abbas javareshkian

From the perspective of Islamic philosophy, understanding the worlds after nature and the rulings governing them lead to human perfection and true happiness. Therefore, Muslim theologians have paid special attention to explaining the life after death and the states of souls in those levels. Among the rulings governing the afterlife is salvation and salvation through the love and guardianship of the saints of Muhammad, which, in addition to its theoretical importance, is also important in practice because it is hopeful; according to numerous narrations, loving the Prophet and his family reduces or eliminates suffering and increases pleasure in the afterlife. The present study, written in a descriptive-analytical manner, has attempted to provide a philosophical-rational explanation and analysis of this narrative claim, the result of which is an argument in proving the increase of pleasures, relying on the creation of similarity between the lover and the beloved, and another argument in proving the reduction of pain, relying on the difference in intensity and weakness of the forms acquired by the soul and their dominance over each other in the emergence and manifestation of otherworldly states.

The concept of ‘natural human rights’ serves as a pivotal fundament in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and is among the most commonly discussed topics in today’s world. Belief in natural rights for humankind means that, humans, qua humans, have a natural and inherent right, apart from any type of contract/convention or command. This paper sought to address whether such a view could be attributed to Mulla Sadra, considering he never addressed this question seriously or mentioned it in his writings. To this end, we needed to indirectly pursue the issue; we did this within the framework of Mulla Sadra’s perspective on ethical values. The data were gathered through library research and the conclusions were reached using a logical, deductive method. The results showed that Mulla Sadra’s belief in decency (good) and obscenity (evil) would indicate his acceptance of natural human rights. Although the discussion of rights is apparently different from the discussion of ethical values, these two topics can be linked according to some views; the foundations raised in one area can be extended to another, and we may conclude that, although Mulla Sadra did not expressly state his acceptance of natural human rights, his ideas were in conformity with inherent natural rights based on evidence and rational reasoning taken from his moral views.

Knowledge of non-existent ideas and information on them in most ontological systems and, in particular, in Mulla Sadra’s philosophy of principality of existence is challenging in view of the principle of correspondence. Besides, affirmative information on non-existent ideas is controversial on the basis of principle of presupposition. This article is seeking to show how Mulla Sadra, based on the principality of existence and concomitance of existence and thingness, can inform us of non-existent ideas while preserving the principle of presupposition and based on the principle of correspondence. By relying on the creative power of the mind and conceptualizing it, Mulla Sadra has done theorizations on non-existent ideas in two ways: (1) difference of the two predicates, and (2) lā batiyya[1] propositions. The second way in Mulla Sadra’s expression faces some questions, including: (1) what are lā batiyya propositions? (2) How is confirmation of the subject in lā bitiyya propositions? And (3) What is the criterion for expansion of lā batiyya propositions up to the propositions related to necessary [being]? These questions are discussed here. This article uses an analytical and interpretive method to show although Mulla Sadra has paid no attention to the method of ‘thing-itself’ in resolving the problem of information on non-existent ideas, the richness of his system, due to the belief in principality of existence and the soul’s intuitive knowledge in rational intuition as well as the creativity of the mind in conceptualization, can preserve the principle of presupposition and correspondence and explain the information on non-existent ideas successfully. In Mulla Sadra’s view, our soul has a power to make a title for the subject of predicative lā batiyya propositions, and the judgment goes on the title that refers to the individual impossibility outside the mind. Then, what is in the mind is not really an individual who needs correspondence; rather, it is merely a general concept; and when we make judgments, it is a judgment on something that is a possible being, with no problem. Thus, the impossible beings have neither an actual instance in the mind, nor a nature whose judgment spreads to external individuals.

