javad abbasi

Public health and the economy are seriously affected by diseases transmitted by meat and its products, including Zoonotic diseases. Several factors contribute to carcass condemnation in slaughterhouses, such as parasitic infections that can be extremely harmful to human societies. Parasites transmitted from red meat and its products can induce disorders in humans. These parasites include helminths such as Taenia spp. (intestinal disorders), liver flukes (hepatic disorders), and Trichinella spp. (intestinal and muscular disorders), as well as protozoans such as Toxoplasma gondii (neurological and reproductive disorders) and Sarcocystis spp. (gastrointestinal, respiratory, and muscle disorders) and Cryptosporidium spp. (intestinal disorders and severe diarrhea). Generally, there is little knowledge about meat-borne parasitic diseases. Global food trade, population growth, unprincipled cooking methods, and lack of improvement in monitoring and diagnostic procedures are among the increasing factors of diagnostic cases of parasitic diseases caused by meat and meat products around the world, including Iran. Despite the decrease in meat consumption per capita in recent years, there is a significant prevalence of meat-borne parasitic diseases among Iranian population, which requires attention towards preventive and monitoring methods. Iran's northern provinces, including Gilan and Mazandaran, have the highest documented incidence of parasite infections in meat, especially in rural areas with humid climates where cattle are raised. Recent studies have estimated the prevalence of human infections in Iran. The studied diseases included taeniasis (0.25%-0 5%), trichinellosis (2.6% in high-risk group), fascioliasis (0.7% in Jolfa county), dicrocoeliasis (2.2% in Meshkinshahr city), toxoplasmosis (39.3% of the whole Iranian population), sarcocystosis (0.16%-0.1%, only found in eight cases), cryptosporidiosis (2.9% of healthy population and 1.3% of patients suffering from gastroenteritis). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the essential parasitic diseases transmitted through meat and meat products in the geographical area of Iran and their effects on both human and animal health.

After the establishment of the Abbasid caliphate, two schools of thought, "populist" and "anti-populist" in the Islamic world, came into conflict with each other. The Iranian populist movement relied on Iran's ancient historical and civilizational background and sought to improve its political and social position in the new political order. The anti-populist movement, which was considered an extension of the Umayyad political thought, sought to instill and perpetuate the idea of Arab superiority over non-Arabs due to the loss of their previous political and social status. This research seeks to reconstruct the intellectual foundations of the anti-populist trend in the first centuries of Islam, relying on the opinions of Ibn e- Qutaiba, one of the serious supporters of the mentioned thought. The reason for choosing Ibn e- Qutaiba, as a representative of the anti-populist movement, is the survival of his book Fazl al-Arab, which contains a complete formulation of the anti-populist principles. The findings of the research clarify that the intellectual foundations of the anti-populist trend based on Ibn e- Qutaiba's opinions have two focal axes of proving the superiority of the Arab people over other nations and proving the inferiority of the social, political and historical position of Iranians and populist-Muslims, each of which is based on several principles. The present article is a type of historical research written through the descriptive-analytical method, relying on library sources especially the book of Fazl al-Arab.

The widespread use of antibiotics for growth promotion or therapeutic purposes in poultry farming has led to increased antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli is one of the gastrointestinal bacteria capable of transferring resistance genes and causing antibiotic resistance in humans and poultry. Evaluating antibiotic resistance in poultry flocks can provide researchers with a clear picture of the health status of poultry flocks and the human community. 

This study was conducted on 60 broiler chicken flocks aged 1 to 28 days. These flocks had no history of antibiotic use. In the laboratory, after necropsy, sampling was carried out from five chicken pieces in each flock. After confirming the diagnosis and purification of E. coli using biochemical methods, antibiotic sensitivity testing against 19 antibiotics was performed using the disc diffusion method, following the CLSI guidelines. 

