amir mahmoodzadeh

Oxidative stress is associated with the pathology of various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. The aim of the study was to examine the impacts of the lavender aqueous extract (LAE) on the levels of oxidative stress markers in an animal model with chronic mild stress induced depression.

36 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were haphazardly split into 6 groups (n=6). Rats in the test groups were put through five weeks of chronic mild stress. The sucrose preference test (SPT) confirmed depressive-like behaviors in the rats. Rats in both unstressed and stressed control groups received LAE (200 or 400 mg / kg) and distilled water respectively. The specific activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), malondialdehyde (MDA) and as well as the total content of glutathione (GSH) were examined in the serum, liver and prefrontal cortex (PFC) using colorimetric assays.

  The stress group experienced a significantly decreased level of GSH, SOD, GR, Gpx and CAT, and a statistically considerable augment in MDA level in in the serum, PFC and liver p<0.05.  LAE at both doses significantly reversed the depression-caused oxidative stress markers in all the studied tissues. No significant difference was observed between the two used dosages of LAE.

LAE is able to ameliorate depression-induced pathology possibly through anti-oxidant activity.

Adrenomedullin (AM) has high expression in the spinal cord. In this study, we investigated the expression of AM and its receptor components, including calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal motor (SM) neurons. Furthermore, the effects of AM on cAMP/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), AKT/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) signaling pathways, and expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) were evaluated. Rat embryonic DRG and SM neurons were isolated, purified, and cultured. Real-time PCR was used to assess expressions of AM, CLR, and RAMPs. cAMP levels, p-CREB, BDNF, and NT-3 were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. p-AKT and p-GSK-3β levels were determined by western blotting. Real-time PCR showed expressions of AM, CLR, RAMP2, and RAMP3 in both DRG and SM neurons. AM increased cAMP accumulation and p-CREB levels in DRG and SM neurons. AM increased p-AKT and p-GSK-3β in DRG, but not SM neurons. AM significantly increased BDNF expression in both DRG and SM neurons. There was also an increase in NT-3 level in both DRG and SM neurons, which is statistically significant in SM neurons. These results showed both DRG and SM neurons are targets of AM actions in the spinal cord. An increase in BDNF expression by AM in both DRG and SM neurons suggests the possible beneficial role of AM in protecting, survival, and regeneration of sensory and motor neurons.

Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) is the frequent cause of neutropenia in infants and children. AIN is associated with reduced neutrophil count, which is due to aberrant cell-mediated or humoral immune response. In this review we will discuss the available diagnostic approaches and management of the diseases. We collected data from PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, Web of Science databases, using a group of key words, such as neutropenia, autoimmune, diagnosis and management from 2000 until 2019. The most important aspects of primary assessment in the affected children were family history and physical examinations. Diagnostic methods in this disease are granulocyte indirect agglutination test (GAT) and granulocyte immunofluorescence test (GIFT). However, the sensitivity and specificity of these tests are low. In these patients, injection of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), is the first line of treatment. Despite low prevalence, autoimmune neutropenia is a clinically significant disease and it is critical to identify it and pursue effective treatment in these patients.

Smartphone applications play a pivotal role in management, providing care and preventing infectious diseases. It also has the potential impact on supportive and self-care. This study aimed to identify the requirements for a smartphones self-care system to prevent corona-virus (COVID-19).

This was a descriptive study performed in two main stages in 2020. At the first stage, to recognize the requirements for a smartphones self-care system, similar articles were searched and identified. In the second stage, the identified requirements were validated through a researcher-made questionnaire. The sample size of the study consisted of infectious diseases specialists of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and frequency).

Requirements of the self-care system were identified in four areas: "demographic data, clinical requirements, self-care strategies, and technical characteristics". Also, according to the research community, 5 data elements for demographic data, 11 data elements for clinical requirements, 5 data elements for self-care strategies, and 11 data elements for technical characteristics were selected.

Applying the requirements and suggested strategies in the present study can improve self-care skills to prevent corona-virus, symptoms management, motivate and reduce stress, increase personal hygiene and communication with health care providers.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prevalent microvascular complications of diabetes, and the most leading cause of visual loss around the world. The lack of effective and approved treatment in DR is a major challenge for diabetic patients. Nowadays, natural compounds have got attention of the researchers for management of DR. Many evidences suggest that puerarin as a natural polyphenol exerts advantageous effects against DR. In the present review, we summarized the protective effects of puerarin against DR, and discussed the underlying mechanisms of these effects. Puerarin attenuates retinal neovascularization and neurodegeneration in diabetes mellitus, and the underlying mechanisms are related to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties of the compound. In conclusion, puerarin might be a potential adjuvant agent for the prevention and treatment of DR. However, comprehensive studies are necessary to show its effectiveness and safety, particularly in human.