One of the significant issues in the field of religious epistemology is the hermeneutic components that influence religious knowledge. These factors aid in a better and deeper understanding of religious statements, namely the Quran and the Sunnah, and play a crucial role in encountering religious texts or reinterpreting them to foster the growth and production of new meanings and content from religious statements. This article, using a descriptive and analytical method, examines the collection of hermeneutic components from the perspective of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, illuminating a new method for interpreting innovative and new meanings from religious statements. These factors, according to him, are: 1. Growth and production of religious knowledge. 2. The eloquence of the text of Sharia. 3. Rejection of subjective interpretation. 4. Differences in speaker, audience, and wording. 5. Belief in the spirit of meaning. 6. Hierarchical nature of the meanings of religious statements. 7. Hierarchical understanding of religious statements by humans. 8. Better understanding of religion in the shadow of the advancement of empirical sciences. 9. Influence of presuppositions on the understanding of the text. 10. Presenting new questions to religion. 11. Epistemological doubts and challenges to religion. 12. Necessity of time and place.

One of the basic topics in theoretical mysticism and especially in Muhyiddin'sreadingisthe question of the truth of Muhammad.Becauseof the mediationof this all-encompassingtruth, between therightand the people, he has a relationshipwith the right and a relationshipwith the people.The connectionbetweentheMuhammadan truth and creation canbe examined fromvarious dimensions,one of the most important of which inIbn Arabi's thought can be considered the connectionbetween the MuhammadantruthandMuhammad,thelast prophet of God.The current study,whichis written in analytical way, triesto answer the question,"What is therelationship between Muhammad'struth and Muhammad inthe Muhyiddin school?"Is the Prophetmanifestationof the progress of the Muhammadan truth or is he the physicaland at the same timeuniquemanifestationof thisall-encompassing truth? Basedon the author's induction,despite the existence ofnumerousreferencesto theanswer to the above-mentioned question in the worksof the Sheikhand his first-classcommentators, there is noclarification on this matter,but in the worksof hislate followers,two different viewshave beenpresented;Some believe that the relationshipbetween theMuhammadan truth and the ProphetMuhammadisanexclusiverelationship, while another groupbelieves that the Muhammadantruth has manyexamples and,accordingly,itsphysical manifestation isnot exclusive to the Prophet Muhammad.The result of the investigations carried out in this research is that, based on the expressions of Ibn Arabi,theSheikh'sviewshould be considered as the first reading, that is, the existence of a special and exclusive relationship betweentheMuhammadan truth and the last prophet.

Philosophers have offered various interpretations of creation. In the present article, Sadra's interpretation of creation has been considered. It is well-known that creation took place in two arcs of descent and ascent, in which the descent begins from God, and after the order of attributes and names, the worlds of intellect and example have reached the world of nature, and the beginning of the ascent, the world of nature and the end of God. And other worlds are between the two. Since in conventional theory, creation is associated with revelation, serious questions arise. Is the natural world the lowest of the worlds, and are beings in this world ultimately flawed? Is the end of the ascent arc exactly the beginning of the descent arc? Is it a reasonable hypothesis that a complete being would be reduced to weakness and degraded again from the lowest point to the first? In this article, while reviewing and criticizing the common view, an attempt is made to provide a new model of the creation process while answering the questions raised. In Mukhtar's theory, creation is constantly moving towards perfection and goes from the level of necessity of existence and the existence of science that is with God Almighty to the real worlds, that is, the world of intellect, example and nature. This process of creation is constantly intensifying and completing. What is revealed from the level of God's essence after the revelation is still present in the former order, only the way they appear in the revealed order is different.

The discussion about the origin and the way the universe came into existence is of an age old history. After the "Big Bang" theory was brought up, the ambiguity in how the primary materials needed for the big explosion was created became more and more evident. One of the most famous responses to solve this ambiguity has been provided by contemporary physicists with the "Universe from Nothing" model. In this model, much endeavor has been made to integrate the laws of quantum mechanics (quantum oscillation), gravitational force, information theory, tunneling phenomenon and their simultaneous application to the vacuum space in order to explain how matter originates from nothing or physical non-existence. According to this theory, vacuum space is considered to be empty of any kind of matter and energy and equivalent to absolute nothingness. However, the comparison of the requirements of this model with the concept of philosophical nonexistence shows the contradiction between the concept of absolute nothingness and the vacuum space. In fact, the physical nonexistence or "nothing" assumed in this model is definitely not considered as a philosophical nonexistence due to the fact that it has a form of existence.

