hamid ganjaeian

Iran is one of the countries that is prone to natural hazards due to its geographical situation. One of the risks that has always threatened Iran is the risk of earthquakes. The land of Iran, as a part of the active tectonic zone of the Alps-Himalayas, has been affected by many tectonic activities over time, such as the appearance of the Zagros-Makran and Alborz-Kope Dagh mountain ranges in the Iranian plateau as a result of subduction of the Arabian plates. The Indian Ocean is one of the landforms resulting from this convergence. According to the geological situation of the Iranian plateau, this plateau is facing many disturbances and this problem has caused Iran to be one of the earthquake-prone countries in the world. Earthquake is the most important natural hazard that is always associated with a lot of human and financial losses. Due to its unpredictability and its power, this hazard has faced serious challenges in the seismic regions of the world. In fact, large earthquakes are one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often lead to widespread casualties and many deaths, and many cities are vulnerable to large earthquakes. Among the areas that are vulnerable to the risk of earthquakes are the metropolises because they house a large part of the country's population. According to the statistics of 2015, the metropolitan cities of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, Tabriz, Qom, Ahvaz and Kermanshah include about 27% of the country's population. Due to the importance of the subject, in this research, the seismic status of Iran's metropolises has been evaluated.

In this research, information related to the epicenter of earthquakes recorded in Iran during the years 1286 to 1402 (1907 to 2023), demographic information of Iranian metropolises, statistical information related to the state of constructions of metropolises, and also The information obtained from satellite images has been used as the most important research data. The most important research tools are ArcGIS (to prepare the required maps) and SPSS (to analyze the data). Also, in this research, the Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) model was used in order to weight the parameters. According to the desired goals, this research has been done in two general stages. In the first stage, a 100 km boundary is defined for each metropolis, and then the earthquakes that occurred in this area are identified. In the following, the earthquakes that occurred in metropolitan areas have been analyzed in terms of number and size. In the second stage, based on 6 parameters, the state of vulnerability of metropolises has been evaluated. After evaluating the metropolises in terms of the desired parameters, first the parameters were normalized and then the parameters were weighted using the AHP model.

The results of the evaluation of earthquakes that occurred in the outskirts of 100 kilometers of metropolises have shown that the largest number of earthquakes with 390 recorded cases was related to the outskirts of Shiraz metropolis, and Isfahan and Qom metropolises recorded 19 and 20 respectively. Have the least number of earthquakes. Also, the results of the survey of the number of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 6 on the Richter scale have shown that the outskirts of the metropolises of Shiraz and Kermanshah had the largest number of earthquakes with 4 earthquakes, and the outskirts of the metropolises of Isfahan and Ahvaz There has been no earthquake with a magnitude greater than 6 on the Richter scale. Considering that in addition to earthquakes, other factors are also effective in determining the vulnerability of metropolises against earthquake hazards, in this study, population parameters, population density, percentage of open space and percentage of worn-out fabric are also used. Has been According to the results, the largest population was related to Tehran city. The highest population density was related to the city of Mashhad. The highest percentage of worn out fabric was related to the city of Tehran and the lowest percentage of open space was related to the city of Tehran.

The results of this research have shown that Iran's metropolises have different seismic potentials due to their geo-structural position, and also, under the influence of various population factors and constructions, different potentials in terms of damage. They are resistant to earthquakes. In this research, in order to investigate the seismic status of metropolises, the earthquakes that occurred within 100 kilometers of them have been analyzed. According to the results, during the years 1286 to 1402, 999 earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 3 on the Richter scale occurred within a radius of 100 km from these metropolises, 15 of which had a magnitude of more than 6 on the Richter scale. Is. The results of the analysis of earthquakes have shown that the largest number of earthquakes occurred in the metropolitan areas of Shiraz, Ahvaz and Kermanshah, so that 390, 186 and 147 earthquakes occurred in these metropolitan areas, respectively. The lowest number of earthquakes with 19 and 20 cases respectively was related to the metropolitan areas of Isfahan and Qom. Also, the largest number of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 6 on the Richter scale was related to the metropolitan areas of Shiraz and Kermanshah. The results of this section have shown that the seismic status of Iran's metropolises has been very different, and considering that in addition to the number of earthquakes, various human parameters are also effective in the degree of vulnerability to earthquakes, in this research Based on different parameters, the state of vulnerability of metropolises was evaluated. Based on the results, Shiraz metropolis with a total score of 17.68 is considered the most vulnerable metropolis in the country against earthquake risk. After this metropolis, Kermanshah and Tehran metropolises have the highest vulnerability potential with 13.12 and 10.87 points, respectively. Also, Isfahan metropolis with a total of 2.75 points has the lowest vulnerability potential among the metropolises of the country, and after that, Ahvaz and Qom metropolises have the lowest with 5.72 and 6.66 points, respectively. They are potential vulnerabilities.

The geological situation of Iran and the presence of active faults have resulted in frequent earthquakes occurring in Iran every year. In some cases, large earthquakes have caused significant human and financial losses. Earthquake risk has always been a major concern due to the substantial damage it can cause, but unfortunately, no method has yet been developed to accurately predict the time of its occurrence. This challenge has led to the adoption of statistical methods for approximate earthquake prediction. Given the importance of earthquakes and Iran's high seismic potential, this research focuses on the spatial and temporal analysis of earthquakes that have occurred in Iran. As no comprehensive studies have been conducted on earthquake spatial and temporal analysis, the purpose of this research is to assess the earthquake situation in Iran and identify high-risk areas. Additionally, another aim of this research is to address questions and rumors about the timing of earthquakes at different hours of the day and night. To achieve these objectives, the analysis uses data on earthquake epicenters recorded in Iran between the years 1286 to 1402 (1907 to 2023).

This research is based on quantitative methods. The key datasets include the SRTM 30-meter digital elevation model, a digital layer of Iran's faults, and information about earthquake epicenters recorded in Iran from 1286 to 1402 (1907 to 2023), sourced from the USGS website. The primary research tools are ArcGIS (for map preparation) and SPSS (for data analysis). According to the research objectives, the study was conducted in two main stages. In the first stage, after gathering statistical data on earthquake epicenters, the spatial analysis of earthquakes was performed by examining magnitude, political divisions, and proximity to major faults. In the second stage, temporal analysis was conducted by evaluating earthquakes across different months and times of the day and night.

In this research, earthquakes that occurred in Iran from 1286 to 1402 were analyzed. The results revealed that during the study period, 7139 earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 3 Richter were recorded in Iran, including 12 earthquakes exceeding 7 Richter. This indicates that, on average, an earthquake with a magnitude greater than 7 occurs approximately once every 10 years. The spatial analysis of earthquakes based on political divisions showed that the highest number of earthquake centers were located in the provinces of Hormozgan, Fars, and Kerman, where 1187, 1175, and 796 earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 3 Richter were recorded, respectively. Conversely, the provinces of Alborz, Markazi, and Qom recorded the lowest number of earthquake centers, with 4, 8, and 11 centers, respectively.The spatial analysis of earthquakes in relation to major faults indicated that the highest earthquake density occurred near the Zagros fault and the Kazeroon fault. Additionally, experts observed that earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 6 Richter were more frequently associated with these faults.

The results of the spatial analysis of earthquakes showed that, in terms of quantity and the number of earthquake foci, the southwestern regions of the country have the highest seismic potential. However, regarding high-magnitude earthquakes (7 Richter), the eastern and northwestern regions of the country exhibit the highest potential. The results also indicate that while the Zagros fault has caused numerous earthquakes, the Nayband fault has played a significant role in high-magnitude earthquakes. Temporal analysis was also conducted, showing that the majority of earthquakes occurred during the months of May and April, with a general decrease in earthquake frequency from May to February. Analysis of the time of occurrence revealed that the highest number of earthquakes occurred between 24:00 and 6:00, while the fewest occurred between 6:00 and 12:00. Overall, earthquake frequency increased from early afternoon until midnight and decreased thereafter until noon. The findings suggest that the early hours of the morning, along with the months of May and April, exhibit the highest earthquake frequency.

