alireza pazoki

In order to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of ascorbate and gibberellin on pigment content and degradation biomarkers in the medicinal plant Salvia officinalis L. under salinity stress conditions, a research was carried out in 2013 in the municipal greenhouse of Region 15. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in the form of a completely randomized design in four repetitions. Experimental agents of salinity stress at 4 levels of zero, 25, 50 and 75 mM from NaCl source, ascorbate at two levels of 0 and 4 mM and gibberellin at two levels of 0 and 2 mM are considered. became The comparison of the simple effect of salinity stress showed that this factor caused a significant decrease in the amount of chlorophylls and an increase in degradation biomarkers, although in terms of d-tyrosine content, salinity values of 50 and 75 mM were in the same statistical group. The spraying of 4 mM ascorbate and 2 mM gibberellin caused the decrease of all biomarkers and the increase of photosynthetic pigments. The results of the comparison of the mean of the significant mutual effects showed that in the situation of no application of salinity stress, the use of ascorbate did not lead to an increase in carotenoids, but in moderate salinities (50 mM) and severe (75 mM) their consumption increased carotenoid.

There is an increasing interest to use nanoparticles (NPs) and growth regulators in mitigating deleterious effects of the drought stress. The present work was conducted to investigate the effect of the salicylic acid (SA) and silicon (Si)-NPs on physiological and biochemical attributes of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) plants expose to drought stress. A split-plot experiment was carried out with irrigation regimes (irrigation after 60, 90, and 120 mm evaporation from Class A pan) as main plot and foliar application of SA and Si-NPs as the subplots during 2019 and 2020. The results showed drought stress reduced chlorophyll (Chl) content, but enhanced total soluble sugar (TSS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX) activities of coriander leaves. Increases in Chl content, TSS, and activity of antioxidant enzymes were observed when plants sprayed with SA and Si-NPs. Moderate drought stress (90 mm evaporation from Class A pan) along with Si-NPs significantly increased total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), essential oil (EO) content, and EO yield.  Foliar application of Si-NPs was more effective than SA to improve the antioxidant potential and EO yield of coriander plants when exposed to drought stress.

Heavy metal pollution is becoming a serious problem for agricultural lands and a great threat to the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. Lead is one of the most dangerous heavy metals, which is the second heavy metal after arsenic in terms of toxicity and occurrence. One of the important aspects of tolerance of non-living stresses including heavy metals in plants is the role of plant growth regulators. Among these growth regulators, we can mention brassinosteroid, which plays an important role in inducing the reaction of plants to many abiotic stresses such as heavy metals. As a messenger molecule, this compound increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduces the production of reactive oxygen species. In the production of the leguminous family, the toxicity caused by heavy metals has a significant effect. Therefore, the present research is aimed at investigating the effect of the heavy metal lead and the moderating effect of brassinolide.

This experiment was conducted in the spring and summer of 1400 in a potted form in a greenhouse located in Ray City in order to investigate the role of brassinolide application in reducing the toxicity caused by lead heavy metal stress in the pinto bean plant variety. This research was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were 1) control (no application of lead and brassinolide) (T1). 2) lead stress (application of 200 mg/kg of soil from a source of lead nitrate) (T2). 3) lead stress + seed treatment with brassinolide. Concentration of 0.1 mg/liter for 12 hours (T3). 4) Lead stress + seed treatment with brassinolide with a concentration of 0.2 mg/liter for 12 hours (T4). 5) Lead stress + spraying Brassinolide with a concentration of 0.1 mg/liter from the 4-leaf stage during 3 stages with an interval of 7 days (T5). During 3 stages with an interval of 7 days (T6).

The results of this research showed that the vegetative traits all decreased due to the use of lead and the toxicity of this heavy metal, but biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes increased along with root lead. This method increased the resistance of pinto beans to lead stress. The results of the mean comparisons showed that the highest seed yield with an average of 18.31 gr/plant was obtained from the control treatment (no use of lead and brassinolide) and the lowest amount with an average of 8.22 grams per plant was obtained from the treatment of lead toxicity with an amount of 200 ml g/kg and lack of brassinolide consumption were found to moderate the effect of lead. Also, among the treatments in which brassinolide was used as a compound preventing the harmful effects of the heavy metal lead, the highest amount with an average of 13.84 grams per plant was related to the use of 0.2 mg/liter as a foliar spray, which indicates The superiority of using brassinolide as a foliar spray is compared to other methods and consumption amounts.

These results showed that seed pretreatment and foliar spraying with brassinolide can be used as a useful method to tolerate lead stress in beans by reducing lead absorption, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and improving the greenness index and water condition of the plant.