The main aim of the present research is to examine and criticize the Theory of Two Originalities. This topic is fundamental, yet it has received less attention. According to famous philosophers, originality means having objectivity, exteriority, being the source of works, and forming the reality of the text. Therefore, those who claim that existence and essence have an external reality, believe in the theory of two originalities. The neglect of this theory has led some of its major supporters to introduce the Theory of Two Originalities under different names such as the originality of essence or the originality of existence, and various interpretations have been made based on the relationship between the existences and essences. In this study, three interpretations of the two originalities are presented: Rajab Ali Tabrizi considers existence as an external affair, but regards it as secondary to essence; Ahmad Ahwazi believes that existence and essence have an external combinatory unity; and Gholamreza Fayyazi believes that existence is realized in essence, and essence is considered as the existence's attribute in the exterior, and there is no external difference between them. After presenting these three interpretations, the arguments of the supporters of the theory of two originalities are examined and criticized, and finally, the most important criticisms of the supporters of the originality of existence are interpreted and evaluated.

In the intellectual system of Ṣadr al-Mutiʾallihīn (Arabic: صدر المتالهین) and on the basis of principals such as the priority of existence and modulation of existence and most importantly the self-unfolding of existence and the rule of “بسیط الحقیقه کل الاشیاء ولیس بشیء منها” [Indivisible Entity or God (Arabic: بسیط الحقیقه) is all things and it is none of them] is only a “single manifestation” in the universe and does not have manifestation except God himself and all manifestations are considered as the attributes and modes of being and consequently, the basis of existence which is based on the unity of the absolute, are all individuation, manifestation and appearance of that truth, i.e., the only existence of Him is considered and His manifestation and all things are the manifestation of that single and absolute Essence with a special mode. This attitude is present in many parts of the supplications of the Infallibles (as) (which is their direct, special and open communication is with the Lord), phrases such as: “My God, You are the Manifest (Evident, Outward or Ascendant) and there is nothing above You,” (Arabic: إلهی انت الظاهر فلیس فوقک شیء), “Oh, the Immanent in His Evident” (Arabic: یا باطنا فی ظهوره), “I saw you appearing in everything” (Arabic: فرایتک ظاهرا فی کل شیء), “Will there be any appearance other than you?” (Arabic: ایکون لغیرک من الظهور), “Praise be to Allah, who has revealed Himself to His creatures because of His creation” (Arabic: الحمد لله المتجلی لخلقه بخلقه) etc. that along with proofs from the aḥādīth and verses of the Quran are indicative of this importance which leads to the strengthening of this Mullā Ṣadrā’s view and will open the way to knowledge for those who want to know God Almighty. There is no precedent for this research and citation of the subject and its method is based on a library method.

In Avicenna’s epistemological framework, knowledge is attainable solely through rational intuition, not mystical intuition. Avicenna emphasized intellectual knowledge and the connection to the active intellect, grounded in theoretical reason and rational intuition, as the ultimate aim of knowledge and happiness. However, Mulla Sadra posited that certain transcendent truths surpass the grasp of theoretical reason, necessitating intuition and innate knowledge beyond the bounds of reason. Scholars who advocate for Avicenna’s mystical tendencies can be divided into two groups: the first group, including traditionalists like Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Henry Corbin, and Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani, consider Avicenna a pioneer of mystical thought within the Islamic philosophy tradition, following the footsteps of earlier Islamic, Iranian, and Eastern mystics. The second group comprises recent researchers who argue that Avicenna’s philosophy exhibits dual aspects. By examining his epistemological system and philosophical psychology, they seek to distinguish between the mystical and peripatetic facets of Avicenna's thought. In the upcoming discussion, we will compare Avicenna’s and Mulla Sadra’s perspectives on intuitive knowledge. It will become apparent that neither the claims of the first group nor those of the second group can be substantiated. Even if Avicenna mentioned mysticism in his works, his views consistently emanated from a rational perspective, and he remained firmly rooted in his peripatetic style throughout his philosophical journey.