Landslides are one of the environmental hazards that are always associated with a lot of damage. Landslides are a common danger in mountainous areas that have a high potential in the western regions of Iran, including the Sanandaj County. Due to the importance of the issue, in this study, the effective factors in the occurrence of landslides in Sanandaj County have been analyzed. In this study, in order to achieve the desired goals, a 30 m high digital model of landslides occurred in the region (prepared by the Rangeland and Watershed Management Organization of Kurdistan Province), 1: 100000 geological map and 1: 5000 topographic map of the region Has been. The most important tool used in the research was ArcGIS and also in this research the combined model of fuzzy logic and AHP was used. This research has been done in two stages in the first stage, in the first stage of landslide analysis in relation to various environmental factors and in the second stage, areas prone to landslides have been identified. Based on the results, a large part of the landslides occurred in the direction of the northern slope (51 landslides), slope floors between 40 to 60% (51 landslides), altitudes 1500 to 2010 meters (112 landslides), nearby areas Fault lines, rivers and roads, conglomerate floors, sandstones and shales (78 landslides) as well as classes related to combined cover of pastures and agriculture and poor pastures (respectively, 64 and 36 landslides) occurred. Also, the results indicate that the southern, southwestern and southeastern regions of Sanandaj County have a high potential for landslides due to high altitude and slope, type of lithology and use, as well as northern slope directions.

Dust, or fine dust, refers to very small and light particles of silt, clay, or sand that are transported by the wind over long distances due to wind erosion and the spread of desertification. Dust storms have emerged as a significant threat to public health in recent years. This phenomenon is influenced by natural factors, such as climatic conditions, climate change, hydrogeomorphological features, and vegetation, as well as human factors, including land use changes, erosion, and other anthropogenic activities. Dust is one of the most harmful natural disasters in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, particularly in Iran, and has caused substantial environmental and human problems in these areas.This phenomenon has significantly affected various aspects of life in the region in recent years. Among the areas exposed to dust-related hazards are the southwestern regions of Iran. Due to climatic conditions, wind speed and direction, and the presence of sand dunes, these areas are prone to becoming dust centers. This has resulted in frequent occurrences of dust storms over a large portion of the year in the southwestern regions of the country. Given the importance of the issue, this research investigates the concentration of dust in the southwestern region of Iran and analyzes the factors influencing its occurrence.

In this research, Google Earth images, MODIS satellite images, CHIRPS satellite images, and a 30-meter SRTM digital elevation model were utilized. The most important tools used in the research were Google Earth Engine (for preparing dust concentration maps and average precipitation and temperature maps of the region), Google Earth (for creating geomorphological unit maps), ArcGIS (for generating desired maps), and IDRISI (for implementing the WLC model).Additionally, various indices and models were applied, the most notable being the AOD index (for generating dust concentration maps) and the WLC model (for identifying areas prone to dust center formation). This research was conductedin several stages.In the first stage, the Google Earth Engine system, AOD index, and MODIS satellite images were used to prepare the dust concentration map for the study area from 2018 to 2022. In the second stage, the correlation between dust concentration and environmental factors, such as vegetation parameters, wind speed, precipitation, temperature, geomorphological units, and altitude, was analyzed. In the third stage, areas prone to dust center formation were identified using the WLC model.

Google Earth Engine and the AOD index were employed to assess the dust concentration in the southwest of the country. The analysis involved utilizing MODIS satellite images to generate dust concentration maps for the years 2018 to 2022. Based on these maps, the highest dust concentration was observed in the central regions of Khuzestan Province and the southern regions of Ilam Province. Conversely, the lowest dust concentration was recorded in areas adjacent to Horulazim Wetland, the Arvand River, and the southern coastline.The relationship between the dust concentration index and environmental factors indicated that the highest dust concentrations were associated with areas characterized by low NDVI coefficients, low rainfall, high temperatures, low altitudes, and sand dunes.

The findings of this research showed that the correlation coefficients between dust concentration and the parameters of NDVI, wind speed, precipitation, temperature, and altitude were 0.63, 0.156, 0.557, 0.489, and 0.602, respectively. Additionally, the dust concentration coefficients in sand hills, plains, hills, and mountains were 0.71, 0.64, 0.47, and 0.23, respectively.After analyzing the factors affecting dust concentration, a map of areas prone to dust center formation was generated based on the identified parameters. The results revealed that a significant portion of the study area, including the northwestern parts of Ahvaz City and the northern parts of Hovizeh City, showed a high potential for forming dust centers. Similarly, the areas between the cities of Omidieh and Ahvaz also demonstrated substantial potential for dust center formation.The overall findings indicate that under the influence of environmental factors, a large portion of the southwestern regions of Iran is prone to dust center formation. Among the environmental factors, vegetation density played the most significant role in dust control. Therefore, the most effective solution to reduce and manage dust in the region is to establish vegetation in barren areas, particularly in the sand fields of the region.

One of the challenges that many societies face is the occurrence of natural hazards. There are different types of natural hazards, and flood is one of the most important natural hazards, which is always associated with a lot of human and financial losses. In fact, floods are considered as one of the most destructive hazards that cause many human and financial losses every year, so that according to the report of the international database of hazards, floods along with earthquakes and droughts, have had the highest human and financial losses. Also, according to the statistics published in 2010, more than 40% of the natural disasters in the world are caused by floods. In recent years, due to the increasing trend of population and increase in human activities and misplaced human interventions in nature, the possibility of flood occurrence has increased and the risks caused by it have intensified. According to geomorphology, hydro climatic, land cover, etc., different areas have different potentials in terms of flood risk occurrence. Among the regions that have a high potential against flood risk are the southeastern regions of the country. These areas have a high potential against flood risk due to torrential rains, being located at high altitudes and low slopes, as well as poor vegetation, and this issue has caused many floods to occur in recent years. Let's be in this area. Considering the importance of the issue and the occurrence of floods in Esfand 1402 in this region, in this research, the identification of flooded areas and also the analysis of factors affecting its occurrence have been done.

In this research, Sentinel 1 and 2 radar images, Landsat 9 images, and a digital model at a height of 30 meters have been used as the most important research data. The most important research tools are the Google Earth Engine system (to prepare maps of flooded areas and land cover maps) and ArcGIS (to prepare the desired maps). Also, in this research, fuzzy logic model has been used to identify vulnerable areas against flood risk. According to the topic and objectives, this research has been done in several stages. In the first stage, using radar images before the flood and images after the flood, a map of the flooded areas has been prepared. In the second stage, the role of natural factors (elevation, slope, distance from the river, and ranking of the river and land cover) in the flood has been analyzed. In the third stage, based on the results obtained from the previous stages and according to the extent of the flooded areas in different floors, various parameters have been valued and standardized, and finally, by combining the desired parameters based on the fuzzy gamma operator, a map of the damage areas is created. It has been prepared against flood risk.

In this research, the Google Earth Engine system was used to identify the flooded areas in the study area. After preparing the desired images and also applying filters and specifying the threshold limit in Google Earth Engine system, a map of the flooded areas in the southeast of Sistan and Baluchistan province was prepared in March 1402. According to the prepared map, a large part of the southeastern counties of Sistan and Baluchistan province have faced floods, but Dashtiari county and especially its southeastern regions along the Pakistan border have faced the highest amount of flooding. After Dashtiari city, Chabahar city has faced the highest amount of flooding. The analysis of the effective factors in the floods has shown that the height, slope and type of land cover have the highest influence because in a general trend, with the decrease in height, decrease in slope and also decrease in vegetation density, the extent of flooded areas increased.

The results of the identification of flooded areas using radar images have shown that in March 1402, a large part of the region, especially the south-eastern areas of Dashtiari city, faced the risk of flooding. The results of the analysis of the effective factors in the floods have shown that a large part of the flooded areas were related to low altitude and low slope areas, which indicates the direct role of altitude and slope in the floods of the region. Also, the areas that were in the category of desert and barren lands in terms of land cover also had the highest percentage of flooding, so the type of land cover was also one of the effective factors. But the interesting point is that there was no strong relationship between the parameters of the distance from the river and the ranking of the river with the floods that occurred. That is, some areas that were far from the main rivers also faced floods, the main reason of which was the morphological condition of the rivers in the region. According to the mentioned cases, among the effective factors, the height and slope have the highest influence and the distance from the river has the least influence (among the studied parameters). Also, in this research, based on the condition of flood-affected areas and the influence of parameters, vulnerable areas against flood risk have been identified. Based on the results, the southern regions of the study area, including the middle and southern parts of Dashtiari city, the eastern and southern regions of Chabahar city, as well as the southern regions of Konarak city, have the highest flood potential.