To evaluate the effect of biofertilizers and nitrogen levels on agronomic traits and nitrogen efficiency indices of corn

This experiment was performed during 2016 and 2017 in the Animal Science Research Farm of Alborz Province as a split plot and in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors include nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (0, 50, 100, 200 kg.ha-1) as the main plots and biofertilizer at eight levels (no inoculation, Aztobacter, Mycorrhiza, Azospirillum, Aztobacter + Mycorrhiza, Aztobacter + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza + Azotobacter + Azospirillum) as sub-plots were considered.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizers on forage yield was significant. The results showed that increasing nitrogen application to 200 kg.ha-1 increased forage yield. The use of biofertilizers, either alone or in combination in all nitrogen fertilizer applications, increased forage yield. But the combined effect of biofertilizers had the greatest effect. However, the increase in yield was higher at lower levels of nitrogen fertilizer, especially in the control treatment (no nitrogen application). The highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency was observed in the treatment of 50 kg.ha-1 and in this case, the difference between the biofertilizer treatments was more obvious, so that the combined use of biofertilizers had the highest nitrogen agronomical efficiency.

Combined application of biofertilizers with less nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg.ha-1) can improve the nitrogen use efficiency in corn production while achieving acceptable grain and forage yield.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid foliar application onsome morphological traits of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) under salt stress conditions,an experiment was conducted in 2014 at Islamic Azad University, Yadgar-e-ImamKhomeini (RA) Shahre Rey Branch. The experiment was done as factorial based oncompletely randomized design with four repetitions, the experimental factors include:salinity stress in four levels: 0, 25, 60 and 95 mM, salicylic acid foliar spraying in twolevels non-use (control) and 0.7 mM consumption and spraying of jasmonic acid wasconsidered in two levels: no consumption (control) and 100 µM. The results of varianceanalysis showed that the simple effects of salinity stress, application of salicylic acid andjasmonic acid were significant on all investigated traits, and among these traits, rootlength, number of leaves and root dry weight were influenced by the triple interactioneffects of experimental factor. The simple mean comparison results indicated that undersalt stress conditions with 95 mM sodium chloride, the lowest plant height (41.93 cm),root length (9.79 cm), number of leaves (4.62) , the leaf area of a single plant (140.73),the fresh weight of aerial parts (12.93 grams), the dry weight of aerial parts (2.46 g) androot dry weight (1.42 g) were obtained. The highest amount of shoot dry weight )7.42 g(observed in non salinity stress and spraying with 100 µM jasmonic acid and themaximum amount of root dry weight )3.03 g( were gained in non salinity stress, using 0.7mM of salicylic acid and 100 μM of jasmonic acid conditions. Therefore, it can be statedthat the use of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid as anti-stress agents improved all themorphological characteristics of the artichoke medicinal plant.

Bio-fertilizers are microbial inoculants or a combination of carriers of effective microbial strains with high efficiency to provide one or more nutrients needed by the plant, which are important materials as reducing agents to reduce the environmental damage of chemical fertilizers, to reduce diseases, to improve the soil structure, to stimulate plant growth and to increase the quantity and quality of the crops. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of three commercial bio-fertilizers, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. putida, and P. fluorescens, on some morphological and physiological traits of lettuce under greenhouse conditions. The experiments were held on Nuclear Agriculture Research School in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The results indicated that inoculation of lettuce at growth stage with these biological fertilizers caused a significant increase in plant growth components such as plant height, leaf number, plant diameter, dry and fresh weights. In the case of physiological indicators, the use of bio-fertilizers increased expression of total protein, and also improved the production of oxidative enzymes (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) in the leaf compared to the control. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of bio-fertilizers contributes to the development of organic agriculture which in turn improves the quantity and quality of the product.

Pseudomonas infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and saprophytic fungi are now increasingly being recognized as serious pathogens in immunocompromised patients. To investigate the effect of using bio-materials on mammalian tissues, two experiments were designed; the first one was feeding of Balb/c mice with irrigated lettuce with bio-fungicide (mutant and wild) and bio-fertilizers prepared with Pseudomonas (p) fluorescens, p. putida, p. aeruginosa, and the second was the usage of drinking water containing (Trichoderma (T) spores (mutant and wild) or P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. aeruginosa suspensions). Then, blood factors and inflammation of tissues (liver, kidney, spleen and large intestine) in all mice were analyzed after two months. Blood samples were taken from the mice to examine some of the hematological (RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC) (data not shown) and biochemical (AST, ALT, ALP) factors, and also observed under a microscope. The study of tumor marker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in all treatments showed that the strains in these bio-fertilizers did not stimulate carcinogenic indices. The results from the other blood factors were normal for all strains (data not shown). Only P. putida showed no adverse effect on the increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The results also showed that the effect of bio-fungicide on mammalian tissues (spleen and large intestine) was normal. But a small number of mild liver necrosis was seen in the treatment groups with wild Trichoderma, and moderate necrosis in the the liver tissue after treatment with mutant Trichoderma isolates. More investigation should be made to determine the impact of these biotic factors on the mammalian tissues before commercialization.