Out of 300 samples collected, 270 (90%) isolates of E. coli were obtained. In this study, the sensitivity of antibiotics was as follows: fosfomycin (100%), lincomycin (94.81%), neomycin (48.52%), amoxicillin (48.15%), norfloxacin (41.48%), thiamphenicol (38.52%), enrofloxacin (38.52%), sulfamethoxazole (36.66%), florfenicol (31.85%), tilmycosin (31.85%), danofloxacin (30%), flumequine (25.19%), difloxacin (21.85%), chlortetracycline (16.66%), trimethoprim (16.66%), doxycycline (11.85%), erythromycin (10%), tylosin (1.48%), and colistin (0%). Additionally, resistance was observed only against tylosin (91.85%). No multiple resistance was observed among the isolated strains, and at least sensitivity to two antibiotics was detected in all samples. 

The findings of this research indicate that the level of antibiotic resistance in broiler chicken flocks at young ages in the Kermanshah region is low. However, the sensitivity rate to 17 antibiotics is less than 50%, demonstrating a relatively high level of sensitivity in poultry at these ages.

This research seeks to investigate the factors related to the nature of the organization and its role in brand identity. The research was conducted in the field of biological industry. Razi Institute is the leader of the vaccine industry in terms of a variety of products and production of more than 70% of the country's market needs and is a propitious case for studying this industry. The model from the results of the qualitative method was examined using the structural equation modeling method. Because of the exploratory nature of the model and the non-normal distribution of the variables, variance-based methods were employed to predict the results of the hypotheses. The statistical population consisted of 1,870 individuals including sales representatives, inoculation centers, and veterinarians. A 40-item questionnaire was distributed among 270 participants, with a response rate was 82%. The adequacy of this tool was confirmed using Bartlett's sphericity test. The variables of the model included 8 exogenous latent (independent) variables, 2 endogenous latent (dependent) variables, 2 moderating variables, and 1 mediating variable. A total of 15 hypotheses related to relationships between variables were examined in various internal and external model analysis tests. In the end, the hypotheses were checked through factor loadings and impact factors. The variables of the model with a coefficient of determination of 0.731 could predict the model at a close-to-strong level. The obtained fit (goodness-of-fit=0.593) showed that the model had high reliability and tested the hypotheses with 97% precision. Finally, while confirming the obtained model, relationships were measured in structural equations, and in the results, in addition to examining the hypotheses of its influence, it was also analyzed, and the reasons for its influence and its average were also seen based on each analytical variable.

The study aims to identify and analyze the key intervening factors that influence the digital marketing strategies of successful Iranian startups. It seeks to understand how these factors contribute to the effectiveness and efficiency of digital marketing efforts in the startup ecosystem of Iran. Methods and Materials: Employing a qualitative research design, the study conducted in-depth interviews with 12 digital marketing experts from various successful Iranian startups. Grounded theory methodology was used to analyze the interview data, facilitating the identification of core themes and factors affecting digital marketing strategies.

The research identified several critical factors impacting digital marketing strategies, including organizational culture, technological adoption, market dynamics, and regulatory environment. It highlights the importance of adaptability, strategic alignment, and continuous learning within startups to navigate the challenges and opportunities of digital marketing.

The study concludes that for Iranian startups, a nuanced understanding of both internal and external factors is crucial for developing and implementing effective digital marketing strategies. It underscores the need for a strategic approach that incorporates flexibility, innovation, and customer engagement to achieve sustained growth and competitive advantage in the digital marketplace.

Due to the dominance of the important trade routes, the Samanids paid special attention to trade. As a commercial commodity, slaves were one of the sources of income for the Samanids. Samani government both imported slaves and allowed slave traders to import slaves in return for taxes. These slaves were exported from the Samanid territory to other regions of the Islamic world, especially Baghdad, the center of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasid caliphate and the Samanid government used imported slaves, especially Turkish slaves, in military affairs, and these slaves had great power in the caliphate and Samanid system. Research data indicate that the slave trade flourished in this period and the Samanids supported it. The main question of the current research is, what was the extent of the role of the Samanids in the slave trade? The findings of the research indicate that the slave trade flourished in this period and the Samanids supported it, they monopolized this trade, supervised the import and export of slaves, imposed taxes and customs duties on them, and gained a lot of income in this way. In addition, the main core of the Samani army was formed by the military forces of Turkish slaves. Based on ancient sources and historical researches and using descriptive-analytical method in this research it has been trried to study the slave trades during the Samanid period.

