h. alizadeh

Intensive agriculture, despite high production, has adverse environmental effects, mainly due to the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Therefore, we need alternative agricultural systems that are more economically and environmentally sustainable to produce crops. One of the sustainable methods in the production of agricultural products is intercropping. Intercropping of two or more species in a plot of land can increase biodiversity and resource utilization as agricultural perspective, which in turn can lead to increased yield stability. Intercropping uses resources more efficiently than monoculture, preventing the growth and spread of weeds by shading and suffocating weeds, and in some cases with allelopathic. Intercropping of cereals and legumes is recommended for the development of sustainable food production systems, especially in planting systems based on reduced consumption of foreign inputs. The importance of these systems depends on the nitrogen stabilized by the legumes. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of row intercropping of barley and vetch and different levels of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on weed biomass, yield components and yield of two species in Karaj climatic condition.

This experiment was performed as a factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design in 2019-2020 cropping year in the research farm of the Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Main plots included three levels of ammonium nitrate fertilizer (0, 35 and 70 kg.ha-1) and sub-plots include different ratios of barley and vetch (100% barley, 80% barley: 20% vetch, 80% barley: 45% vetch, 80% barley: 70% vetch, 100% vetch, 80% vetch: 20% barley, 80% vetch: 45% barley, 80% vetch: 70% barley) weeding and non-weeding were in three replications. Plant density in sole barley and vetch were 250 plants per square meter. The method of cultivation in this study was additive intercropping. Seeds were sown on November 6th. The first stage of fertilization was done simultaneously with planting and one third was added to each plot and the second and third stages of fertilization were performed in two stages of stem emergence and spike emergence, respectively from ammonium nitrate fertilizer source. The final harvest was done on July 28th. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 software. The least significant difference test (P≤0.05) was used to compare the means.

The highest barley grain yield (432.44 g) was related to sole barley, 70 kg ammonium nitrate and weed control, which was not significantly different with 80% B: 45%V, 70 kg ammonium nitrate and weed control. Also, the highest yield of vetch grain (161.47 g) was obtained in sole vetch, application of 70 kg ammonium nitrate and weed control treatment, which was not significantly different with 80%V: 20%B intercropping, application of 70 kg ammonium nitrate and weed control treatment. Weeds in this experiment include: Wild oats (Avena fatua), ryegrass (Lolium temulentum), Bromus (Bromus tectorum), Fox tail (Alopecurus myosuroides), Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense), London rocket (Sisymbrium irio), Cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus). The highest dry weight of weed (231.62 g) was observed in sole vetch, application of 70 kg.ha-1 ammonium nitrate fertilizer treatment. The highest land equivalent ratio LER (1.68) is related to 80% V: 70%B, non-application of ammonium nitrate fertilizer in weed control condition. Intercropping was successful in controlling weeds and using resources, thereby increasing the yield of plants in the experiment.

The results obtained from the experiment showed that all different systems of barley and vetch intercropping had land equivalent ratio higher than one, which indicates the superiority of intercropping over pure crops in the land use and crop production. Intercropping treatments were also able to control weeds. Intercropping with high ability to suppress weeds were able to use more resources. On the other hand, vetch biologically stabilized nitrogen was able to reduce the need for fertilizer in plants.

The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the safety and efficiency of concurrent administration of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) in patients with brain metastases. Based on numerous preclinical reports, inhibition of autophagy by HCQ can significantly enhance the efficacy of DNA-damaging therapies improving results of radiation therapy. The primary end point of this study was response to treatment and complications, determined by the National Cancer Institute Common Toxic Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) scale V5.0.

Patients with pathologically-confirmed primary solid malignancies together with single or multiple brain metastases on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were enrolled in the study (n=64). Treatment with HCQ (200 mg/P.O. once daily) was begun concurrent with WBRT (total dose of 30 Grays (Gy) in 10 daily fractions) in case group. Control group received the standard regimen.

Analysis of complications and response rate at each follow up points revealed no statistically significant differences between the case and control groups. Although, median brain metastasis specific Progression Free Survival (PFS) was non-significantly longer in HCQ group compared to control. No grade 3 or more severe toxicities were reported during therapy in both groups of the study.