In order to study the effect of drought stress, different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the growth of corn this research were done at the agricultural research center of biokola (Neka) during two years 2015 and 2016. The experiment was conducted as split factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications on S.C704. The main factor was 4 levels of drought stress (irrigation after 75, 100, 125 and 150 millimeter evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and the sub-factor three levels of nitrogen (80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1) and three levels of potassium (75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1) were considered.The mean comparison results showed that with increasing nitrogen and potassium consumption, the harvest index decreased by 30.52%. Also, the lowest nitrogen removal index under the interaction of irrigation × nitrogen irrigation intervals with irrigation intervals of 150 mm evaporation from class an evaporation 240 kg N/ha decreased by 30.91%.The highest relative leaf water content and leaf chlorophyll content were obtained for irrigation intervals of 75 mm with kg.N.ha-1, 94.12% and 61.59%, respectively.Also, the highest grain and nitrogen yield were obtained for the second year in 75 mm irrigation interval and 240 kg.N.ha-1 with average 12807 kg/ha and 2.72%, respectively. So after increasing in drought stress, nitrogen and potassium, the traits as harvest index and nitrogen removal index decreased.

Regular physical activity can reduce the complications of obesity. Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) is recognized as a rich source of health promotion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and C. vulgaris intake on lipid profile and leptin in obese women. We randomly divided 32 obese women into control (C), aerobic training (AT), C. vulgaris (CV), and aerobic training plus C. vulgaris (AT+CV) groups. Interventions were performed for eight weeks. C. vulgaris was used at the dose of 1200 mg/day. The aerobic training included activities on a treadmill with 65% - 80% of maximum heart rate (MHR) (three sessions/week). Blood samples were taken before and after the interventions. The body weight, body mass index (BMI), leptin, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C significantly improved in the AT and AT+CV groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the AT and AT+CV groups (P > 0.05). Aerobic training can improve the lipid profile and leptin in obese women by reducing weight, increasing oxygen uptake, and improving lipid oxidation. Nevertheless, the effect of C. vulgaris was not detected individually. However, the effect of trainingmaybe due to the modification of exercise-induced responses by C. vulgaris properties. Therefore, there is a need for further investigation of C. vulgaris physiological function in the field of sports medicine.

Integrated plant nutrition management is a good method to increase the ‎productivity of crops and improve the environment. To evaluate the ‎effects of using ‎growth promoting bacteria and different levels of vermicompost on quantitative ‎and qualitative yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), a field experiment was ‎conducted in 2014-2015. The treatments consisted of inoculation and non-‎inoculation of canola seeds with growth promoting bacteria and application of ‎different levels of vermicompost (0, 4, 8 and 12 t.ha-1). The results showed that ‎simple effects and interaction of vermicompost and growth ‎promoting bacteria ‎on quantitative and qualitative traits of canola were significant. That is to say ‎with ‎increasing the application of vermicompost from 4 to 12 tons per hectare, a ‎‎significant increase was observed in the traits under study as compared to the control.‎ ‎Inoculation of seeds with growth promoting bacteria also increased the ‎‎amount of measured traits as compared to the control. The application of 12 tons of ‎‎vermicompost per hectare, along with growth promoting bacteria, resulted in an ‎increase in ‎the number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, ‎grain yield, harvest ‎index and oil yield, (28.63, 4.68 g, 10785.2 kg‎, 3484.2 kg, ‎‎38.02% and 1795.93 kg.ha-1, respectively, as compared with control). Application of ‎‎12 t.ha-1 of vermicompost per hectare along with growth promoting ‎bacteria resulted in grain ‎yield, harvest index and oil yield increase by 83%, 45% and 43%, ‎respectively, ‎as compared with control. Therefore, in soils ‎with low organic matter content, ‎simultaneous application of vermicompost and growth ‎promoters bacteria can ‎improve the quality and quantity of rapeseed yield ‏.‏‎

In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation methods on yield and some physiological characteristics and activity of antioxidant enzymes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) under using of vermicompost and salicylic acid, a field experiment was conducted as split-factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates on Shahr-e-Rey station during 2014-15 growing seasons. Irrigation methods as the main factor were conducted on four levels (including drip irrigation, basin irrigation, furrow irrigation, and alternate middle irrigation) and using of vermicompost on two levels (0 and 15 ton/ha) and application of salicylic acid on two levels (0 and 1 mM) were performed as minor factors. The results showed the highest activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed in alternate middle irrigation with the combined consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid and the lowest them activity in drip irrigation. The amount of malondialdehyde was higher in alternate middle irrigation than drop irrigation and application of vermicompost and salicylic acid simultaneously was decreased amount of malondialdehyde. Also, the highest seed yield and chlorophyll content were observed in drip irrigation with the combined consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid. The results of this study showed that consumption of vermicompost and salicylic acid has a role in eliminating the negative effects of stress, and can improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes and increase the yield of milk thistle plant.