The history of wisdom is proof that the knowledge of life after death and the discussion about it have always been among the popular mysteries of thinkers. Among them, Sadrul Matalhin is one of the most successful Muslim thinkers who was able to provide a rational analysis and explanation of many situations after death. Among the stances that Mulla Sadra analyzed with evidence is Sarat's position. According to him, the truth of Sarat is nothing but the representation of the soul in the money board on hell, while it seems that this reading of Sarat, by itself, has some kind of incompatibility with the path that is said in religion; The present study, which is written in an analytical-descriptive method, paying attention to the foundations of Muni Sadra'i and religious texts, proves that Sarat is evident, without any doubt, a facet of the inner part of the perfect Muhammadan human being, and what Sadr al-Maltahin says about Sarat in The truth is the quality of crossing the path; In this way, in the present study, while presenting a new interpretation of Sarat seen in Qayamat, Mulla Sadra's interpretation of Sarat (with a little possession and in a way compatible with the aforementioned reading) has been preserved.

knowledge of time by humans as an external reality and not an illusion has always been one of the challenging issues in philosophy, theology, psychology of perceptions, neuroscience, theoretical physics, mysticism, etc. In this research, it has been intended to investigate the knowledge of time based on the philosophical psychology of Mulla Sadr. The ontology of time, according to Sadra's principles, establishes a new attitude to this matter, which also affects the epistemology and knowledge of time. As a result, the knowledge of time is considered as being mushakkik gradational. The knowledge of time by the soul in its path of becoming is a matter of gradation, which is initially influenced by the physical powers and then by the imaginary powers and the rest of his perceptive powers. This is achieved under the influence of one of the other foundations of the psychology of hikmat mutaaliyah, which is known in the term as "the soul is corporeal in its occurrence and incorporeal in its survival"; Also, due to existential transformation and substantial movement, souls find some kind of difference with each other, and accordingly, people`s knowledge of time also would have some kind of difference

"Immanence" is an important and much used concept in Islamic philosophy. An inquiry into the evolution of "subsistence of immanence" suggests that the theory of immanence in a logical course from peripatetic, to illumination, and to transcendent theosophy, has passed through fundamental alterations. One influential concept in this context is that of "permeation" being the main constituent of immanence in the two peripatetic and illumination systems. Having dealt with issues such as that there are some indivisible things despite their being material and of immanence, that sense and imagined perceptions are incorporeal and void of permeation and immanence, and the challenges of the theory of immanence in divine knowledge, they have eliminated the concept of "permeation" from "immanence". Thus in transcendent theosophy, the definition of "immanence" evolved from "permeation" into the concept of "existence for other than itself" i.e. an immanent thing in a locus. It eventually paved the way for novel theories such as that accident is to be regarded as a grade of substance and that matter and form are of unified composition and the theory of subsistence of issuing.

The aim of this study is to extract concepts from the heart of transcendent philosophy to form a psychological theory. The basic premise is that Sadr al-Muta'allehin's views include the implications needed to formulate a theory of psychology. The second and third assumptions are that various aspects of a psychological theory can be deduced from the transcendent philosophy of Mulla Sadra. Moreover, Mulla Sadra's opinions have explanatory and helpful concepts in comparison with the existing theories in psychology.The results of the research confirm thiese assumptions and show that Mulla Sadra's views carry significant notions in the science of psychology, and by examining Sadra's anthropology, the basic assumptions in a psychological approach can be extracted.In this paper, presuppositions in the field of ontology are extracted and compared with the field of "human position in the world" with the approach of existentialism and in the field of "human definition" with the approach of behaviorism. Furthermore, some assumptions concerning "human evolution and development" have been extracted and compared in the fields of "human instincts" using a psychoanalytic approach, and "evolutionary features" based on Piaget's theory of "constructivism".Regarding the stages of infinite evolution in Sadra's views, we have not found any equivalent in psychology for comparison.