Aflatoxins are harmful mycotoxins that can contaminate animal and human food products. To prevent toxigenic fungi growth and aflatoxin production, researchers have long investigated plant compounds as potential inhibitory agents.

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of berberine sulfate and berberine chloride on the growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.

The antifungal activity of berberine salts was determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) document M38-A3. The aflatoxin levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.

The berberine sulfate and berberine chloride showed inhibitory effects against both Aspergillus species, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 125 to 500 µg/mL. Berberine sulfate at 2000 μg/mL and berberine chloride at 1000 μg/mL completely inhibited the mycelial growth of A. flavus, while berberine chloride at 1000 μg/mL also completely inhibited the mycelial growth of A. parasiticus. Berberine sulfate at 2000 µg/mL reduced the mycelial growth of A. parasiticus by 96.7%. 

Berberine salts significantly decreased the total aflatoxin production of Aspergillus species at MIC/2 and MIC/4 concentrations (P˂0.05). The results suggest that berberine salts could be used as potential antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic agents against toxigenic Aspergillus isolates.

In August 2020, 10 feedlot cattle were presented with weakness of the hind limbs, ataxia and incoordination, paralysis, and eventually sternal recumbency, in a farm in the suburban area of Tehran. Hypothermia, ruminal hypomotility, constipation, tongue paralysis, hypersalivation, paralysis of the tail and anus sphincter, bradycardia and arrhythmia were recorded in clinical examination. Necropsy revealed severe impaction in the forestomaches, and endocardial hemorrhage. 0.5ml of gastrointestinal contents of affected cattle was administered to three mice, via intraperitoneal route. Signs of botulism was noticed following the injection; hence the diagnosis was confirmed. Microscopic examination revealed nonspecific histopathologic changes in different organs including heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and abomasum. Analysis of the ingested feed confirmed the presence of meat pieces mixed with bread waste, which provides an excellent environment for C. botulinum spores to germinate and produce toxins. Eventually, after 45 days of botulism outbreak, a total number of 98 affected cows were slaughtered and the carcasses were destroyed according to guidelines issued by Iran veterinary organization.

Nowadays, conservation is recognized as a complex and ongoing social process that includes identifying and valuing heritage and how it is used, cared for, and interpreted. In this article, it has been tried to examine the ritual of asking for rain centered on dolls in different geographical regions and in their culture. It, then, discusses the values of these works and finally the conservation and restoration approaches related to this ritual and the objects used in it. Different methods and approaches are necessary for the protection of these ritual objects. Some approaches can increase knowledge and awareness of these objects and rituals in the society, and on the other hand, this approach requires the use of all sciences related to conservation and restoration, both hard and soft sciences. In fact, every society must try to protect the cultural patterns of its country in order to continue its original and real life.

The purpose of this research is to compile a model of digital marketing strategies in successful Iranian startups. According to its purpose, the research method is practical, and in terms of its implementation, it is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part includes 13 academic and executive experts in the field of startups in the country, who were selected using the purposeful judgment method and the snowball method, and the statistical population in the quantitative part includes the marketing unit of active successful startups. There are 250 people in the country (5 companies) and marketing professors of 5 top universities in Tehran, and the statistical sample was 148 people, 180 distributed and 163 analytical questionnaires were selected using Morgan's table. A semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire taken from the qualitative section were used to collect information. In the qualitative part, the data theory method of the foundation was used, and the data obtained from the interviews were coded and analyzed in the three main stages of open coding, central coding, and selective coding, and in the quantitative part, the factor analysis of the indicators was done. The results of the qualitative part indicated that 241 primary codes, 46 central codes and 14 selective codes were identified and extracted. The results of the research showed that the causal conditions with 4 variables of network capability, use of artificial intelligence, marketing capability and customer knowledge have an effect on digital marketing strategies, and the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit indices of the model were confirmed.