Today medicinal plants are an important part of the traditional medicine in many countries, they also have a special place and high value in new therapeutic approaches. Iran is one of the major habitats of many medicinal plants, one of these medicinal herbs, lavender with the scientific name (Lavendula officinalis L.) is an evergreen plant from Lamiaceae family. Lavender belongs to arid and semi-arid areas. It needs lots of light, warm weather and less humidity during growth. Under such conditions, the performance of the flower, essence, as well as the quality of the essence increases. Salinity is the presence of soluble salts and mineral elements in water and soil that will lead to the salt accumulation in the root area so that the plant will face difficulty absorbing enough water from the soil solution. Soil salinity is one of the most important factors limiting crop yields around the world, that this issue, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas is considered as one of the most fundamental problems of agricultural sector. Iran, with warm and dry climate is no exception to this issue. More than half of its arable lands (around 27 million hectares) is formed from salty soil and sodium. So in order to make the optimal use of these lands and saline water resources, a reformative important approach is to boost plant tolerance associated with higher production capacity. To deal with the stress, plants have a defense system with high efficiency which can destroy or neutralize free radicals. This defense system, includes enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. according to the above mentioned items, this study was done to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid on the soluble sugars, Proline, activity of antioxidant enzyme of lavender herb (Lavendula officinalis L.), in salinity tension situation to reduce the bad effects of tension.
To investigate the effect of Salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid solution on soluble sugar, Proline and antioxidant enzyme activity of lavender herb in salt tension situation, the pot experiments was done in 1393 in Azad Islamic University, Yadegar Imam Khomeini (RAH) branch of Ray city also the greenhouses that located in strict 4. The experiment was done through a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized basis with four replications. The experimental factors were included salt stress from salt (NaCl) in four levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 mM), Salicylic acid in two levels (0 and 0.7 mM), and Jasmunic acid in two levels (0 and 100 mM).
The results of the comparison of the salinity average simple effects showed that this factor caused an increase in soluble sugar, proline, activity of antioxidant enzymes such as Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Peroxidase, Ascorbate peroxidase and Glutathione peroxidase. According to the research, the use of Salicylic acid, Jasmonic acid through increasing the activity of soluble sugar and proline, increased plant resistance in saline conditions. The results of the study also showed that only the interaction of the three attributes of treatments of the experiment on Peroxidase, Ascorbate peroxidase’s traits was significant. In this case, the highest Peroxidase activity (50/27 mg pr/min) and ascorbate peroxidase (24/12 mg pr/min), in salinity factor 75 mM and the absence of the two mentioned compounds was obtained.
According to the results of the experiment, it can be confirmed that following the use of Salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid under salt stress, proline and soluble sugars contents were increased and antioxidant enzyme activities were decreased. In other words, while using these two compounds, the lavender medicinal herb has used soluble sugar and Proline to cope with the salt stress.

An experiment in the split plot factorial design using the randomized complete block design was conducted in Damghan, Semnan Province, Iran in the cropping year 2012-2013 to study the effects of irrigation cessation (based on the phenological stages of the plants) on physiological characteristics of forage millet cultivars. The treatments included three irrigation levels (the control with full irrigation, irrigation cessation when flowering started, and irrigation cessation when flowering ended) in the main plots, and applying nitroxinbiofertilizer () and not applying nitroxinbiofertilizer (control) and forage millet cultivars (Bastan, Pishahang, and Isfahan) in the subplots. The maximum water-soluble carbohydrates contents were observed in the cultivar Bastan (8.91%, respectively), the highest contents of fiber and water (74.17 and 48.83%, respectively) in the treatment of irrigation cessation when flowering started, and the largest proline concentration (1.90 mol/g-1ww-1 in the treatment of irrigation cessation when flowering started. Millet tolerated high levels of drought under conditions of irrigation cessation and Nitroxin, as a biological fertilizer, was useful in producing a good quality crop. The very rapid growth of millet, its short growing season, drought tolerance, unique feature with regard to harvest time, and its response to nitroxinbiofertilizer can help to expand its cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran.