Imam Ja'far Sadegh (AS) in the noble hadith of intellect and ignorance, introduces the necessity of human guidance to know the armies of intellect and ignorance. Sadr al-Muta'allehin Shirazi has paid special attention to the explanation of this hadith in his book Sharh Sufficient Principles.Examining the seventy-five armies of reason and ignorance, from the perspective of the mentioned components and their principles and results, moral virtues and vices can be divided into six areas: principles and principles, thoughts, thoughts and circumstances, thoughts and actions, thoughts and circumstances and actions. He also categorized the fruits and works of these forces. With this explanation, we reach the conclusion that in order to achieve true human guidance, a model of moral characteristics must be set that looks at all aspects of human existence and in terms of the interrelationships of the three sides of human existence, can draw the steps of human moral behavior to The rule of the intellect, the human virtues and moral virtues have the opportunity to appear and manifest, and to the extent of the activity of divine perfections, worldly and otherworldly happiness is achieved.

Based on the principles including: 1. Separation of religion and religious knowledge, 2. General transformation in science, 3. General correlation between all branches of knowledge, 4. The susceptibility of religious knowledge to human knowledge, 5. Silence of Shari'a, 6 The effect of the interpreter's presuppositions on the text, etc. The theory of general transformation holds that there is no any fixed and everlasting religious perception.  Regarding viewpoints of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli and based on rational and analytic method, the present article has criticized the mentioned theory and its foundations. The lack of transformation in some scientific branches such as positive propositions, rational requirements, truth and falsity of scientific propositions, existence of degrading transformation along with evolutionary ones, lack of the effect of all Knowledge bodies on religious Knowledge, unjustified correlation and general transformation of human knowledge and consequently religious knowledge along with its internal contradiction, and eventually endorsing the rules governing the methodology of language are among focal factors in not accepting the general transformation of religious knowledge from the perspective of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, and in fact this theory leads to the" Knowledge replacement. "Additionally, the distinction between the nature of religion and the religious epistemology as well as inability to understand the truth of religion are other factors in rejecting the aforementioned theory.

Various disciplines including philosophy have made concerted efforts to identify and define soul and Ibn-e-Sina and Mulla Sadra, as the developers of two important intellectual and philosophical schools, have also dealt with this important issue. Adopting a library research method, the present study is concerned with the views of these two thinkers on the issue of soul. It tries to find out the commonalities and differences between these two thinkers’ views on this issue. There is a relationship between the definitions and the principles of a philosophical system. In other words, differences in definitions reflect differences in the principles of the philosophical system. The study and analysis of the definition of the soul in the philosophical systems of Ibn-e-Sina and Mulla Sadra, in addition to clarifying and comparing the specific views of the two in this regard, can also lead to the identification of their theoretical foundations. Although defining the soul in terms of “first perfection for the natural body" and "being a simple single essence", is agreed upon by both philosophers, in other cases such as the origins of the soul, its persistence and etc., we find fundamental differences between the two that are addressed in this article.