Rescue and preservation of refugees and disaster victims depend on delivering cost-effective, nutritionally sound food options. Utilizing food items enriched with vital nutrients and immune system fortifiers is imperative to bolster and sustain proper immune system functionality. This study explores the immunomodulatory impacts of two emergency rations on the immune system using a murine animal model.  In this study, four sets of ten Balb/c strain mice aged between 4 and 6 weeks, weighing 17.8 to 18.9 grams, were handpicked. Two of these groups were subjected to treatment diets designated as 1 and 2, while the other two groups were provided with control diets numbered 1 and 2 administered at 3 to 4 grams daily over eight weeks. Following the 8-week dietary intervention, blood samples were collected to evaluate interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG1), and IgG2 levels.  The outcomes revealed that the treatment groups exhibited significantly higher IFN-γ levels than their control counterparts. Additionally, the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio was consistently elevated within the treatment groups as opposed to the control groups. There was a significant enhancement in cellular immune responses within the treatment group, as indicated by an increase in Th1/Th2 cell ratios. Moreover, in the treatment group, there was a significant increase in IgG2 antibodies and a corresponding decrease in IgG1 antibodies compared to the control group.  Based on the results, using emergency rations in mice increased cellular immune responses in both treatment groups.

Nowadays, there is a growing need to explore methods for increasing the shelf life of food. In the food industry, severe food security industrial techniques are employed, including canning, pasteurization, smoking, salting, freezing, heating, vacuum sealing, the use of chemical materials, and      irradiation. This study focuses on the effects of gamma irradiation on changes in the chemical, biological, and organoleptic properties of ostrich meat. Fifteen male ostriches, aged between 10 and 14 months, underwent evaluation. Initially, the ostriches were slaughtered, and their meat) from thigh (was subjected to different irradiation doses (0, 2, 4, 6 KGY) at intervals of0, 5, 10, and 15 days. The various meat groups were then stored at 4°C.In this study, ostrich meat samples were divided into two groups: one group received no irradiation (0 kg) and the other received irradiation at doses of2, 4, and 6 kg. These samples were then stored in a refrigerator for15 days, and microbial, chemical, and organoleptic tests were conducted. The results of our investigation indicate that the 4 kg irradiation dose effectively reduced the counts of mesophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and psychrophilic bacteria, while also eliminating Salmonella spp and E. coli spp. Additionally, it led to a reduction in Total Volatile Nitrogen (TVN) and prevented adverse organoleptic changes, including alterations in odor and color, over the 15-day refrigerated storage period. The irradiated groups also demonstrated a remarkable reduction and elimination of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli spp, and Salmonella spp bacteria during refrigerated storage, with significant differences from the control group. Additionally, Total Volatile Nitrogen (TVN) in the control group exhibited a significant increase onthe15th day compared to the other groups. To sum up, irradiation proves to be a viable method for preserving various foods, especially meats like ostrich, and is highly recommended to safeguard against food spoilage and contamination.

The aim of the present research is to compile digital marketing strategies model in Iranian successful startups. The research method is qualitative. Using the grounded theory approach, the codes were identified and subsequently, the axial and selective codes of the research concept were classified. Thirteen interviews with the university experts and CEOs of the startups were done using Judgmental Sampling and Snowball Sampling methods. The research data were collected and the theoretical saturation process started with interview 11. The research findings identified 241 initial codes, 46 axial codes, and 14 selective codes. The selective codes included network capability, use of artificial intelligence, marketing capability, customer knowledge, field of activity organizational, cultural, and structural, ability, value creation for the customer, and value creation for the company, social, individual, organizational and technological values. Based on the research results, causal conditions with 4 variables of network capability, use of artificial intelligence, marketing capability, and customer knowledge affect digital marketing strategies. The digital marketing models in successful Iranian startups was formulated and presented by determining the contextual and intervening conditions, and determining the outcomes and strategies for improvement of strategies.