To study the effect of corm density on yield and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under different biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with 3 replications was done in 2014 at Shahr-e-Rey region (Ghomi Abad). The experimental factors were: corm density in 3 levels (60, 120 and 180 corm per square meter) and biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers in 4 levels (without fertilizer application, 150 kg.ha-1 of Urea, 5 L.ha-1 of Nitroxin and 75 kg.ha-1 of Urea L.ha-1 of Nitroxin). The results indicated that the corm density affects number of daughter corm, fresh daughter corm weight, corm diameter, dry stigma and style weight, dry and fresh flower weight significantly. Mean comparisons also indicated that by increasing corm density from 6o to 180, saffron dry yield of saffron improved by 2.7 fold. However, increasing corm density reduced corm diameter, fresh corm daughter weight and their numbers per square meter. It can be concluded that nitroxin as an organic fertilizer, increases vegetative traits and saffron dry yield (stigma style weight) to 2.08 kg.ha-1 and highly improves in qualitative traits like Safranal, Picrocrocin, and Crocin. It can be also said that combined use of nitroxin and urea would be an alternative method to reduce application of urea.

Obesity is one of the global health problems that causes tissue damage and mortality due to hormonal changes and increased inflammatory markers and metabolic syndrome indices. For this reason, this study was conducted to investigate changes of endurance training with flax seed on cortisol concentration and lipid profile of obese women. In the present study, 48 obese women aged 30-40 years old were randomly divided into four groups of 12, including 1. Endurance training, 2. Flaxseed supplementation, 3. Endurance training with flaxseed supplementation and 4. Control. Groups 1 and 3 performed endurance training for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week at 40-70% of maximum heart rate, group 2 consume 6 grams flax seed daily and group 4 did not have any exercise and flaxseed consumption. Blood samples were measured before and after 8 weeks of endurance training and flax seed consumption. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential tests of one-way ANOVA, Tukey‘ s post hoc, and paired sample t-tests were used at the significance level of 0.05. The results showed a significant difference in endurance training, endurance training with flax seed and control groups also showed a non-significant difference in flax seed group in cholesterol (p=0.003, p=0.001, p<0.001, p=0.065 respectively), triglyceride (p=0.002, p=0.001, p=0.01, p=0.12 respectively) and LDL (p=0.008, p=0.003, p=0.028, p=0.091 respectively) HDL (p=0.011, p=0.014, p=0.031, p=0.26 respectively), also based on the findings of the study, non-significant differences were found between the levels of cortisol in the research groups (p=0.26, p=0.12, p=0.18, p=0.75 respectively). It seems that endurance trainings with flax seed can improve the lipid profiles of obese women.

In this research, the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, crop density and variety were investigated on weeds management of wheat with emphasis on winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) and flixweed (Descurainia sophia). The experiment was carried out as split plot factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at research field of Plant Protection Research Institute, Varamin, Iran, in 2011. Urea fertilizer was considered as main factor and combination of density-variety as sub factor. Results of this study showed that increasing density of Pishtaz and Toos varieties led to reduce in frequency and dry weight of winter wild oat, flixweed and total weed, so that the lowest frequency of winter wild oat (3.55 and 3.66 plant/m2 in Pishtaz and Toos, respectively) was observed at 700 plant/m2 wheat density and it was 3.33 and 3.66 for flixweed in Pishtaz and Toos, respectively. Hovewer, the frequency and dry weight of winter wild oat, flixweed and total weeds increased by increasing the urea fertilizer levels, so that the minimum frequency of total weeds (9.33 plant/m2) was observed to 250 kg/ha urea fertilizer and 700 plant/m2 density of Toos cultivar. Results showed that grain yield decreased in higher densities because of intra-species competition. Due to the reduce in grain yield of Toos variety, the suitable density for this variety was 500 plant/m2, while Pishtaz variety showed a positive reaction to both fertilizer levels and plant density and therefore, the density of 600 plant/m2 was appropriate to control winter wild oat, flixweed and total weeds in this variety. Although the urea fertilizer increased dry weight of winter wild oat, flixweed and total weeds, however 250 and 450 kg/ha urea fertilizer were satisfactory to achieve suitable grain yield in Tous and Pishtaz varieties, respectively. So for weeds control by increasing the wheat density, fertilizer application should also be increased, therefore to use these methods with a view to reducing herbicide, an appropriate balance between these factors must be established.