Although concurrent administration of HCQ with WBRT in patients who suffers from brain metastases was well tolerated, this combination did not meaningfully improve outcomes in comparison to WBRT alone.

In the last three decades, especially in the last few years, the Supreme Leader has addressed the officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran in many meetings and statements and tried to explain the expectations and characteristics of the country's officials in order to achieve the desired responsibility. To depict the progress and excellence of the country, in this regard, perhaps the most important and comprehensive document is the statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution. The aim of this study is to extract the components of responsibility in the system c. AA is based on the idea of the Supreme Leader and is formed using the data-based research method. The statistical population is dedicated to the full text of the second step of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the sample size includes parts of the statement in which the Supreme Leader recommends or demands the officials or the youth in order to be held accountable. The method of data collection, library and research tools is filing. 254 attributes (data) were extracted for accountability. The results of three-stage open, axial and selective coding led to the extraction of 63 concepts, 27 components and 4 dimensions, respectively. Findings show that in order to be responsible at the level of the Islamic Revolution, one must focus on the four basic components of "individual needs of officials", "responsibility demands of officials", "individual needs of youth" and "responsibility demands of Youth" was focused. Also, the Supreme Leader's view in delegating responsibility is to emphasize the use of the youth and a function of the degree of adherence to religious, revolutionary and national rituals and values, moving on the basis of central justice and striving to ensure the security of the people and the country.

Dashte Abbas is one of the fertile plains of the Ilam Province situated in the southwest of Iran, where water resources are scarce, and often the quality of water is not suitable for agricultural uses. To solve the problem of water scarcity, the Karkheh-Dashte Abbas inter-basin water transfer project started operation in 2008. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different agricultural water management scenarios on the environmental and economic conditions in the Dashte Abbas using the System Dynamics (SD) approach. The conceptual model was considered based on five sub-models, including water demand, water supply, environmental stresses, environment, and water economics. The evaluated water transfer scenarios were allocation of 160, 170, 180, 200 Million Cubic Meters (MCM) water transferred from the Karkheh Dam and 90, 80, 70, and 60 MCM annual groundwater withdrawal from the aquifer, respectively. The results showed that in all scenarios, water transfer increased groundwater level, decreased groundwater quality, reduced soil aeration and drainage, increased salinity of root zone and, consequently, reduced agricultural production in the plain. The results of the SD model demonstrate that the need for drainage is reduced with increasing groundwater consumption. The alternative cropping systems with higher water requirements, including forage crops and sugar beet, may be helpful to reduce drainage problems and to prevent construction of an underground drainage system. The results also confirmed that with the implementation of the first water allocation scenario (allocation of annual 160 MCM surface water transfer and annual 90 MCM of groundwater withdrawal) and cultivation of higher water requirement crops can reduce the rise in groundwater level and drainage problems. In these conditions, the water table remains almost constant at a depth of 10 meters.

Hospital waste requires special management due to the high level of hazardous properties. Regarding the fact that the incorrect disposal of medical waste is a serious threat to the environment and public health, health workers have a special role in this regard. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of education based on the theory of planned behavior on the risk of infectious leukemia among health workers working in Torbat Heydariyeh health care centers.

This was a quasi-experimental study in which 110 health workers working in Torbat Heydariyeh health center participated. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: control and   intervention. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Then a training session (question and answer) was held for two hours by the researcher and at the end each participant was given an educational pamphlet on the topic. The variables were evaluated for 2 months after the intervention. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software, paired t-test, independent t-test, and Chi-square.

The mean scores of the two groups in terms of knowledge, attitude, performance, behavioral intention, mental norms and perceived behavioral control were not significantly different before the study. After training, the mean scores of all the above variables in the test group increased significantly (P <0.05) but the mean scores of the control group did not differ significantly (P> 0.05).

The organization of educational sessions based on the theory of planned behavior increases the level of knowledge and skills of health care workers for proper disposal of infectious wastes.

