suggest that using a LWI improve static and dynamic balance in patients with moderate medial knee OA.
 

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in many countries, including Iran. This study aimed to determine the relationship between food security and type of carbohydrates consumption in coronary heart diseases patients in Amol city. In this case-control study, 180 subjects with coronary heart disease and 370 healthy controls in the Hospital were enrolled. The anthropometric indices and BMI were measured and calculated. The FFQ and food security questionnaires were filled. Data were analyzed using independent T-test, Chi-square test and logistic regression with SPSS (V. 20). Results showed that more than 80% of subjects in both groups of case and control had food security. More than 17% of cases and 15% of controls had food insecurity. In all participants, safe and non-safe food groups, subjects in the second and third quartiles of complex carbohydrates intakes, had a lower chance of coronary artery disease compared to the first quartile, although this difference was not significant. Higher intakes of simple carbohydrates in three groups (all participants, safe and non-safe) increased the chance of coronary artery disease and this difference was significant between the quartiles. The results showed that the risk of coronary artery disease in the non-safe food group was more than the safe food group. The odds ratio in the fourth quarter for simple carbohydrates among all participants, safe food group and unsafe food group were (OR=8.36, p<0.001), OR=8.33, p<0.001) and (OR=11.79, p=0.008) respectively. Current study showed that the highest intakes of complex carbohydrates inversely associated with coronary artery disease and the highest intakes of simple carbohydrates increases the risk that is higher in non-safe food group.