Understanding anatomical structures from the past to the present has been one of the guidelines for advancing medical and veterinary science worldwide. The lack of comprehensive information on the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and the Shal sheep nasal cavity (Ovis aries) encouraged us to write this article. Computed tomography (CT) scan is a method that shows different parts of the body without superimposition of adjacent structures. Radiographic imaging also gives very high-resolution images of bones to examine bone structures. Paranasal sinuses of Shal sheep were composed of frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, and palatine sinuses, and the nasal sinuses were composed of dorsal, and middle nasal sinuses, which were identified and labeled in keeping with cheek teeth as landmarks. The width of the frontal bone and length of the nasal cavity at the level of the 6th cheek tooth were 7 ± 0.3 and 13 ± 0.8 cm, respectively. The volumes of both the right and left sinuses were measured automatically, and the accurate location of sinuses, canals, nasal folds, conchae, and meatuses, and connections between different parts of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were described. The volume of the frontal, maxillary, and palatine sinuses were 279.3 ± 16.4, 80.6 ± 2.6, and 13.5 ± 0.2 cm3, respectively. Frontal, maxillary, and lacrimal sinuses were observed like other ruminants. But the palatine sinus in this breed was not present in the Egyptian sheep, Saanen, and Markhz goats. Also, unlike Sanan and Markhz goats and like Egyptian sheep, ventral nasal sinus was not observed in this breed.

Jewish traders in Iran in the early Islamic centuries were very famous for the slave trade than anything else. The geographers of the first centuries have mentioned a group of Jews called the Radhanites who traveled to different places and took trade goods, including slaves, to different places. They transported slaves from Europe to Byzantium and to the Islamic world and caused the growth and development of this trade. It seems that various wars in Europe and Asia had an impact on the subject of the slave trade, and Jewish traders contributed greatly to the expansion of the slave trade. In any case, despite the prosperity and expansion of the slave trade in the discussed period, this issue has not been much reflected in the historical sources of this period, and even in new studies, it has been less discussed and concentrated on. Therefore, the present study tries to investigate the role of Jewish merchants in the slave trade in Iran from the early Islamic centuries to the end of the 4th century Hijri based on the limited resources available from this period and using a descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, efforts will be made to collect historical data from library sources and categorize and finally analyze them using the method of historical studies.

In this study, the colors used in the Inscription and mural paintings of tomb of Ghadmagah in Neishabour were analyzed by instrumental analytical methods. Ghadmagah is located in the center of the Zabarkhan section, on the Neyshabur-Mashhad Road. Ghadmagah tomb-garden is located in the village of the same name 24 kilometers east of Neyshabur, Iran, and was built in the early seventeenth century. According to historical sources Ghadmagah was built in the early eleventh century AH (ca. 1600 AD), and the origin of this site dates back to Islam. Some believe that the Ghadmagah monument was designed by Sheikh Baha’i. The architectural decoration of this building is most importantly tiling, plastering and mural paintings. Given that the building was built in different periods and originally dates back to the Safavid period. The present study aimed to study the color bedding and pigments in the Inscription and mural paintings of the building to find out what period the mural paintings in the building belong to. Mural painting is one of the Iran arts that based on the signs of old paint can be pursued to pre-history. One of the most important issues in the study of historical paintings, especially mural paint, is the identification of the nature of paintings used to decorate the walls. Identification of pigments is also important not only from the perspective of archeology but also in terms of the history of art and knowledge of degradation processes and the development of monument conservation strategies is also important. In this study, instrumental methods such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy have been used for elemental and compound microanalysis of the samples.