Karst landscapes are of great importance due to their role in providing vital water resources. However, these areas face a high risk of resource pollution, which is a significant concern. This study aimed to identify pollution-prone zones within the Tekab Catchment. The research utilized topographic maps (1:50,000 scale), a 1:100,000 geological map, and a 12.5-m digital elevation model derived from Landsat satellite imagery. Key analytical tools included ArcGIS and ENVI software. The study was conducted in two stages. First, the (Concentration, Overlapping, and Protection (COP) method was employed to delineate areas vulnerable to pollution. Second, the trend of residential expansion towards these vulnerable zones was assessed. The COP model results indicated that approximately 33% of the catchment area, primarily the northwestern and southern regions, exhibited high to very high pollution vulnerability. This was attributed to the underlying lithology, land cover type, hydroclimatic conditions, and geomorphological characteristics. Furthermore, evaluation of land use changes revealed that the built-up area had increased from 8 km2 in 1990 to 19 km2in 2019. Consequently, the southern and northwestern parts of the Tekab Catchment were facing heightened vulnerability due to both their inherent pollution potential and the ongoing expansion of human settlements. These findings underscored the critical need for targeted management strategies to protect the valuable water resources within the Tekab Catchment, particularly in the identified high-risk zones, and ensure the long-term sustainability of this important karst landscape.

Rivers besides the positive effects of the rivers in the areas, there are also risks that, if not paid attention to them, can cause a lot of damage. Accordingly, in this research, the geometric status of the river studied and the proper use of the marginal areas of the river are determined based on the morphology of the region. In this research, the aerial photographs of 1360 and satellite imagery of 1397 have been used to investigate river changes. In accordance with the objectives, using ARCGIS and Auto Cat software, the first step was to investigate the morphological status of the river and then using the fuzzy logic and AHP combination model to zoning the areas suitable for the development of residential, agricultural and green spaces. The results of the survey of the morphology of the river indicate that the second period is closer to the first period than the Meander River, and the river in general has tended towards the Meander over time. Also, the study of the displacement rate indicates that the first open with 32.66 km long has an average of 33.3 meters, and the second interval with 27.17 km long has an average of 17.2 meters displacement. In addition, the results of zoning of the marginal areas of the river indicate the proportion of the western margin of the river for the use of residential, agricultural lands and green spaces.

Subsidence is the collapse or subsidence of the earth's surface, which occurs for different reasons on a large scale. Usually, this term refers to the downward vertical movement of the earth's surface, which can be accompanied by a small horizontal vector. In many cases, subsidence takes place imperceptibly and gradually, and it is one of the risks whose effects are visible in the long term. One of the most important effects of subsidence is a sinkhole, which can cause many human and financial losses. Usually, areas that face the risk of subsidence will also face the risk of sinkholes in the long term, so it is necessary to control the increasing process of subsidence. The geographical location of Iran has caused many parts of it to be at risk of subsidence. The Qorveh plain in the east of Kurdistan province is one of the plains that has faced the crisis of subsidence due to its hydroclimatic and geomorphological conditions. In terms of geomorphology, Qorveh plain has few limiting obstacles and this problem has provided the basis for the development of human activities including agricultural activities in this plain. Due to the fact that the average rainfall of Qorve plain is about 300 mm and this plain is facing a shortage of surface water resources, therefore a large part of the water resources needed by the agricultural lands of this plain is supplied through underground water sources and this problem causes There has been a sharp drop in the underground water resources of this plain in recent years. Due to the sharp drop in underground water resources and the risk of subsidence, it can be expected that if the current trend continues, the Qorve plain will also face the crisis of sinkholes. Due to the importance of the issue, in this research, using radar images, areas prone to sinkholes have been identified in this plain.

In this research, Sentinel 1 radar images, Landsat 8 satellite image, information related to piezometric wells in the area and SRTM 30 meters high digital model have been used as the most important research data. The most important tools used in the research are ArcGIS (in order to prepare the desired maps and final outputs), GMT (in order to implement the radar interferometry process), and ENVI (in order to prepare the land use map of the region). And Expert Choice (in order to give weight to the presented solutions). Also, in this research, SBAS time series models (to prepare the final subsidence map of the region), maximum likelihood (to prepare the land use map of the region) and AHP (to weight the proposed solutions) have been used. According to the objectives, this research has been done in 3 stages. In the first step, using Sentinel 1 radar images and the radar interferometry method and SBAS time series, the amount of vertical displacement in the study area has been evaluated. In the second stage, on the basis of the prepared map, library studies, as well as experts' opinions, the areas prone to sinkholes have been identified in Qorve Plain. After identifying the areas prone to sinkholes, the distribution of population points exposed to them has been evaluated. In the third stage, the effective factors in the subsidence of the region have been analyzed and effective solutions have been provided to control it.

Examining the state of subsidence occurred in the Qorve plain has shown that this plain has subsided a maximum of 379 mm during a period of 4 years. Therefore, it can be said that the Qorve plain has faced the maximum annual subsidence of about 10 cm. Due to the fact that one of the important effects of subsidence is the creation of sinkholes, in this research, the areas exposed to this hazard have been identified. In order to identify areas prone to sinkholes, areas that have subsidence of more than 200 mm during a period of 4 years (areas that have subsidence of more than 5 cm per year) as areas in They have been identified as prone to sinkholes. It should be noted that the selection of 200 mm was based on the subsidence of the region, the topography of the region, and library studies. According to the results, the areas adjacent to Dezaj city and the areas adjacent to Vinsar, Shekohabad and Ganji villages have a high potential in terms of sinkhole occurrence.

The location of Qorve plain has made this plain one of the critical plains in the west of the country. Due to its hydroclimatic situation, Qorveh plain is facing a shortage of surface water resources, and this problem has caused excessive use of underground water resources in this plain. Excessive use of underground water resources in the Qorve plain has caused this plain to face a severe drop in underground water resources, so that the annual average drop of underground water in many parts of this plain has been more than 1 meter. The severe drop in underground water resources has caused the Qorve Plain to face 379 mm of subsidence during the years 2018 to 2022, so the Qorve Plain is facing a subsidence crisis. Due to the fact that one of the important effects of subsidence is the creation of sinkholes, in this research, the areas exposed to this risk (areas with subsidence of more than 5 cm per year) have been identified. Based on the results, the areas adjacent to Dezaj city, the areas adjacent to Vinsar village, the areas adjacent to Shekohabad village and also the areas adjacent to Ganji village have a high potential in terms of sinkhole occurrence. Considering that sinkholes are associated with many human and financial losses, in this research, in order to control the subsidence and prevent the occurrence of sinkholes in Qorve plain, various solutions have been presented, and then, using the AHP model, the most important solutions have been selected. Is. Based on the results, planning based on the environmental capabilities of the Qorve plain with a weight of 0.288 has been selected as the most important solution, followed by the solutions of improving irrigation methods and preventing the cultivation of short-term crops, respectively, with a weight of 0.217 And 0.172 have been selected as the most important solutions.

The tectonic positioning of Iran has led to significant seismic activity in the region, particularly in the Alborz Unit. This study focused on investigating the morphotectonic status of Lavasan Sub-basins located on the southern slopes of the Alborz. To achieve this, a digital elevation model with 30-meter resolution, a 1:50,000 topographic map, a 1:100,000 geological map, and Sentinel-1 radar images were utilized as research data. The analysis employed GMT, ArcGIS, and SPSS software, along with specific indicators to assess the tectonic condition of the region. The research was conducted in two stages. Firstly, the tectonic conditions of the sub-basins were evaluated using morphotectonic indicators and secondly, the vertical displacement of the region was assessed using radar images and the SBAS time-series method. The results of the study indicated that Lavasan Sub-basins exhibited high tectonic activities with Barg and Kond basins averaging a score of 1.88 and Lavasan and Afjeh basins averaging a score of 2. Consequently, the latter basins demonstrated a more active tectonic status based on the IAT index. Additionally, the results obtained from the SBAS time-series method over a 3-year period (from 01/06/2016 to 12/21/2018) revealed a 79-mm elevation and a 14-mm depression, which could be attributed to tectonic activity, thus corroborating the accuracy of the results obtained from morphotectonic indicators.