Concerning the lack of budget to employ safety measures for all of the accident-prone roads, prioritization of accident-prone points helps us to have meaningful measures and investment efficiency increase. Hence, different techniques have been presented, with different methodologies based on their special hypothesizes. Because of the weakness in the establishment of the accident data bank, some of these methods have been channelized to the patterns in which the identification and prioritization process is independent from implementation of inefficient, incorrect and incomplete data. In this paper, it is tried to identify and prioritize the effective criteria in prioritization of accident-prone points including geometrical,physical and traffic characteristics, cost and number of accidents, using road safety experts’ view points and DEMATEL technique. In order to determine the extent of importance and effectiveness of factors to each other, some questionnaires were provided and the experts’ views were recorded. Through coding in MATLAB software, different phases of DEMATEL technique execution were done and the influence arrangement matrix was drafted. The results showed the cost criterion is the most effective factor on the other criteria and the number of accidents is the most impressionable factor from other criteria.

The construction of irrigation network and the water transfer from Karkheh Dam to Dashte-Abbas, due to neglecting the groundwater resources has increased groundwater level and waterlogging of the agricultural land in the recent years. The aim of this study was, therefore, to optimize the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources in Dashte-Abbas to minimize waterlogging problems and achieve the maximum net income. For this purpose, the behavior of groundwater was simulated using the system dynamics (SD) approach. The conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources was then optimized using the Vensim multi-criteria optimization method with the objective function of maximizing the net income of the plain. The SD model calibration was done using climatic, hydrological, agricultural, and environmental data from the 2001-2009 time period; then it was validated based on the information from the 2009-2016 period. Evaluation of the developed SD model showed that the model had high accuracy in simulating key variables such as groundwater levels (ME=60cm, R2=97%, RMSE=47cm) and groundwater salinity (RMSE=100μS/cm, R2=74%, and ME=123μS/cm). Furthermore, the results of the optimization model showed that the optimum use of surface and groundwater resources for the agricultural demand was 65% and 35%, respectively. To sum up, it could be concluded that with the optimization of the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resource, s about 10 MCM of water consumption could be annually saved to irrigate almost 800 ha of the new lands.

The aim of the present study was to meta-analytically review the effectiveness of the interventions, called the Response-to-Intervention, on improving the academic performance of students at risk of math disorder. To achieve the goal of the research using both manual and systematic search methods, 116 studies passed the initial screening, of which 35 were selected and analyzed using CMA 2 software because of meeting the input criteria. The research tools were research quality checklist and met-analysis checklist. The combined effect size of the researches obtained was 0.53. In addition, the role of moderating variables of the instructional approach (P≤0.05), grouping (P≤0.05), the student level of problem (P≤0.01) and the level of study (P≤0.05) was significant. The results showed that researches performed regarding the Response-to-Intervention affected the reduction of the problems of students at risk of math disorder. Also, the variables related to the intervention characteristics (intervention approach and type of grouping) and the subject characteristics (level of problem and level of study) improved the math performance of students at risk of math disorde.

Small and powerful promoters play a key role in recombinant protein expression in different hosts including Pichia pastoris. In the present study, expression of cellulase beta endoglucanase CMC3 gene was studied under the control of the alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) and methanol oxidase (MOX) promoters, with the methanol feeding, in the yeast Pichia pastoris. To avoid the gene dosage effect, colonies harbored single copy of target constructs were screened by Real-Time PCR method. The results of enzymatic assay, zymogaphy and SDS-PAGE for the culture of single copy harboring transformants showed powerful, comparable expression of CMC3 under the control of both MOX and AOX1 promoters. High-level expression of recombinant CMC3 under control of the MOX promoter indicated that this small, new powerful promoter could be considered as a promising tool for recombinant protein production in the yeast Pichia pastoris.