One of the topics that attracts attention during the seventy-year history of establishing official relations between Iran and Canada (since 1956/1335) is the role of the book and its related issues in the relations between the two countries. According to the available documents, sending books from Iran to Canada by the government institutions and writing books about Iran (in Canada) with the cooperation and support of the Iranian government are the most important symbols of the connection between the two countries.  In this article, the role of the book in the framework of the official relations of the two countries from 1339 to 1357, has been investigated by using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on archival documents. The findings show that in this relatively short period, attention to the book on the political-cultural relations of the two countries has had significant importance and an expanding trend. In these publications, the history and culture of Iran have been written and published, and familiarity with Iran and the Persian language has expanded in Canada.

This article seeks to examine the variables affecting Iran's competitive advantage and economic and social challenges in extracting the cryptocurrency of the world. The statistical population of this research is the managers and experts of the world currency cryptocurrency unit of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic, the licensing unit of the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Trade in the field of currency cryptography extraction, information archiving unit and electricity distribution control units The TPOs of Tehran and Alborz companies are formed by using sampling available, 30 people were selected as the sample. Research Method This research is a qualitative content analysis method. Based on the research results, the identified challenges were identified and categorized in four categories: legal challenges with 9 codes, economic challenges with 7 codes, infrastructure challenges with 5 codes and technological challenges with 5 codes. In addition, 7 categories affecting the creation of Iran's competitive advantage were identified. The first component (category) is the inherent advantages of the currency code, which includes 7 codes, the component of security advantages of the currency code with 5 codes, the component of legal advantages of the currency code with 6 codes, component of economic advantages of currency code with 5 codes, component of Iran's infrastructure advantages for extracting currency code with 5 codes, component of Iran's advantages in the field of energy with 6 codes and legal advantages of Iran in foreign trade with 9 codes Were classified.

This research by using the hermeneutic paradigm method seeks to investigate the cognitive factors of organizational strategy efficiency by exploring the dimensions of organizational and brand identity in the biological industry. Dimensions were surveyed at the level within the organization and the organization's environment. Pursuant to the hermeneutic approach in the phenomenology of the issue, 17 in-depth interviews have been conducted among activists inside and outside of the organization. Semantic units adapted from research literature and interviews, were analyzed based on the interrogative content analysis method and Atlas.TI software.  Finally, the strategy efficiency pattern was identified, which includes the factors of organizational identity, brand identity factors, industry identity and strategic group identity which These factors and the relationships between them are important as sources of strategic efficiency in the organization

In this study, effect of eccentricity of a circle along the x-axis on the transformation of symmetric hydrofoil has been investigated using Zhukovsky mapping. The circle under study has a radius of 2 units, which is located at the origin of coordinates in the first case. In the first case, where the center of circle corresponds to origin of coordinates, the circle becomes a line and an ellipse and by moving the circle along the x-axis, a hydrofoil is obtained. The eccentricity of 0.4,0.2, 0.6, 1 and 1.5 have been studied and symmetric hydrofoils are calculated based on this mapping. The results indicate that as the eccentricity of the circle increases, the length of the hydrofoil decreases and the hydrofoil thickness increases. Up to eccentricity of a circle of 0.5, the maximum thickness occurs at a corresponding angle of 45 degrees and after this value occurs at the angle of 90 degrees.

Following the rule of Muslim Arabs in Iran and some political, social and cultural developments resulting from this historical event, many uprisings of various natures took place in this land, which reached its peak in the second century AH. During these uprisings, which began almost with the Abbasid caliphate, it shook the foundations of Abbasid power for almost a century. Thus, this study seeks to answer the question of what social status the leaders of these uprising had in the Iranian society in the first centuries, who found great success in attracting followers and accompanying various members of society. However, many of these uprisings have been studied by historians from various political, religious, military, and economic perspectives; But the social standing of these leaders, who played a central role in the uprisings, has received little attention, or some have introduced them from the masses without a critical approach to what Islamic historians have written about the lineage and family of these leaders. While in this research, it has been tried to deal with the background of the leaders of these protests by using ancient historical sources and with a critical approach to the sources and in a descriptive and analytical manner. The findings of this research, based on a careful reading of historical texts, show that, contrary to popular belief, most of the leaders of these popular uprisings against Arab rule in Iran had aristocratic backgrounds and were often rooted in former Iranian families and agents.