Tectonic factors play an important role in landform changes in the regions. Based on these changes, the tectonic state of the regions can be assessed, so analyzing the tectonic status of landforms for environmental management and various planning is important. Accordingly, in this study, the tectonic status of anticlines in the northern and western regions of Kermanshah province, Iran, and its relationship with seismic centers were investigated. Digital 30-meter SRTM model, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 maps of the region, as well as the information on the epicenter of earthquakes that occurred in the region during the years 1900 to 2020, were used as research data. This research was done in three general stages. In the first stage, using 8 geomorphic indices, the tectonic situation of 5 anticlines of Ezgeleh, Daneh Khoshk, Sanjabi, Mahidasht and Vis was analyzed. In the second stage, the location map of the seismic centers that occurred in the region during the years 1990 to 2020 was prepared. In the third stage, the relationship between the tectonic activity of the anticlines in terms of different indicators and focal points of the earthquakes that have occurred, was evaluated. Based on the results, the anticlines of the western regions (anticlines of Ezgeleh, Daneh Khoshk) have a more active tectonic status than the anticlines of the eastern regions. Moreover, considering that the western parts of the region had the highest number of seismic centers, so it can be said that there is a direct relationship between the seismic centers and the tectonic position of the anticlines.

 Among the common risks in arid and semi-arid regions is the risk of desertification. Iran's hydroclimatic situation has caused many parts of it to be exposed to this danger. Semnan province is one of the regions that has faced the expansion of desertification in recent years. Considering the importance of the subject, this study aims to evaluate the potential of desertification risk in the northern regions of Semnan province.

 The statistical information related to the population and climate of Semnan province, library information, and the 30-meter high SRTM digital model have been used as the most important research data. The most important software used were SPSS and ArcGIS, which were used to perform calculations and prepare final maps. The method used in this research was the DVI model.

 The results of this research have shown that 16.8% of the region's area, which mainly includes the western and southeastern regions of the studied region, is in the category of very high vulnerability potential against the risk of desertification. Also, about 60% of the region is in the class with high vulnerability potential, which indicates the region's high potential from the risk of desertification. The classes with medium and low vulnerability potential cover a total of 23.2% of the region.

 The findings show that many parts of the northern regions of Semnan province have a high potential in terms of desertification. Therefore, in order to prevent the spread of this danger, it is necessary to have the necessary programs to control the destruction of pastures and changes in land use.

Innovation: 

In this research, human parameters are considered. Also, the results of this research can be used in various civil and environmental planning.

The importance of the issue of security has caused the protection of borders and the defense of border areas to be considered by the rulers in all historical periods, and in a way, the protection of borders means the continuation of the governance system of each country. Throughout history, all countries have faced some degree of insecurity, chaos, crisis and border wars to stabilize their country. Many ethnic, racial, and religious groups have coexisted in turbulent political and social contexts in recent years and have lived on borders. Iran has been one of the countries whose borders have been in turmoil in recent years. In fact, Iran's borders have historically seen the most tangible state-nation conflicts; therefore, the issue of borders has always been one of the basic and important issues of governments. Iran's geographical location and the political situation of neighboring countries, along with the intervention of foreigners, have caused us to witness various tensions in the country's border strip in recent years, including Iran's eastern borders. One of the eastern border areas of the country that has faced tension in recent years is the borders of Khorasan Razavi province. In view of the above, the development of military infrastructure in the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province is very important. Due to the fact that the border strip of this province is not uniform in terms of environmental conditions, so the identification of areas prone to the development of military infrastructure, including military bases and observation posts, is very important in this study. Been paid.

In this research, in order to achieve the desired goals, descriptive-analytical methods as well as an integrated model of fuzzy logic and network analysis (ANP) have been used. The research data include a 30 m high SRTM digital model, 1: 50000 topographic maps and information layer related to the population points located in the study area. The most important tool used in this research is ArcGIS software. In this research, fuzzy logic and ANP models have been used to identify areas prone to military infrastructure development. According to the objectives, this research has been done in two stages. In this first stage, in order to analyze the role of geomorphological factors in the security of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province, a map of elevation status and geomorphological units of this region has been prepared. In the second stage, using 8 parameters including slope, slope direction, field of view, altitude, distance from the river, distance from the communication road, distance from the border and distance from population points, as well as a combined model of fuzzy logic and ANP to identify areas prone to development. Military infrastructure (including military bases and reconnaissance) is discussed.

The study of the geomorphological status of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province indicates that the border strip of this province has a high geomorphological diversity. The border strip of Khorasan Razavi province consists of 4 units of mountains, slopes, plains and alluvial fans, as well as hills. The mountain unit mostly includes the northern border strip of this province, which leads to the border of Turkmenistan. Due to its high altitude as well as being difficult to cross, this unit can play an important role in controlling the border strip as well as monitoring other areas. Therefore, one of the strengths of the northern borders of Khorasan Razavi province is the existence of a high mountain range and difficult to cross. Mahour hill unit is scattered in the border strip of this province, which has a lower height and slope than the mountain unit. Due to fewer obstacles and more visibility, this unit has a high potential for the establishment of military facilities, including military bases. The slope unit is located between the mountains and the plain, which has a high potential for military purposes, including various defense sites, because a large part of these slopes have eastern slope directions. However, the plain and alluvial fan unit, which is mostly located on the border with Afghanistan, can be vulnerable due to fewer geomorphological obstacles. Although this unit has a high potential for military transport and other military purposes, it is more vulnerable than other units. According to the mentioned cases, the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province has a great variety of geomorphology and each of its parts has different potential for different purposes.

The results of the study of the geomorphology of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have shown that this province has a high geomorphological diversity and this issue has caused the defense capability in different areas of the border strip of this province is not the same. Also, based on the results, the border strip of this province has a big difference in terms of environmental parameters, so the potential of each region for different military and civilian activities is different. Considering that in this research, the identification of areas prone to the development of military infrastructure has been considered with emphasis on military bases and observation posts, so the desired parameters have been defined in accordance with the objectives of the research and based on these parameters have been identified as areas prone to the development of military infrastructure. Based on the results, parts of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have a high potential for the development of military infrastructure and parts of it have a high vulnerability. According to the results, the northern regions of the border strip of this province, due to having a wide field of view, high altitude, the presence of slopes and directions of the eastern slope, have the highest potential to establish military bases and observation posts, as well as middle areas. Due to the lack of a wide field of view, low altitude and being located in the plain unit, this province has little potential for the development of military infrastructure (military bases and observation posts). Due to the above, the middle areas of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have a high potential for vulnerability, so it is necessary to make the necessary plans to control and monitor these areas.

The shape of the earth changes over time and these changes can be periodic or non-periodic. Land deformation may be related to tectonic processes such as earthquakes, faults, volcanoes, landslides, and anthropogenic processes such as mine activity and groundwater exploitation. Subsidence and uplift is one of the most important changes in the shape of the earth. Which is directly related to the tectonic status of the areas. Which is directly related to the tectonic status of the areas. The land of Iran as part of the active alpine-Himalayan tectonic zone has been affected by numerous tectonic activities over time, with the emergence of the Zagros-Makran and Alborz-Kope-Dagh mountains in the Iranian plateau due to the Arabian-Indian Plateau drifting from the landforms resulting from this convergence. Kermanshah plain is also active in tectonic terms due to its location in folded Zagros, therefore it has a lot of potential for the displacement of the Earth's surface. Today, the calculation of ground-level displacements using radar interference technology includes unique capabilities in terms of dimensions, cost, time and accuracy compared to other measurement techniques. Accordingly, in the present study, radar interferometry method was used to assess the amount of subsidence and uplift of Kermanshah Plain and the correlation of this displacement with the earthquake in Kermanshah on 21/08/1396.

Nowadays, calculation of displacements occurring on the surface using radar interferometry technology has unique capabilities in terms of size, cost, time and accuracy compared to other measurement techniques. Therefore, in the present study, using radar interferometry method and SBAS time series, the vertical displacement rate of Kermanshah plain and its relationship with 7.3 earthquake of Kermanshah Ezgele have been investigated. In this study, the displacement rate was calculated for three periods:-the first time in the history of 11.24.2016 to 11.07.2017 and includes 13 image Sentinel 1.Second period is from the date of 07/11/2017 to 11/19/2017 (before and after the earthquake). The third time frame selected to assess the impact of the earthquake on the process of changes and calculations for different purposes is from 24/11/2016 to 19/11/2017 (including 2 images).