Having considered Mulla Sadra’s innovative opinion about the existential attitude toward knowledge and his belief in the intrinsic perfection of soul, the authors have gone to mainly explain, in their essay, the role of knowledge in the perfection of soul and its existential transcendence. In Mulla Sadra’s point of view, knowledge is an existential matter and because existence is concomitant with perfection, having knowledge is regarded as perfection for the soul. Accordingly, apart from the field of knowledge and the level of what is known, every kind of knowledge is perfection for the soul when acquiring that knowledge. Nonetheless, it is to be noted that any kind of knowledge determines the kind of perfection; and because knowledge is graded, the stronger the grade of existence is, the loftier the soul will be. It is noteworthy that Mulla Sadra’s precise account of how forms of knowledge occurs for the soul is that in its existential recreation the soul develops those forms through the emanation to its very existence, rather than the concrete addition to it. Thus as a result of this emanation, the soul is promoted in its existence and by the traversing over the grades of existence comes to know the realities of those forms.

The most important common goal of human beings in life is to achieve "happiness" and to create a "prosperous" society. However, most of these communities have gone astray in finding this elixir. Muslim thinkers, especially Sadr al-Mutallah and Imam Khomeini, have expressed many views in this regard and the role of government in laying the groundwork for this important issue. Although the way to achieve happiness in Sadra is more individual and in Imam Khomeini's view is individual, social, political and governmental, but both believe that happiness is a real thing, voluntary, achievable and worldly-hereafter, in two dimensions. It is science and practice And in explaining the patterns of government and politics in achieving the prosperity of society, while the mission of all divine prophets and saints (pbuh) is to create a divine government to achieve the prosperity of society, the models of Islamic government in different dimensions and in accordance with nature They know the divine and the heavenly teachings based on revelation. In this research, while collecting information through documentary methods and library studies, he analyzes and explains the views of Sadr al-Muta'allehin and Imam Khomeini (ra) as two great Islamic thinkers on the role of government in "happiness" and "prosperity" in this world and the hereafter. Special and their common points refer to the structural model of society's prosperity.

One of the important philosophical issues is the discussion of the “immaterial and material” (existence) being. Providing a precise definition of “immaterial” and “material”, proving their existence, expressing their species, and the relationship between immaterial and material are among the important concerns of philosophers. It has been tried in this article to define and analyze the quiddity and characteristics of immaterial and material beings and also has been tried to examine Mullā Ṣadrā's special opinion precisely on the manner of immaterial and material relation. The author by referring (citing) the doctrine of existential separation in the transcendent theosophy has tried to prove that in Ṣadrā's thought, it is not possible and should not be believed in a clear and definite boundary like the peripatetic, between the immaterial and the material, because the immaterial and the material and the rules and characteristics of existence each of them have a return to the degree of intensity and weakness in the fact of the unity of existence, and as in the system of existential separation, existential discontinuity that is not assumed, neither can be believed a definite and bold existential boundary between the immaterial and the material despite the essential distinction.

Since one of the explicit differences between Avicenna and Mulla Sadra ‘s philosophical thought based on the important issue of ‘ Motion specially ‘ Substantial Motion’ , and there ‘s complete difference in the debate , the author has tried to response the questions about the origins and theoretical basis of this difference and to find out which position and principal have been involved in this contrast.First part of the essay studies the difference between Avicenna and Mulla Sadra ‘s essential position through analytical comparison of ‘Motion Premise’ in the thought of these two well-known philosophers .1. Sadra’s perception of motion against Avicenna’s issues attitude and essence attitude. 2. Development of ‘ Motion’ discussion toward sensual affairs specially human soul.3. Change in the position of’ Motion Premise’ in philosophical natural sciences to common affairs.By analytical studying of the mentioned points specially with meditating in Avicenna’s objections on ‘Substantial Motion’, we conclude that the difference of these well-known philosophers in the premise of ‘Substantial Motion’ , originates in the most important philosophical position that is called ‘Principal of Existence’ or ‘Priority of Essence’ .On this basis of these facts and despite of all denials and doubts of some other thinkers in Avicennas’s ‘Principal of Essentialism’ thought, based on this philosophical analysis , it can be explicitly seen the consideration of ‘Essence Principal’ ,which at least can end the doubts about ‘ Motion Premise’