Lavender (Lavendula officinalis L.) is the most important medicinal plant, belongs to lamiaceae family in which had a role in ancient medicine. Growth and yield of plants are being limited by the abiotic environmental stresses including salinity in many places throughout the world, which have caused a widespread harm to the plants, also it is considered as an important functional limitations for yield around the world. This study was done to evaluate effect of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on some growing traits and sodium and potassium content of the root and shoot in Lavender in salinity stress conditions. Also evaluating the foliar application of salicylic acid and jasmonic effect to reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress and reach to the effective introduction of new inputs was examined.
This experiment was done at Azad Islamic University, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre-Rey branch and greenhouse located in the Region 4 in Jun 2015. The experiment was done as factorial based on completely randomized blocks deisign with four replications. The experimental factors were included salt stress (NaCl) in four levels (0, 25, 50, 75 mM), Salicylic acid in two levels (0 and 0.7 mM), and Jasmunic acid in two levels (0 and 100 µM).
The average comparison simple effects of salinity showed that this factor significantly reduced the morphological traits of root and shoot dry weight, root and shoot length, branches number, Leaves surface, also maide decreased in root and shoot potassium, and increased the root and shoot sodium. The results indicated that only triple interaction effect of experimental factors were meaningful on dry weight of root, At this situation the optimum root dry weight equivalent 2.21 gr, was gained in the factors of salinity stress and Salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid foliar application. According to findings, the highest root potassium contents with 1.20 and 1.96 element weight percent per dry matter conducted in non-salt stress treatment and 0.7 mM Salycilic acid or 100 µm Jasmonic acid application conditions alternatively.
Based on the results, it seems that potasium adsobtion in root and shoot has a role in enhancing salt resistance as an effective mechanism. However in most of experimental traits, the role of Salycilic acid in enhancing growth traits potasium content of root and shoot and at the other side sodium decrease in root and shoot of Lavender was more effective than Jasmonic acid.

Environmenal problems resulting from application of nitrogen fertilizers in the production plant materials led agricultural specialists to use clean and alternative methods to towards the organic farming and use of organic fertilizers. In this study, thus, the effect of nitrogen and vermicompost fertilizer rates on yield, yield components, essential oil content and some morphological traits of marigold was studied in a split plot experiment based on completely randomized blocks design with 3 replications in Shahr-e-Rey region during 2013 growing season. Nitrogen rates with 3 levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg.ha-1) were assigned to main plots and vermicompost with 3 levels (0, 10, and 20 t.ha-1) to the sub plots. Mean comparison of simple effects indicated that the plants treated with 120 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and 20 t.ha-1 organic fertilizer vermicompost produced higher trait values under study than control (non application of vermincompost). Interaction effect of experimented factors was significant on all traits under evaluation. Thus, highest seed yield (1567 kg.ha-1), biological yield (6664 kg.ha-1) and essential oil yield (8.85 kg.ha-1) obtained by the application of 120 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and 20 t.ha-1 varmicompost. Based on the results obtained it could be said that nitrogen and vermicompost may improve seed and biological yield and yield components of marigold.

Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is a genus of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae. There are about 30 different species called savories, which summer savory and winter savory are the most important in cultivation. Satureja species are native to warm temperate regions and may be annual or perennial (Hadian et al., 2008; Rechinger, 1982). Soil salinity is one of the main environmental stresses affecting the growth of plants and their yield (Allakhverdiev et al., 2000). Adaptation of plants to environmental stresses such as salinity performs by accumulation of metabolites as carbohydrates and proline (Sanito di Toppy and Gabbrielli, 1999). Ascorbic acid is a powerful antioxidant that leads to inhibition of the free radicals by reduction (Fecht Christoffers et al., 2003). Gibberellins are commercial mushroom cultures obtained from pure and natural product known that used in plants. There are four types of GA; the best known is gibberellic acid which has positive effect on metabolites related to salinity tolerance (Hedden and Proebsting, 1999).
Material and Due to study the effect of salinity stress on some non-enzymatic mechanisms of savory under ascorbate and gibberellin application, a pot experiment was done in a greenhouse located in Pakdasht region and Islamic Azad University, Eslamshahr and Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre-rey Branchs in 2013. The experimental design consisted of a sixteen treatments, arranged as factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications, giving a total of 64 pots. Five-weeks old savory plants were sprayed with ascorbic acid (0 and 4 mM) and gibberellins
(0 and 4 mM) before inducing salinity stress with different concentrations of saline water
(0, 25, 50 and 75 millimolar). Control plants were sprayed with distilled water. Saline water was delivered to plants twice a week and last for three weeks. The proline by Bates et al (1973), Protein by Bradford (1976) and soluble and non soluble carbohydrates by Kochert (1978) were determined. The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance using Duncan Multiple Range Test (P≤0.05) using SAS software.
The results showed that, with the exception of ascorbate effect on shoot soluble carbohydrates, the other main effects of experimental factors were significant on all non-enzymatic mechanisms of savory tolerance. So the intense salinity showed the highest decreased in physiological traits such as shoot and root protein (304.93 mg/L and 147.71 mg/L) and shoot and root non soluble carbohydrates (11.27 and 8.25) and improved shoot and root proline (27.46 mg/L and 16.52 mg/L) and shoot and root soluble carbohydrates (18.49 mg/l and 16.32 mg/l) to decrease the harmful effects of salt stress. The results revealed that only triple interaction effects of experimental factors were significant on shoot soluble carbohydrates and shoot and root non soluble carbohydrates and protein. So, the shoot soluble carbohydrates and Shoot and root proline content has 8.23, 1.92 and 3.73 manifold increase than control in 75 mM NaCl and ascorbate and gibberellin foliar application alternatively. Therefore it can be concluded that shoot soluble carbohydrates is the most main non-enzymatic mechanisms of salt tolerance in savory especially in ascorbate and gibberellins foliar application. Some reports indicated that ascobate increased proline content in bean and pea (Alqrainy, 2007) and okra (Baghizadeh et al., 2009) that are coordinate to our findings. Hoda et al (2010) revealed that GA improved both Shoot and root soluble and non soluble carbohydrates as the best and rapid non-enzymatic mechanisms of stress tolerance in citrus.
The results showed that salinity stress increased shoot and root soluble carbohydrates and proline and reduced shoot and root non soluble carbohydrates and protein. At the same time, spraying 4 ascorbate and 2 mM GA affected all associated non-enzymatic traits to salt stress resistance, however the additive effect of GA was more than ascorbate.