The results show that the Kermanshah herd earthquake has a direct role in the vertical displacement of Kermanshah plain. The result of calculating the vertical displacement in the first period indicates that the northwest and southeast areas of Kermanshah urban area have subsided and the northeast and southwest elevations have been elevated, but this trend has changed due to the earthquake of the Ezgele, So that the earthquake of the Ezgele has increased many parts of the study area, especially its southern regions, and has also subsided in the northeast areas of the study area, so the results in the third time period have been very variable, It is concluded that the Kermanshah northeast highlands, which had been uplifted during the first period, were associated with a subsidence due to the Kermanshah herd earthquake. Also the southeastern areas of Kermanshah urban area which had subsided in the first period, Due to the direct impact of the earthquake from the Ezgele, it has been experiencing an uplift in the third period. Therefore, it can be said that the earthquake of the Ezgele, while changing the vertical displacement process of Kermanshah plain, can affect the results of different calculations in this regard.

In this research, in order to investigate the factors affecting this displacement, three time intervals were used to evaluate the vertical displacement of the area. The results indicate that the range of studies ranged from +107 to -40 mm. Given that the amount of positive displacement (uplift) was higher than the negative displacement (subsidence) and also the tectonic factors, the main cause of the displacement can be attributed to the tectonic factors, however, other factors such as groundwater depletion can affect the rate of subsidence in the northwest and southeast of Kermanshah urban area. Evaluation results in the second time period indicate that the study area had a vertical displacement of between +22 to -46 mm during the 12 day period before and after the earthquake, which could be attributed to the short-term period. Directly attributed to the earthquake of the Ezgele. The third study period also had a range of displacements of +102 to +33 mm, but the important and significant point in this period was the impact of the earthquake of the herd on the extent and trend of displacement in the study area. In fact, the results show that in the first period, the northwest and southeast areas of Kermanshah metropolitan area have subsided and the northeast and southwest areas have risen, while the northeast Kermanshah highlands have subsided. The first time has been uplift, during this period has been associated with subsidence due to the Kermanshah Ezgele earthquake. Also, the south-eastern areas of Kermanshah metropolitan area which had subsided in the first period, due to the direct impact of the earthquake from the Ezgele, in the third period has been rising. Therefore, it can be said that the earthquake in Kermanshah plain, while changing the vertical displacement process, can affect the results of different calculations in this regard.

Subsidence is a danger that threatens many plains of Iran. Qahavand plain in Hamadan province is one of the plains that is exposed to this danger due to the unfavorable hydro-climatic conditions and the type of human activities. Considering the importance of the subject, in this research, the subsidence condition of the Ghahavand plain and the factors influencing its occurrence have been investigated. According to the subject and objectives, in this research, 31 radar images of Sentinel 1 satellite, Landsat 8 satellite image and 30 meters high digital model were used as research data. The most important research tools are GMT, ENVI and ArcGIS software. This research has been done in three stages, in the first stage, the land cover map was prepared and examined. In the second stage, using the SBAS time series method, the subsidence situation of the region was evaluated and in the third stage, the effective factors in the subsidence of the region were analyzed. According to the results of this research, the Ghahavand Plain has subsided between 15 and 78 mm during a 2-year period (from 2017/01/05 to 2019/01/19). Also, the results of this research have shown that the main cause of subsidence in the region was the sharp drop in underground water resources due to the development of irrigated agricultural lands. In fact, the highest amount of subsidence in the region has corresponded to irrigated agricultural lands

Subsidence risk, unlike many risks such as floods and earthquakes, is insignificant and in the long run causes a lot of damage such as cracking of buildings, sloping of high facilities, destruction of agricultural lands, subsidence, etc. So the areas at risk are facing a lot of challenges. Among the areas that are at risk of subsidence are the plains of arid and semi-arid regions, including the plains of Iran. In fact, the location of a large part of Iran in the arid and semi-arid region has caused these areas to face a shortage of surface water resources, and this has led to overuse of groundwater resources in recent years and the occurrence of the risk has subsided. One of the areas that is at risk of subsidence is Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain in Hamadan province. Due to the lack of limiting geomorphological barriers, this plain has been associated with the development of many agricultural lands and due to the lack of sufficient surface water resources, the utilization of groundwater resources in this plain has been more than allowed and this has caused a decline. Extreme groundwater resources in this area and eventually the risk of subsidence. Due to the importance of the issue, in this study, the subsidence of Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain has been evaluated and the effective factors in its occurrence have been analyzed.

In this study, in accordance with the subject and objectives, statistical information (information about 13 piezometric wells in the study area), library and video (radar images related to Sentinel 1 satellite, Landsat satellite images and also 30 m high digital model SRTM) has been used as research data. The tools used in the research include GMT software (to prepare subsidence mapping using radar interference and Russian SBAS time series method), Google Earth (to monitor area and identify subsidence) and ArcGIS (to prepare final maps). According to the objectives, this research has been done in three stages. In the first stage, using the digital model of 30 m altitude SRTM and Landsat satellite images, the geomorphological status and land use of the region have been studied. In the second stage, in the second stage, using information related to 13 piezometric wells, the groundwater depletion situation of the region was investigated and in the third stage, using Sentinel 1 radar images and SBAS time series method, the amount was evaluated. Subsidence of Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain has been studied.

The study of the altitude situation of the region shows that there is a very small difference in height between the cities of Kaboudar Ahang and Famenin and also there are no significant obstacles and landforms in this distance. Also, the study of the slope classes of the region shows that the area of Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain is less than 10% in the slope class and the region does not have steep and restrictive areas. According to the prepared maps, Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain, in terms of geomorphology, has no limiting obstacles for the development of agricultural lands as well as residential areas. In fact, the lack of restrictive barriers has led to the development of agricultural lands in this region, especially irrigated agricultural lands in recent years, and this has led to excessive pressure on groundwater resources in recent years. The results of the study of the decline in groundwater resources in the region indicate that the rate of decline in water levels during a period of 24 years has been between 14.7 (Hemehkasi well) to 78.1 (Einabad well) meters. Also, according to the calculations, most of the studied wells have faced an average of more than 2 meters of water level drop annually. Also, the results of the assessment of subsidence in the region indicate that the study area has had a subsidence of 29 to 216 mm during a period of 5 years (from 16/01/2015 to 14/01/2020).

The results of studying the natural state of Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain have shown that this plain has a high subsidence potential due to its geomorphological and hydro-climatic conditions. In fact, in terms of geomorphological status, this plain is without limiting obstacles for the development of agricultural lands, and this issue has led to the development of irrigated agricultural lands regardless of environmental capabilities, including the hydro-climatic situation of the region. According to the above cases, the development of agricultural lands, regardless of the capacity of water resources in the region, has led to over-harvesting of groundwater resources and as a result, a sharp drop in groundwater levels Based on the results of the evaluation of 13 wells studied, most of the studied wells, with an average annual water level drop of more than 2 meters and this issue has caused the Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain during The 5-year period (from 16/01/2015 to 14/01/2020) should have a subsidence of 29 to 216 mm. Also, the results of the study of the spatial distribution of subsidence have shown that the highest amount of subsidence is related to the middle areas of the region and the distance between Kaboudar Ahang and Famenin cities, and considering that in these areas there was the highest level of groundwater loss, Therefore, it can be said that the main cause of subsidence in the region has been a sharp decline in groundwater resources. The sum of the results of this study has shown that Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain is in danger of subsidence and this issue has led to the emergence of numerous depressions in this plain which is a serious threat to human facilities and habitat.