In recent decades, energy companies have been thinking about remediation and recruitment of new human resources. The new wave of hiring has had both positive and negative effects. Negative effects (such as over-recruitment and crowding in companies, rising costs of human resources, etc.) have caused a crisis in some energy companies. The purpose of this study was to present a model for crisis management in oil companies' human resources system. The research method was descriptive survey and the statistical sample consisted of 200 managers and experts of the National Iranian Oil Company. Statistical software was also used to analyze the results. The results showed that except for one index (identifying the probable events) all of the mentioned indicators of the model can be prescribed for human resource crisis management strategies in oil companies. The highest mean score is related to the index "Developing Human Resources Management Policies and Measures to Promote Motivation, Job Satisfaction and Commitment of Employees" and the next indicator is the priorities of implementing training courses for empowerment.

 Iran is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world against the earthquake at the present time (Zabardast, 2013: 1331). According to the seismic hazard map of Iran, almost the whole territory of the country is in relatively medium to high hazard area(Ziari, 2006: 283). Najaf Abad city is located near the Isfahan with the population more than 221000 individual (in the year 2011) and the most important service center after Isfahan within the urban set of Isfahan. In terms of geology, Najaf Abad is located within Sanandaj-Zirjan zone regarded as one of the most active zones (Darvishzadeh, 2013: 118). Based on the conducted studies, the occurrence of earthquake over this zone is constantly possible (Shahpasandzadeh & Heidari, 2007: 64). With respect to the seismo-tectonics map of Iran, this county is located within a zone with a relatively medium hazard and the event of historical earthquakes and 20th century over Isfahan extension as well as the basic trend of faults and dynamic structures in this zone indicate the relatively high rate of seismicity of this area (Ambraseys & Melville, 1991: 133), (Safaei, 2003: 15). Regarding the importance of the issues related to the earthquake, the main objective of this research is to study and analyze the risk of Najaf Abad city to the possible earthquake. Basically, dedicating meaningful weights to physical , social,...attributes for evaluating the seismic vulnerability and providing a local model make the practical application of seismic risky analysis possible.  The data collection as library including using the maps, the information of development plan and urban planning, aerial images, and statistical data related to population census in 2011. The procedure is based on a multiple decision-making approach. In order to analyze the data, Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Super Decision software were used and the maps and informational layers provided in ArcGIS environment. Hence, with reference to the previous conducted studies and making benefit from the views of some experts in this regard, 5 criteria and 18 sub-criteria were considered to prepare the vulnerability map of the town to theseismic risk. In addition, having the maps and information related to the relatively earthquake risk over the zone and regarding the mentioned descriptions given in theoretical concepts section, the earthquake risk within the viewed area will be studied and analyzed based on the proposed model. 3-1- Studying of earthquake risk over the zone - Studying tectonic and faults conditions of the zone The contact of this town with the surrounding mountains is usually from the type of the fault that threats the town less and more due to its being active. The super-faults of Qom-Zafreh, Zagros and Rokh are located surrounding this district. Evidence shows that whenever they start to vibrate, they will certainly affect this area (Nabavi, 1976: 70). Moreover, according to the studies recently done on the seismic condition of Isfahan zone, a lot of important active faults, some with a higher than 100 km length have been detected within an area with a 100 km radius of Isfahan city (Safaei, 2005: 109). - Studying seismic condition of zone With respect to two references; Iranian historical earthquakes ((Ambraseys & Melville, 1991: 133) and Iranian earthquakes catalogues (Berberian, 1994), several historical earthquakes (higher than 5 Richter) and 95 earthquakes higher than 2.5 Richter at time interval 1962-2014 3-2- Analysis of the town vulnerability using ANP model This research regards the vulnerability as an integration of the risky factors (environmental, anatomic, social etc.) and the coping capacity of community (aid and management indices) and studies the vulnerability of Najaf Abad town through considering 5 basic criteria and 18 sub-criteria. Therefore, firstly the maps related to sub-criteria were prepared, converted to Raster and reclassified. Then, to weight the above indices, AHP model was used into Super Decision software environment. Finally, through introducing the obtained weights to the relevant layers, the maps were overlapped and the general vulnerability map of the town provided.3-3- Evaluation of the Urban risk to the earthquakeThe proposed model was used in this survey emphasizing that a risk is the result of integrating two factors; hazard and vulnerability. In this model, a risk based on the linear relationship between these factors as Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability is determined. Studying the tectonic conditions of the zone showed that there is the continuous possibly of earthquake hazard in this zone. On the other hand, due to the small area of under study zone, if one of the faults of this zone is activated promptly and/or the occurrence of an earthquake is possible, the whole county may be affected and the rate of hazard for the whole points is almost the same. Hence, with respect to the risk map of the town, around 33% of undeveloped area of the town is with a high risk involving the central core of the town and burnt brick buildings and some of the cement block buildings with more than 30 years old. In addition, 27% of this area has a medium risk including the buildings with masonry materials (brick and iron), without proper foundations and often with more than 30 years old.  Studying different models showed that risk is the combination of hazard and vulnerability. In this survey, initially the study of the zone tectonic condition showed that the threat of earthquake hazard is inevitable for this town. The results show that about 60% of developed areas of the town were found to be with a medium to high risk. These areas were located in the central district of the town that constructed by masonry and reinforced masonry buildings. Finally, the synthesis of the population distribution map and the risk map indicate that more than 51000 individuals are in the high to very high risk zone.