mollasadra following say the study of science in two ways: 1 - way of discovery and acquisition. 2 - Way of inspiration and inspiration. the method of discovery is the method of teaching and teaching and attention to reasoning that is a general way, and every one has its own limitations. But the path of inspiration and inspiration is the way God makes the light of science to the human heart, patriarchs and اولیا are in this way. In this way science is achieved with the purification and abstraction that the difference between the two sciences is the difference between the description and the taste, which through the acquisition of a person hears the sweet and learns it, but it tastes sweet by inspiration and inspiration. in order to obtain knowledge from the way of purification of knowledge through the purification of the self, mollasadra has a special importance, and it recognizes the inspiration and inspiration of inspiration to the prophets and the parents. the aim of this study is to investigate the ratio of knowledge and knowledge with the virtues and virtues of morality. therefore in this study, the relationship of science and practice, knowledge of science and knowledge with the virtues of science and vice of vice

As viewed in theoretical mysticism and transcendent wisdom, especially based on the individual unity of existence, quiddity, its rules, the relation of quiddity to existence and its ordered problems, a different picture of previous philosophical schools, especially peripatetics, emerges. Following it, substance and accident, which are categories of quiddity, are also explained differently. This study draws quiddity and accident from the two perspectives of Mulla Sadra and theoretical mysticism and finally, based on this, quiddity and accident in transcendent wisdom and theoretical mysticism, despite maintaining their technical form take an upgrading course towards semantic generality and the scope of existential expansion. In Sadra's view, the three elements of "being of no needless place", "self-sufficiency," and "other-substantiating" are preserved in substance, with the difference that, firstly, a new explanation of subject, substantiating, and causality is presented at various levels and, secondly, they are drawn in the same direction. With regard to these substantial elements in the meaning of the substance, the explaining elements of accident, including the need for the subject and substantiating need to other, etc., change in relation to the substance, and accident exposes various divisions. In theoretical mysticism, following the final approach of Mulla Sadra, the relationship between quiddity and accident, their types and their semantical elements of explanation become of a view of differential stage

The union of the intellect and the intelligible is one controversial issue of philosophy examined and proved in Sadraian philosophy. In their article, the authors do not aim to repeat the pros and cons of the intellect and the intelligible or their weak and strong points; rather, they want to pursue another approach to it. Viewing the complexity of this theory, the commentators of Sadra’s theosophy have different conceptions of the tie between the intellect and the intelligible forms and their how-union. They hold that those conceptions as to knowledge fall in three groups. Having considered knowledge as the category of quality belonging to the soul, some of them say that the union of the soul and the intelligibles is of that of substance and accident. Others who regard knowledge as an illuminative attribution argue that the soul-intelligible union is the same as that of res (thing, entity) and quasi-res. Another group holds that, in Mulla Sadra’s view, knowledge is a meta-category thing [i.e. it belongs to none of Aristotelian categories of substance or accident] whose reality is identical with the soul, and thus the soul-intelligible union is of sameness. Having examined the above three views, we came to the conclusion that the intelligible form is identical with the very soul and the sameness of the intellect and intelligible is closer to Sadra’s approach.

Based on Mulla Sadra’s perspectives, and through a philosophical explanation of pleasure as an existential entity, as well as a perfection-attribute of existence, and by defining imagination in terms of an immaterial and abstract entity, the present paper seeks to study imaginary pleasure and clarify its importance compared to other types of pleasure. Then, after stating the conditions for sight and its definition on the basis of the ultimate purpose for revealing the truth of every creature, it is proven that imaginary imageries are perceived and understood similar to sensual imageries, without any differences; and due to substantial motion, the perception of imaginary forms leads to the perfection of soul which in turn causes the discovery of the soul. Finally, it is explained that because of its further benefiting from the existence, the pleasure of perceiving imaginary imageries is a more perfect pleasure than sensual pleasures; a great pleasure which can only be gained and enjoyed by the owners of great souls due to less entrapment with the material feelings.