The risk of subsidence in recent years has posed serious challenges to many cities, including cities in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Hamedan is one of the cities that are exposed to this risk and for this reason, this study evaluated the subsidence in the city. The data included Sentinel 1 radar images, Landsat satellite images, 30 m SRTM digital model and groundwater data. Tools also included ArcGIS, GMT, and ENVI. In the first stage, land use maps of the region for the period 1991-2020 were prepared and analyzed. In the second stage, the situation of groundwater depletion in the study area was explored, and in the third stage, using radar images and SBAS time series method, the amount of subsidence in the area over a three-year period (2017 to 2020) was calculated. The results showed that the urban area and suburbs of Hamedan annually experience one meter drop in water resources and 0.7 Square kilometers of physical development. Moreover, the subsidence rate of this area during the three-year period was between 6 to 98 mm. According to the final map, the rate in western areas of Hamadan was between 60 to 98 mm, in central areas was between 30 to 60 mm, and in a big part the city subsidence is 6 to 30 mm from its eastern regions. Considering that the highest rate of physical development of Hamedan city in recent years has been in the western suburbs of the city, it can be said that the physical development along with the decline of groundwater resources are the main factors of subsidence in this city.

Soil subsidence is one of the dangers facing many Iranian plains. In the meantime, the plains of Semnan province, including the Ivanaki plain, are at risk. Due to the importance of the subject, in this study, the rate of subsidence of Ivanaki plain and its effective factors are analyzed. In this research, the descriptive-analytical method was used. The survey data included radar and satellite imagery, statistical information, and a 30-m digital elevation model. The method is first to evaluate the geomorphology, land use and groundwater status of the Ivanaki Plain, and then, using Sentinel 1 radar image and SBAS time series method, the amount of subsidence is calculated. Surveys show that natural factors, including trends and trends in anomalies, have played a major role in shaping climate and water resource constraints, and restricting access to water causes the excessive use of groundwater and severe surface depletion. The results of calculating the groundwater level in the area show that the average of the study wells falls between 1372 and 1394 years between 0/85 to 2/01 cm per year. Also, the results of the assessment of the area's subsidence indicate that the range of studies over the 3-year period (from 2016/01/06 to 2018/12/21) decreased between -0.9 to -33.2 cm. Most of the subsidence has been in the center of the plain of Ivanaki, near the village of Cheshmeh Nadi.

Geomorphological hazards are considered as one of the environmental hazards that can be associated with many losses. Many areas, including the southern slopes of Alborz, are susceptible to a variety of geomorphological hazards, therefore, this study investigates the hazards of vertical displacement and landslides in the urban area and urban margin of Lavasan, located on the southern slopes of Alborz. This study and research was carried out in two stages, in the first step, to evaluate the vertical displacement of the region using the Sentinel radar image and SBAS time series method. In the second step, the geomorphological, geological and human parameters as well as the fuzzy logic model and ANP are used to evaluate the potential landslide prone areas. Thirdly, based on the results of the vertical displacement assessment as well as the potential assessment of landslide prone areas, hazardous areas of the study area have been identified. The results of the SBAS time series method show that the range of studies over the 3 year period has been about 12.4 mm uplift as well as 103.2 mm subsidence. Potential results of landslide-prone zones also indicate that limited northern study areas have great potential for landslides. Also the results of the evaluation of the hazardous areas in the study area indicate that the landslide susceptible areas of 30.1 km2, Areas with displacement more than 45 mm 26.27 km2 as well as landslide prone areas with displacement more than 45 mm 6.97 km2.

Surface winds move and transport soil particles on the ground and thus, affect the intensity of erosion to a great degree (Tage Din et al, 1986: 118). Various studies have found a decreasing trend for surface wind speed in different parts of the world in recent years. This decrease has been more widely reported in mid-latitudes (McVicar et al, 2008). Continuous drought in consecutive years is one of the factors that can reduce soil moisture and stop the growth of vegetation cover. (Hereher at el, 2009). Iran is located in the arid belt of the world and two thirds of its total area is located in these arid regions (Maghsoudi, 2006). Previous studies have shown that 17 provinces of the country are affected by wind erosion, among which Kerman faces a more severe conditions. Iran has more than 20 relatively large ergs and several small ergs covering an area of approximately 36,000 square kilometers (Mahmoudi, 1991). The present study investigates different characteristics of winds and its effects on morphology and displacement of sand dunes using Sentinel-2 optical and Sentinel_1 radar images.

Due to the lack of any synoptic station in the Lut Desert, related data including wind direction and speed were collected from 6 neighboring stations (Bam, Dehsalm, Zabol, Shahdad, Nusratabad and Nehbandan). Then, a wind rose and a sand rose graph were prepared for each station using WR Plot and Sand Rose Graph software. Resultant force vector acting in the displacement of sands and formation of sand dunes was determined. Following an examination of wind characteristics in the study area using Sentinel-2 optical images collected in the 2016 - 2019 reference period, changes of sand dunes and direction of their movements were also analyzed. In order to investigate vertical displacement in the region, radar interference method and SBAS time series have been used. This method only uses pairs of images in which vertical component of the baseline is less than its critical value, and also have a minimum baseline time. 45 Sentinel_1 radar images were used in the present study to measure radar interference. 

Recorded data in Dehsalm, Nehbandan, and Nosrat Abad stations indicate that winds blowing in these stations affect the Lut Desert. The prevailing wind recorded in Dehsalm station blows in northwest to southeast direction of the Lut Erg, while in Nehbandan station, the prevailing wind blows in north to south direction of this Erg. The prevailing wind in Nosrat Abad station blows in southeast to northwest direction of this erg. Sand rose graphs show that DPt in Dehsalam station equals 422.6 and in Nehbandan station equals 484.2. Since both DPts are more than 400, wind in this region has a high energy level and is potentially capable of sand displacement. Changes of sand dunes and direction of their movements were analyzed using Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 images in 2016-2019 reference period. 

Hourly wind speed and direction data in Nehbandan, Dehsalam, and Nosratabad stations were investigated in the present study to evaluate their impact on geomorphological changes in the Lut Erg and its sand dunes. Results indicate that the prevailing wind in these stations blows in north, northwest and southeast direction towards the Lut Erg, respectively. Investigating wind speed changes in Nehbandan station shows that during the last 34 years, average monthly wind speed in this station has decreased from 3.7 meters per second in 1986 to about 2.2 meters per second in 2020, which means a 1.5 meters per second decrease has occurred during this period. Apart from wind speed and direction data, Sentinel-2 optical images were also used to monitor changes in sand dunes of the Lut Erg. Results indicate that during the 2017 - 2018 reference period, most changes have occurred in the sand dunes of the northwest and northeast regions and the margins of this erg, while in the 2018 - 2019 reference period, most changes have occurred in the northwest and southeast regions of the Lut Erg. Analysis of satellite images indicates that the direction of wind force vectors is consistent with the direction of sand transport vector. In other words, sand dune changes in the Lut Erg have occurred under the influence of winds blowing in northwest and southeast directions, which is consistent with the direction of the sand transport vector in plots prepared for the three stations (Nehbandan, Dehsalam, and Nusrataba). In order to validate the results of wind direction and speed analysis and remote sensing of optical images, vertical displacement of the erg surface was measured in 4-year periods using Sentinel_1 radar images and SBAS time series. In general, southern parts of the Lut Erg and especially sand dunes in these parts have experienced an increase in elevation, while the northern parts of Erg have experienced a decrease in elevation. This can be due to erosion and deposition of sediments in the southern regions of the Lut Erg, which is consistent with the sand rose and wind rose graphs prepared for the region .

The land of Iran has undergone major orogenic activities in different geological periods. The effects of these orogenic movements during the Quaternary period have led to a large number of young and dynamic faults. The movements of the earth floors along these ruptures have been associated with major environmental changes in the regions, and these movements and the resulting changes have continued to the present day. In the meantime, the neo-tectonic structure studies the geological, vertical, and horizontal movements of the earth's crust that occurred in the recent geological past and may continue to this day. The range of mountains up to the movements of individual faults (dimensions of several kilometers). The effects of new construction activities, directly and indirectly, affect the shapes of the earth's surface and in addition to creating different shapes and forms, they also control their shape and position. Therefore, due to the effect of neoplastic factors on the formation of land surface shapes, in recent years, neoclassical factors have been significantly proposed as one of the major tools in determining how landforms in regions evolve. According to the above cases, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the tectonic activity in the northwestern Zagros with an emphasis on the Lat index to achieve the seismicity of the region in the form of catchments. In addition, the present study attempts to evaluate the relationship between the seismicity of these basins and morphotectonic indices analytically.  