Many of engineering problems have nonlinear or highly nonlinear limit state functions. Different approaches have been developed in calculating of failure probability in these problems. These methods calculate failure probability by generating random samples with a specific distribution. The Monte Carlo is one the most efficient and applicable method among these approaches. However, this method has some problems including need to calculating of variable distribution function parameters and inverse cumulative density function of variables. In order to solve these deficiencies, in the present research, an efficient method for generating samples is presented. Additionally, enhancing performance of Monte Carlo method and more accurate results by minimum computational cost for functions with very low failure probability can be regarded as other advantages of the proposed method. For evaluating performance of the proposed method, four engineering problems have been investigated and the obtained results for calculating of failure probability have been compared with available methods. By applying the proposed method, such main steps can be neglected and stable results with high accuracy can be gained in comparison with traditional methods in lower sample numbers too.

Many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threats to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention, although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. In this paper, an indicator-based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. The resulting multi-hazard version of the PTVA consists of four steps: the identification of the study area and relevant hazards as well as the acquisition of hazard information, the determination of vulnerability indicators and collection of data, the weighting of factors and vulnerability assessment, and finally, the consideration of hazard vulnerability. After the introduction of the newly developed methodology, a pilot application is carried out in a part of Shiraz municipality located in the Iran. In this case study the vulnerability of buildings and humans is assessed. The implementation of the methodology leads to reasonable results indicating the vulnerable buildings and supporting the priority setting of different end-users according to their objectives. The constraints of the presented methodology are: a) the fact that the method is not hazard-intensity specific, thus, vulnerability is measured in a rather qualitative and relative way, b) the high amount of data required for its performance, and c) Indicator-based vulnerability approaches are flexible and can be adjusted to the different hazards as well as to specific user needs.
Multi hazard pose a serious threat to human life. It can cause considerable damages. The evaluation of the expected losses due to multi hazard requires a risk assessment. Multi-hazard risk assessment allows the identification of the most endangered areas and suggests where further detailed studies have to be carried out.
Aim: This study aims to give a new methodology for Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment that makes the comparability analysis of vulnerability easier for different hazards and accounts for possible triggering (domino) effects.
Methods used in this paper are based on theoretical approach and documentation. Two types of hazards will be assessed, namely earthquake and fire following earthquake.
Statistical Analysis: Semi-quantitative and quantitative approach would assess risk rates at both regional and local levels.
In this study, representation of a new methodology for multi hazards risk assessment includes determination of a model with parameters, consideration of the indicator-based pattern of vulnerability assessment that selected all of the relevant indicators and presented new classification of indicators based on comparison to different hazards and possible triggering (domino) effects. This means that a potential multi-hazard indicator could be higher than the simple aggregation of single risk indicators calculation.
The focus is on establishing a general overview of the emerging issues, and indicating how hazard relations can be considered in multi-hazard studies. The hazard relations are identified and studied by means of a new method and the overlay of hazard areas to determine overlaps in final multi hazards map.