Drought is one of the most limiting factors on plant production and both the grain yield and yield components of medicinal plants are influenced by it. Today, factors stated as being capable of improving stress resistance are included in the research requirements and organic methods are given the priority. In order to achieve these aims, the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and humic acid on the yield and yield components of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under drought stress conditions were evaluated.
An experiment was carried out during 2013 in the Northeast of Qom region, as a split factorial based on complete randomized blocks design in 3 replications. Irrigation interval on 3 levels (irrigation after 40, 70 and 100 mm evaporated water from a class A evaporation pan) as the main factor, humic acid at 2 levels (non-application and application) and PGPR using methods on 4 levels (non-application and application by seed inoculation, irrigation water and seed inoculation irrigation water) as factorial were considered as subfactors. Humic acid and PGPR applications in irrigation water were undertaken twice at the 4- and 12-leaf formation stages. The humic acid consumption volume was 3 liters per hectare for each irrigation treatment. The PGPR sources applied were Azotobacter (Azotobacter crococcum) and Azospirillum (Azospirillum brasilense).
The results demonstrated that drought stress had a significant decreasing effect on all experimented traits; however, PGPR and humic acid had a positive effect on evaluated characteristics in both stress and non-stress conditions (irrigation after 40 mm). According to the findings, with the exception PGPR × humic acid, all double and triple interaction effects were significant on seed and biological yield of basil. In this case, the highest seed yield (2336.67 kg ha-1) and biological yield (6867.01 kg ha-1) were observed in the 40 mm irrigation, humic acid and PGPR (seed inoculation irrigation water) treatment. The triple interaction effect of experimented factors was meaningful on 1000 seed weight. In this case, the highest amounts of the aforementioned traits (2.09 g) belonged to the integrated use of PGPR sources and humic acid in the optimal irrigation method (irrigation at 40 mm evaporation) and resulted in a 26.31 percent increase compared to the control treatment. Based on the research findings, drought stress improved the shoot essential oil content of basil; however, application of anti-stress agents by providing most of the plant requirements under both normal irrigation and water deficit stress conditions eventually made and stored higher essence content.
The drought stress created by increasing irrigation intervals, reduced significantly all yield and yield components of basil. Overall, the PGPR and humic acid application decreased adverse effects of water deficit stress, although the role of PGPR was greater than that of humic acid. The effect of experimental factors on the shoot essential oil percentage was in contrast and, under these circumstances, the role of drought stress in the consequential changes in essence content was greater than the total impact of the stimulating factors, namely PGPR and humic acid.

Although herbs have been important and attractive since long time ago, they have gained such popularity due to the adverse side effects of chemical medicines that nowadays their cultivation has become among significant agricultural programs of most developed countries. In order to study the effects of chemical, organic, and biological fertilizers on Medicinal Chamomile yield and its components, a split plot experiment laid out in a randomized complete blocks design was conducted with three replications. The experimental fertilizing factors were applied as follows: chemical N as the main factor at four different levels (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg.ha-1), manure as the secondary factor at two different levels (0 and 30 kg.ha-1), and Nitroxin, an organic fertilizer, as the subordinate factor at two levels (not inoculating versus inoculating Chamomile seeds). Results revealed that chemical N and organic fertilizers significantly affected plant height, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per capitols, seed yield, 1000 seeds yield, and Nitrogen use efficiency, but there were no significant effects on root length and number of capitols per plant. The number of capitols per plant was not affected by any of the studied factors, but root length was only affected by biological fertilizer. Compared to the control, seed yield was increased 53%, 53%, and 59% respectively. Among these three experimented fertilizers, the biological Nitroxin was the most influential one on the above mentioned traits.