In the present study, in order to evaluate the tectonic status of the studied basins from the digital model of 30 m altitude SRTM, topographic maps 1: 50,000, 1: 100,000 maps of the region as well as information about the epicenter of earthquakes that occurred in the region during the years 1900 to 2018, were used as the main data collection tools. Also, ArcGIS software (in order to extract basins and prepare final maps) and SPSS (in order to perform calculations related to indicators) were used for the analysis of the data. This research has been done in 3 stages. In the first stage, the seismicity of the basins has been evaluated using the location of seismic centers. In the second stage, the tectonic status of the basins has been investigated using 8 geomorphological indicators. Using the correlation index, the relationship between the tectonic activity of the basins in terms of different indices and the epicenters of the earthquakes has been evaluated. In fact, the assessment was that first the basins were ranked in terms of the number of seismic centers, and the basins with the highest number of seismic centers were ranked first. Also, based on the results obtained from each index, each basin was given a rank. Finally, the correlation between the rank of each basin in terms of the number of seismic centers and their rank in terms of geomorphological indices were evaluated.  

The seismicity of the studied basins showed that from 1990 to 2019, 131 earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 3 Richter occurred, of which 7 earthquakes were between 3 and 4 Richter, 114 earthquakes were between 4 and 5 Richter, and 8 Earthquakes were between 5 and 6 Richter. One earthquake was between 6 and 7 Richter and also 1 earthquake was more than 7 Richter (earthquake from the herd on November 12, 2017). Also, the results indicated that among the studied basins, the Zemkan basin with 36 earthquakes (including seismic from the herd) and the Alvand basin with 31 earthquakes, had the highest number of seismic centers. In this regard, they are considered as active tectonic basins. Also, the evaluation of the tectonic status of the basins in terms of geomorphological indicators indicated that in terms of inverse topographic symmetry index (T) and drainage basin asymmetry index (AF), the Razavar basin was the most active basin. In terms of the hypsometric integral index (Hi) and longitudinal river gradient index (SL), the Merg basin was the most active basin. In terms of basin shape indices (Bs), river sine (S) and branching ratio (Br), Jigran, Leila, and Gavarod basins had more active tectonic status, respectively.  

The results of the seismicity assessment of the basins showed that from 1990 to 2019, among the studied basins, the Zemkan basin with 36 earthquakes (including seismic from the herd) and Alvand basin with 31 Earthquakes had the highest number of seismic centers. In this regard, they are considered as basins with active tectonic status. Also, the results of the Lat index showed that Gheshlagh, Razavar, and Qarahsoo basins with an average score of 1.75 had the lowest average score and were the most active basin. The Alvand basin with an average of 2.25 points had the highest average score and the lowest activity. In the present study, using correlation, the relationship between the tectonic status of basins and earthquakes in the region was evaluated. The results of the evaluation indicated that there was no relationship between the number of earthquakes and the tectonic condition of the basins in terms of different indicators. In fact, except for the drainage density index of the basins, which had a correlation coefficient with the number of earthquakes in the basins (0.583), other indicators had a coefficient of less than 0.5. Therefore, using the number of earthquakes, it is not possible to assess the tectonic status of the basins.

Ecotourism is a new form of tourism and one of the strategies for sustainable development in rural areas. Many areas have high potential for ecotourism development due to suitable environmental and cultural conditions, including Kamyaran city. Due to the importance of the issue and the high potential of Kamyaran city, in this research, the potential of ecotourism development potential areas in this city has been assessed. In this research, 1: 50000 topographic maps, 30 m high digital model and information layers have been used as research data. The main research tool is ArcGIS software. The general method of research is that using environmental and human parameters as well as an integrated model of fuzzy logic and AHP, areas prone to ecotourism development in Kamyaran city have been identified. According to the results, a large part of the area of Kamyaran city, including the villages adjacent to the cities of Kamyaran and Mouchesh, as well as villages located on the Kamyaran-Palangan route due to near to the main road, near to urban areas, near to the river, near to geosites and sites Cultural as well as low altitude and slope have high potential for ecotourism development.

Large earthquakes are one of the most devastating natural disasters, often resulting in extensive casualties and high mortality, which are considered to be the most significant effects of earthquakes. But earthquakes, in addition to their tangible effects, also have intangible effects that may have long-term effects. In fact, high-power earthquakes cause vertical displacement of the earth by subsidence and uplift, which can adversely affect the residential areas and facilities as well as geomorphological landforms. One of the most recent earthquakes in Iran was the 5.9 earthquake on 2019/11/07 in the Turkmanchay, which caused considerable damage to the settlements in the region and was accompanied by significant vertical displacement. Vertical displacement of the area, in addition to its effects on habitat areas, has a significant impact on groundwater fluctuation, causing problems in groundwater calculations and slope ruptures. For this reason, calculating the vertical displacement rate can be very important. Different methods are used to evaluate the vertical displacement of each area that the radar interferometry is among the best methods. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the vertical displacement caused by the Turkmanchay earthquake on surrounding cities using the radar interferometry method. This research is based on analytical-descriptive and software methods. Research data include Sentinel-1 radar images, DEM 30m, and statistical information related to the Turkmanchay earthquake. The software used in the research also includes SNAP (pre-processing and mapping displacement rates), Snaphu (Phase Unwrapping), and ArcGIS (preparing output maps). In this research, the radar interferometry method is used to assess the displacement rate of the study area. Radar interferometry is one of the most powerful tools for monitoring the subsidence phenomenon. This method, by comparing the phases of two radar images of the region taken at two different times, can determine the changes in the surface of the earth at that time interval. The phase taken from a feature on the Earth's surface is proportional to its distance to the radar sensor. Therefore, the change in this distance affects the measured phase. In this research, Sentinel-1 images are used for radar interferometry. The Turkmanchay earthquake occurred on 2019/11/07 near the city of Turkmanchay in Azerbaijan province. The magnitude of the earthquake was reported by various authorities from 5.8 to 6 and its depths up to 10 km. The earthquake also had 610 aftershocks, with the largest one being 4.8, and the closest cities to its hypocenter are Turkmanchay, Mianeh, Turk, Sarab, and Hashtrud. The Turkmanchay earthquake has had many tangible and intangible effects. Due to its magnitude, the earthquake has caused a lot of damage to residential areas including rural areas. One of the tangible effects of the Turkmanchay earthquake was the destruction of residential areas and facilities. The earthquake also caused considerable vertical displacement in the region, given the final map, with a range of 13 to 96 mm. Evaluation of the displacement map of the region indicates that most displacements occurred at the margin of the earthquake hypocenter and, in a general trend, the western areas of the area have experienced subsidence, with a decreasing trend toward the eastern regions and some areas were experiencing uplift. The Turkmanchay earthquake has left many tangible and intangible effects. Among the tangible effects were the destruction of residential areas, with approximately 370 home experienced destruction of between 5 and 100 percent. Also, according to the statistics, 5 people were killed and more than 300 were injured. Among its intangible effects has been the vertical displacement of the area. The results of the evaluation of vertical displacement in urban areas indicate that the city of Sarab with a 41 mm subsidence has the highest vertical displacement. The cities of Turkmanchay, Mianeh, Hashtrud, Turk, Aghkand, and Nair experienced subsidence rates of 30, 3, 28, 18, 14 and 32 mm respectively. In addition to residential areas, geomorphological units have also witnessed a displacement, which can be very important. One of the units where the vertical displacement is very important is the lowland area where the final map shows that the Turkmanchay, Sarab, Hashtrud and Nair plains have been subsided and the Mianeh plain has been uplifted. The vertical displacement in the plains of the area can be effective in fluctuating groundwater and making it difficult to calculate various parameters including the groundwater level drop. Another effect of vertical displacement is the impact on slopes. Given that much of the area is covered by the mountain unit, this displacement can  intensify slope movements in the coming years.