Iran is known as a country with high seismic activities, very large earthquakes with long return periods, wherein the absence of earthquake in an area doesnt indicate permanent stability. Referring to earthquake zoning map of Iran, it is evident that more than 90% of the area of this country rests on the earthquake risk zone. In this context, the evaluation of the seismic vulnerability of different regions of the country in order to reduce the vulnerability of urban communities should be of high priority.
This research is an applied type one and done in analytical method. in addition to introduce the Vulnerability concepts , we used a variety of quantitative and qualitative parameters, on the basis of multi-criteria decision making approach and network analysis process (ANP) assessment of the seismic vulnerability of Najaf Abad. Vulnerability analysis conducted by AHP model and the results of this model are also presented, as well as comparing the results from the ANP and AHP models.
With respect to the vulnerability zoning map of the city, around 30% of developed area of the town is within high and very high vulnerability range and 37% of the town has a medium vulnerability. Finally through overlaying the population distribution map on the vulnerability map it was concluded that more than 51000 individuals are in the high and very high vulnerability zones. Because of the interdependence between the criteria and sub-criteria, the results of ANP is more logical and better adjusted between the two methods with the same conditions.

Earthquake is a visible and repatable natural disaster which can be felt in the geological time scale.However, lack of earthquakes does not show permanent stability in the region. More than 90% of the area is located on the earthquake belt referring to the relative hazard zonation map of earthquakes in Iran. In this regard, the seismic vulnerability evaluation in different regions of the country should be a priority in the planning.
In this analytical and applied research, introducing different perspectives in relation to vulnerability, firstly, spatial autocorrelation analysis (ARCGIS)is used in order to identify patterns of population distribution in the city of Najaf Abad. Then, a variety of qualitative and quantitative parameters and analytic network process (ANP) is used on the basis of multi-criteria decision approach to analyze the seismic vulnerability in Najafabad.
Findings: The results showed the presence of a cluster pattern of population distribution in the city and high population density in the central part of the city and Yazdanshahr town in the southwestern. Also, about 30% of total vulnerability hazard map developed in accordance with the city's high vulnerability zone and 37% of the area were with an average of ​​vulnerability. With the implementation of the zoning map of population distribution, over 51,000 persons (at a density between 70 and 100 ones per hectare) were in high vulnerability.
According to new theories such as risk-crisis management, long-term goals can be achieved if the safety of the city against earthquake risk consider as an objective and comprehensive planning at all levels with emphasis on socio-economic factors.

Background and Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and in Iran. As conventional therapies such as surgery and chemotherapy are invasive with adverse effects, current studies are important as they are conducted to find natural compounds with few adverse effects. In this study, melittin with 26 amino acids was isolated and purified from bee venom and its effect on the viability and proliferation of gastric cancer cells was investigated. At first, melittin was purified from honeybee venom by a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP- HPLC) and using C18 column. The biologic activity of melittin was evaluated by hemolytic test on red blood cells to melittin standard. To investigate the effect of melittin on viability and proliferation of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells, the related cells were cultured in a 96-well plate and treated with serially diluted concentrations of melittin for 6 and 12 hours and their mortality was determined by MTT [(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] colorimetric method at 540 nm wavelengths. The obtained chromatogram from RP-HPLC showed that melittin comprised 50% of the studied bee venom. SDS-PAGE analysis of melittin fraction confirmed purity of isolated melittin. Hemolytic assay showed that the extracted melittin indicates a strong hemolytic activity (HD50=0.55μg/ml). MTT assay showed that melittin strongly inhibits proliferation of gastric cancer cells at concentrations more than 2μg/ml. This inhibitory effect depends on melittin concentration and time. The results of this study showed that melittin is a strong inhibitor of proliferation of the gastric cancer cells. Also, it was observed that this inhibitory effect is increased with increasing concentrations of melittin and incubation time.

Health volunteers are an inseparable part of the health workforce in most developed countries. Many organizations are unable to provide their services appropriately particularly in case of accidents and unexpected crises without the attendance of these volunteers. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between motivational factors and satisfaction of health volunteers at the time of unexpected crisis. This descriptive-correlative study was conducted in 2011. The statistical population of the study consisted of all health volunteers of Kerman province, Iran, of whom 360 were selected using a random stratified sampling approach. The data gathering instruments were the Motivational Factors Questionnaire and the Galindo-Kuhn and Guzley questionnaire on satisfaction. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used for testing of hypotheses. Among the motivational factors, the purposeful (mean = 3.88) and financial factors (mean = 2.72) had the highest and the lowest averages, respectively. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between all the motivational factors (occupational, financial, progress, purposive, commitment, social, and support) and satisfaction. The Purposeful and financial factors had the most (r = 0.6) and the least (r = 0.43) correlation with volunteer's satisfaction, respectively. Discussion and The result of this research shows that in order to recruit more volunteers in the health sector, it is necessary to place more emphasis on commitment and purposive motivational factors. It is hoped that the satisfaction and retention of volunteers be improved as a result of the improvement of each motivational factor.