Weakness of the hip muscles has been hypothesized to influence lower limb alignment and contribute to patellofemoral pain. The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of additional strengthening of hip abductor and external rotator muscles in a strengthening quadriceps exercise program for patients with the patellofemoral pain syndrome. The participants were 21 patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. The subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention group (strengthening of quadriceps / hip abductor and external rotator muscles) or to the control group (strengthening of quadriceps). Both groups participated in an eight-week exercise protocol. The perceived pain symptoms, knee extensor, hip abductor and external rotator muscles strength and function of patients were assessed before and after treatment. Parametric tests were used to compare the groups before and after treatment with α=0.05. The 2 groups were homogeneous prior to treatment in respect to demographic, pain, and functional scales data. Both the intervention and control groups showed significant improvement in the post tests results in pain symptoms, the muscle strength, and the functional status, when compared to the pretest results. But there weren’t any significant differences between 2 groups. Both rehabilitation approaches improved function and reduced pain. Supplementation of strengthening of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles in a strengthening quadriceps exercise program didn’t provide additional benefits with respect to the perceived pain symptoms during functional activities in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome after eight weeks of treatment.

Velayat-e faqih is the invaluable legacy of Imam Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution's spirit and identity. Today, velayat-e faqih is not merely a political and jurisprudential theory alongside other theories, but it is the essence of the Islamic system and the backbone of the constitution and the legitimacy of the legislative, judicial and executive bodies rests upon it. Velayat-e faqih was the pivot point and the essential pillar of Imam Khomeini’s movement, which restored the identity of the Shiite community centuries after the beginning of asr-e gheybat (the age of concealment). A study of the history of the Islamic Revolution suggests that velayat-e faqih is the right path of the revolution and the standard against which people, groups and political factions’ following the path of the pure Islam and the Islamic Revolution can be measured. Hence, besides securing the principles of the revolution and its religious values and the pursuit of the right Islamic path, velayat-e faqih has made the enemies of the revolution disheartened and has given hope to its followers. Obviously, the more this essential pillar is valued and esteemed, the stronger the Islamic Revolution and political system originating from it will be and the easier it will be to neutralize the threats and make the future prospects brighter. This article attempts to look into some of the blessings that velayat-e faqih has offered to the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This study compares the effectiveness of two Behavioral Approach (BA) and Adler-Dreikurs parent training approach on improving family environment components. For this purpose، Barkley program (BA) and STEP (Adler-Dreikurs approach) were utilized. Five schools were selected randomly from region 7 in Tehran and 60 parents whose 7-11 years old boys had received the highest scores on Child Symptom Inventory (CSI-4) were randomly assigned into Behavioral، Adlerian and control groups. For data collection، in addition to CSI-4، the Family Environment Scale (FES. In order to analyze the data، Analysis of Covariance test، two-way ANOVA and Tukey and Bonferroni Correction follow up tests were used. Analysis of research findings showed in Adlerian group، control and conflict components of family environment reduced، and intellectual-cultural orientation and moral-religious emphasis increased. But in Behavioral group just conflict reduced. Considering the role of family environment on the formation of conduct disorder in children، indicating the effectiveness of Adler most important way in adopting this method، therapeutic strategies are appropriate for conduct disorder. However، further research in this field considering the essential role of effective variables seems.

Early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzicola (Ard) Fisher) is an aggressive specie of Echinochloa and have mimicry chareterstics of rice. In order to evaluate competitive effect of aggressive specie of Echinochloa on Rice, an experiment was conducted at the Rice Research Institute of Rasht during 2007. The experimental design was complete randomized block with three replications. The treatment included weeds density at three densities (10, 20 and 40 plant/m2) and Rice was transplanted with local normal density (20 bunch. m-2 and each bunch included three plants). Result indicated that early water grass decreased grain yield, the number of panicle per plant, biologic yield and harvest index were significantly at possible area 1%. When density increased until 40 plant. m-2, grain yield lossed was 70%. Loss of number seed per panicle in densities 10, 20 and 40 plant/m2 was 34, 41 and 43 present and loss of number panicle per plant of rice in competition to Echinochloa was 62, 64 and 62 present respectively. Densities of 10, 20 and 40 plant. m-2 decreased average of rice height to 49, 67 and 61 present, respectively. Rice in densities 40 plant. m-2 of weed had less highest and in densities 0 plant. m-2 the highest.