To study the effects of drought stress, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and humic acid on yield and yield components of durum wheat, an experiment was conducted at research field of Islamic Azad University, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini, Shahr-e-Rey, Iran, in 2011-2012 growth season. The experiment was carried out as split-plot factorial in randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental factors were irrigation regimes in three levels (irrigation after 80, 120 and 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) in main plots and humic acid and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR, Azospirillum and Azotobacter pseudomonas) both in two levels, (application and non-application) as factorial in sub-plots. The results indicated that apart from the effect of humic acid on grain number and biological yield, the main effect of other factors were significant on all evaluated traits. In this case, decreasing irrigation interval to 80 mm, increased grain yield to 3655.37 kg/ha and application of PGPR increased grain and biological yield (9.4% and 4.6% respectively). The application of humic acid also increased grain yield (6.9%) compared to non-application. Among the interaction effects, only the irrigation × PGPRs were significant on peduncle length and number of spikes per m2. In this circumstance, irrigation after 80 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan under both inoculated and non-inoculated grains by PGPRs showed the highest amounts of mentioned traits than control. The findings of this research showed that the positive effect of PGPRs on most studied traits was more than humic acid.

The effect of irrigation intervals، humic acid and plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria (Azotobacter، Azospirillum pseudomonas) was studied on yield and yield components of wheat (Kavir cultivar) in Fashafuyeh region، Iran in 2010-2011. Experiment was carried out as split factorial based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Main Factor was irrigation at three levels (irrigation after 80، 120 and 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and humid acid and plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria at two levels of application and non-application were considered as sub-factors. The result indicated that water stress significantly decreased seed yield duo to a decreased seed numbers per spike. Water stress also decreased biological yield، significantly. Application of plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria significantly effected seed yield and harvest index percentage. Besides، application of humid acid increased spike number per unit area and biological yield in high stress condition (irrigation after 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan). According to the results، application of plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria and humid acid as two important biological fertilizers can reduce inverse effect of water deficit stress on yield and yield components of wheat.

To evaluate the effect of ascorbate and gibberellin on some morphological traits and relative water content of medicinal plant fenugreek in different levels of salinity, an experiment was carried out in Shahr- e - Rey branch of Islamic Azad University in October 2012. The experiment was arranged as factorial experiment in the basis of completely randomized design with four replications. The experimental factors included four salinity levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM), three ascorbate levels (0, 3 and 6 mM) and two gibberellin levels (0 and 2 mM). The results showed that, the simple effect of salinity, gibberellin and ascorbate on experimented traits were significant. Except double effects of gibberellin and ascorbate on stem length, leaf area interaction effects of salinity and ascorbate on relative water content, all double and triple interaction effects on experimented traits were not significant. The findings of the salinity simple effects indicated that, increase in salt concentration reduced the amount of concerned traits. So that the lowest biomass, vegetative growth and RWC were obtained in salinity by 90 mM. Gibberellin and ascorbate application could decrease adverse effects of stress, so that, by spraying these compounds on the plant, an increase was observed in leaf vegetative growth and relative water content.

Ascorbate is a strong antioxidant which has remarkable biological effects on plants growth، including an improvement in plants'' tolerance under salinity stress conditions. In the present study، the effect of salinity stress and its interaction with ascorbic acid was investigated on some morphological traits، cell membrane stability، leaf relative water content، and extract yield of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) under greenhouse conditions. This research was down as factorial based on completely randomized design with 4 replications. The plants were treated in different concentrations of sodium chloride (0، 70، 140، and 210 mM) and ascorbic acid (0، 10، and 20 mM) for 4 weeks after germination. In the treated plants with salt، increases in sodium chloride concentration reduced growth parameters such as roots and shoots fresh and dry weights، roots and shoots lengths، extract yield and relative water content (RWC). However، cell membrane stability and extract percent increased. Under the same salt stress conditions، increase in ascorbic acid concentrations improved all the studied characters، so that spraying 20 mM ascorbate conducted to the maximum amount of extract percentage (0. 0054 %) and extract yield reduced (0. 037 g/plant). The study also revealed that purslane is a medicinal plant with a high resistance to salinity stress and can generally be cultivated in saline soils.