Earthquakes are one of the most important environmental hazards that always lead to a lot of damage. In addition to the effects that earthquakes on residential areas, they also have many tangible and intangible effects on landforms that can cause hazards. Due to the importance of the issue, the current study investigates the tangible and intangible effects of herd earthquakes on landforms in the Ezgeleh region. The research data includes the 30-meter SRTM digital elevation model, digital data layers, Sentinel 1 images, and information obtained through field visits. The most important research tools include ARCGIS software (for mapping and final output) and GMT (for radar interference). This research has been done in 3 stages. In the first stage, using the radar interferometry method, the amount of vertical displacement of the area is calculated. In the second stage, the vertical displacement of the landforms of the region has been evaluated and in the third stage, the tangible effects of the earthquake on the landforms of the region have been investigated. The results of the research indicate that under the influence of earthquakes, the area had a displacement of between -613 and +917 mm. Due to the vertical displacement that has occurred in the region, the landforms of the region have also faced a lot of displacement so that the plains in the region have been affected by this displacement in which the highest displacement with 382 to 917 mm elevation is related to Zahab plain. Unlike the plains of the region in which the movement and changes have been mostly imperceptible, the slopes located in the region, in addition to the imperceptible effects, have also encountered many tangible effects. Therefore, many slopes of the region, including the slopes located near the villages of Ramaki Ramazan, Meleh Kaboud and Ghouchbashi have lnadslice, as well as the slopes near Piran waterfall and Baba Yadegar valley have Debriz.

Today, geomorphic studies are considered as the base of studies on natural resources. Recognizing the processes and active mechanisms on these landforms and their characteristics, as well as understanding the type of use of these units in using the natural environment and sustainable development is important. Many of Iranian towns and villages are on plains and alluvialfans and as a result, exploitation of the plains has become diverse and growing; but there are problems and limitations in the use of these areas. For a successful farming, consideration of climatic and environmental conditions is of tremendous importance. Therefore, the designation of geomorphic units is a suitable method for detailed studies of natural resources planning and management and environmental hazards. According to some experts, the assessment of environmental power is an instrument for identifying a land for activities such as agriculture and forestry (Quang minh et al, 2003). The agricultural sector of Sanandaj Province is especially important among the economic sectors of the province since in terms of production and employment, it is ranked second after the services sector. The geographical and climatic conditions and abundant water resources provide the potential benefits of agricultural production in the city. In  recent years, with the adoption of new software and hardware methods, many efforts have been made to determine the capability and management of land leading to fruitful results.

The purpose of this study is to assess land suitability for agricultural activities in Sanandaj based on hydrogeomorphological parameters. To this end, the research method is based on descriptive-analytic methods. Research data includes statistical information (information on the status of groundwater and climate parameters), information layers, information extracted from satellite imagery (land use), as well as library information. Software used in the research includes ARCGIS (providing information layers, fuzzy, final output), IDRISI (implementation of the OWA model), Google Earth (validation of results), and SuperDecisione (weighting to criteria). The data layers of this research are soil, land type, geology, slope, altitude, precipitation, river, temperature, groundwater status, and groundwater chemical quality. Since the value and importance of the parameters are not the same for the desired purposes, the parameters were evaluated using expert opinion (5 geomorphic experts) by the ANP method and fuzzy by using the fuzzy function in ArcGIS software. Afterwards, standardized layers are entered into the IDRISI software and then combined with the ANP model using the OWA model based on the obtained values. Finally, the final map is made. After drawing up the final map to verify the results, 50 random samples were used to validate the result.

In this research, ten parameters have been used for the development of agricultural lands in Sanandaj. The parameters are assigned in three clusters: Geomorphologic parameters (elevation, slope and geomorphology units), hydroclamite (river, underground water, chemical water quality, temperature and precipitation), and land cover (soil and lithology). In this research, after providing information layers, these layers are standardized using ARCGIS software. The  geomorphological parameters are standardized in such a way that the altitude, the lower height means that the pixel is worth more And also in terms of slope, areas with a lower slope are worth more. In terms of geomorphology units, the lake and mountain units are of the lowest value. In terms of hydro-climatic parameters, regions with higher rainfall and temperatures near the river have lower groundwater depths and areas with lower EC values ​​are of higher value. In addition, the areas with inspetisol are of higher value and lithologically, the areas with alluvial lithology are more valuable. The value of the criteria was then calculated using the ANP model. Finally, the obtained value was applied to the layers and in the end, using the OWA model, the final map is obtained.

Since agriculture makes a major contribution to the economy of Sanandaj, and given the great potential of the city in terms of water resources, it is necessary to make proper planning and location in this area. In the present study, according to studies conducted and hydrogeomorphological survey related to the study area regarding zoning the area for the development of agricultural lands, it has been attempted to identify suitable areas for the desired purposes. The results of zoning using integrated network analysis and sequential weighted averaging model have been verified using integrated network analysis model and random sampling method is verified. The confirmed results indicate that the final map has 86 percent accuracy. The results of the present study indicate that the major part of Sanandaj does not have the proper level of agricultural activities so 1587 km2 of the city area is in the inappropriate class and the relatively suitable and suitable class area is 801 and 579 square kilometers, respectively. According to the results, about 53% of Sanandaj area is not suitable for agricultural activities, especially for water crops.

Assessment and Prediction of the process of expansion of residential areas with Geomorphological Approach and Environmental Management (Case Study: Paveh City)

Cities are always affected by various factors and expansions. As cities expand, their coming across various topographic units increase. Therefore the importance of knowing the characteristics of the natural environment, in order to identify suitable zones for the construction of buildings, is identified. Urbanization leads to widespread land use and adverse environmental impacts. In some cases, the expansion of urban spaces also results in environmental hazards and threats to human societies. Geomorphological studies are needed to identify most of the characteristics of the natural environment. Through this awareness, it is more feasible to take effective steps in choosing the most suitable place to create and expand cities and it's possible to lower the risk of natural processes and to counteract them. The present study, thus, attempts to use the LCM model with a geomorphological approach, evaluate the evolution of Paveh settlements during 1998 to 2013 and predict the future development of these areas by 2030. The purpose of this approach is to plan and organize the movement of the settlements towards the less risky areas.

To predict the expansion of residential areas with a geomorphological approach and environmental management, the following steps are taken. Initially, satellite imagery of 1998 and 2013 was produced. The next step was to pre-process the images where the data were examined for geometrical and radiometric errors. After preprocessing the images, the land use map of the area was prepared using a supervised classification method. Teaching examples are defined in 5 classes of agriculture, gardens, rangelands, residential areas, as well as unoccupied lands. By designing training samples using the maximum likelihood method, land use maps of the study area for 1998 and 2013 were prepared. The next step was to detect changes using LCM which was modeled in four stages. Initially, the changes in 1998 and 2013 were examined. Then using the MLP method, transition potential maps were prepared. Then, land use change forecasts were prepared for 2030. Finally, the predicted LCM map was compared with the existing reality map. The results indicate the acceptable accuracy of the prepared maps.

The city of Pave, located on the high Zagros zone and along the northwest - southeast, has shown the characteristics of the Zagros Mountains well. The geomorphological study of Paveh and its surroundings indicates the existence of a mountainous geomorphologic unit with active slopes as well as valley systems with active river systems as well as an active fault system at its surface. A combination of the above factors indicates that one of the most important challenges of Paveh city is limitation of topography and lack of suitable land for urban expansion. The land use map of the study area in 1998 showed that 4.2 km2 of the entire area had been residential areas. It is estimated that the settlement area of Paveh has reached 6/5 km2 in 2013. Spatio-temporal comparison of Paveh city expansion trend shows an increase of 2.5 km2 in this period and these results indicate significant spatial variability and consequently greater interference with geomorphological units. The estimated future expansion based on the LCM model for 2030 was 10 km2. The results showed that the transverse as well as longitudinal expansion of Paveh would be significant in 2030. This expansion of the settlement often corresponds to sensitive areas and this results in increased processes and increased risk levels.

The results showed that the expansion of residential areas has been increasing rapidly, reaching from about 4.4 km2 in 1998 to about 10 km2 in 2030. According to the maps prepared and the available information, Gardens and agricultural lands reduced as residential areas expanded. Surveys showed that the existing urban area in 2013 had a transverse and longitudinal expansion compared to 1998. This process, based on the forecast for 2030, will also occur at a much broader level than 2013. The topographical position and the increasing trend of population over the period under consideration have led to the development of residential areas, moving to more risky areas and increasing the risk factor. In other words, based on the geomorphological status of the area and morphological forms, the expansion of urban areas to high risk areas occurs. This study showed that despite the efficiency of this research as a precursor, the necessity of preparing a geomorphological urban plan with form and process approach is essential for Paveh and other Iranian cities.