One of the most significant events in Iranian history that led to widespread change in this land is the victory of the Muslim Arabs in invading Iran. Following this important event, the Sassanid dynasty collapsed and Zoroastrianism lost its place in Iranian society, and Islam largely replaced Zoroastrianism in Iran, and it came under domination of Muslim Arabs. Because of the tremendous impact that this event has had on the life of the inhabitants of this land, this question has long been raised in the minds of many Iranians, and historians of ancient history that, as why and how the invading Muslim Arabs could rapidly defeat the Persians army and to end Sassanid dynasty. In response to this question, much research has been done and many theories have been put forward, most notably it has been emphasized over the existence of religious faith and motivation among Muslim on the one hand, and the existence of class and oppressive system among Sasanian and Zoroastrian clergy on the other. To answer this question, however, the present article attempts to extract and deduce historical data from ancient sources using a critical approach and a descriptive-analytical approach and critique of prior theories to examine the role of Iranian ruling families in the victory of the Muslim Arabs and the defeat of the Sassanid dynasty.

Present study aimed at presenting a framework for commercial banks’ preparedness indicators in use of blockchain technology. To this end, the meta-synthesis research method was employed. Among from 306 resources found over meta-synthesis steps, a number of 38 papers included our acceptance criteria. The four organizational, technical, individual and environmental factors were identified as indicators of commercial banks’ preparedness to use Blockchain technology. Organizational indicators included infrastructures development, managerial skills, human resources development, company or organization size, financial resources, receptive organizational culture, organizational policies, and senior management support. The technical indicators included complexity, technological security, access to technology, use of technology and specialized manpower. In addition, individual indicators included attitudes toward use, ease of use, perceived usefulness, and understanding of Blockchain technology. Finally, environmental indicators included rules and regulations, technology maturity, information exchange, compatibility, market dynamics, and governmental supports.

Without a theoretical appropriate background, it was difficult for the premiership (vezarat ) to reach the peak of power in seljuqed era. This theoretical efforts have been made since the beginning of the fourth century and simultaneously as the revitalization of the premiership. Ferdowsi was one of the thinkers who made the efforts about in this subject. The purpose of this study is to answer the question: How were Ferdowsi’s efforts used to provide a appropriate theoretical background for the maximize the authority of the premiership?. In the SHahname, specially in historical part, Ferdowsi introduced the vezir  as the main character of this section, due to the lack of the mythical era  wise kings. By the introduce Bzorgmehr  as sage/vezir, he made him a symbol of the premiership, which could be used as a background for this institution.

Al-Kart dynasty was established in eastern Khorasan on the eve of Mongols invasion and from the beginning, they accepted the supremacy of them. In the era of the Kartid rule in Khorasan, several factors contributed to the unrest of this state, and the Kartid rulers managed to secure their political stability through their special policies. This article seeks to find their solutions and policies. This research is a type of historical research and has been written by descriptive-analytical method and based on historical sources. The results of the study show that Kartid rulers reacted appropriately to any disruptive security factor. By accepting the legitimacy of the Ilkhanid rule, Kartid ruler were able to save Khorasan from confronting the central rule. They chose the military resistance solution to the Chagatai Khanate attacks. Al-Kart was able to control Sistan and Nikudarian and become the border guard of the eastern borders. Kartid rulers accepted the legitimacy of the Mongol survivors in Iran and therefore established a good relationship Tugha Timürid and Jani Qurbani dynasties. Al-kart chose the military option against the The Sarbadars’ expansionism and took advantage of the religious potential of the Sunnis and Sufis of Khorasan.