javad feizy

Propolis is rich in bioactive compounds, including antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds, therefore it is necessary to protect these sensitive compounds by high-performance methods such as encapsulation. The purpose of this research was to produce nanoparticles containing the propolis extract and to investigate its physicochemical characteristics. In this research, propolis was extracted with ethanol-water (70:30) solvents and protein nanoparticles containing it were prepared. Then, the dynamic light scattering characteristics, the encapsulation efficiency, the detection of crystalline and amorphous structure, and the interactions between the core and wall materials in nanoparticles were measured. To analyse the results, analysis of variance method was used, using SPSS software. The results of the dynamic test and encapsulation efficiency showed that with the increase in the amount of core and wall materials, the encapsulation efficiency, particle size and PDI increase. In the formulation with the same amounts of protein, with the increase in the concentration of propolis extract, the amount of negative charge of zeta potential also increased. The results of the XRD device showed that the treatments, 6 and 8, had the highest values of L and a, respectively. The graphs obtained from the FT-IR test showed that there were very minor changes in the form of peak displacement or symmetrical changes in the nanoparticles containing propolis extract compared to the control nanoparticles. This research showed that in the preparation of nanoparticles, the larger the amount of nuclear material, the larger the size of the resulting nanoparticles, the crystal intensity and the encapsulation efficiency.

Lentils are one of the most important rainfed legumes in the world. They are an excellent source of minerals, vitamins, and amino acids.

Proximate composition (moisture, total ash, total fat, protein, fiber, and carbohydrate), mineral content, antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50), and total phenolic compounds (TPC) were determined in the raw, germinated, and cooked samples of two cultivars of Iranian lentils.

Cooking and germination showed a significant effect on TPC, antioxidant activity, and minerals. The highest amount of phenolic compounds was obtained in raw black lentil, followed by raw green and germinated lentils. The black cultivar showed a higher quantity of K, Cu, Ca, and Zn and treatments decreased the concentrations of mineral elements in the investigated samples. Moreover, losses of the minerals in the cooked samples were higher than the germinated ones.

Cooking and germination brought about a significant reduction in the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Meaningful reductions were also recognized in the mineral content during cooking and germination.

In this study, TiO2-MWCNT nanoparticles were deposited on Ti electrode by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. Scanning electron microscopy method verified that TiO2-MWCNT were deposited on Ti homogeneously. The Modified electrode was employed as an anode for the degradation of 4-nitorohenol pollutant that monitored spectroscopically. The degradation process of this contaminant was investigated by photo-catalytic (PC), electro-chemical (EC) and photo-electro-catalytic (PEC) methods. The results revealed that PC process was highly slow and there was signal overlapping for the components involved in two other processes, a fact which prevents extracting the kinetic profile of 4-nitrophenol. To overcome this problem, it was proposed to use multivariate cure resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) method for data analysis. Finally, the pure kinetic and spectral profiles of components were obtained using MCR-ALS method and the efficiencies of the applied degradation methods are ranked as follows: PEC>EC>PC.

In recent years, the presence of bisphenol A in food, drinking water, and toys is considered as a toxic compound. In this research, a Fabric-phase sorptive extraction using an organic-inorganic coating as an adsorbent was used to separate bisphenol A in different samples. The isolated bisphenol A was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The organic-inorganic coating was done with other methods. Optimal conditions for selecting the type of fabric and bis phenol A extraction were obtained by the central composite design in 3 and 5 variables according to the response surface methodology. At first, the influencing factors in NFPSE such as fabric type, number of sol-gel connections, and binding time were investigated. Also, the effects of different parameters on adsorption such as sample volume, adsorption time, solution desorption volume, desorption time and pH were examined. The calibration curve in the region (0.1-15 ng.mL-1) for bisphenol A was linear with a correlation coefficient of more than 99%.The detection limit (LODs)andthe limit of quantificationwere 0.11 ng.mL-1 and 0.37 ng.mL-1 respectively.Repeatability (RSD) with three replicated experiments was 1.25%.The recovery was obtained for different samples in the range of 95 to 97 %. According to the obtained results, the method mentioned in this research can be introduced as a reproducible method with a high absorption capacity for bisphenol A determination in drinking water and toys.

For the first time, hollow fiber-solid liquid phase microextraction (HF-SLPME) using multiwalled carbon nanotube- ion exchange polyurethane foam (MWCNT-PUFIX) as adsorbent along with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to extract and measure the anticancer drug cisplatin. In this method, the nanocomposite dispersed in octanol, is located in the pores and lumen of a porous polypropylene hollow fiber, was used as the extracting phase, this method benefits from high selectivity, high sample purification and enrichment, and reducing the consumption of organic solvents. The major factors affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated. The validation of the method was assessed by linearity, limit of detection, and accuracy calculated as relative recovery percent. The calibration curve was constructed under the optimal conditions was linear in the range of 1.00-55.0 µg/mL and the detection limit was 0.5 µg/mL. This method was successfully used for analysis of biological samples and the obtained results showed that the method has good accuracy and precision.

In the present study, a novel sorbent-based microextraction method was developed for the quick extraction of ochratoxin A from food samples. The extraction was performed based on graphene-reinforced fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) followed by HPLC-FLD analysis. Chromatographic separations were performed on a C18 column with H2O: ACN: acetic acid (49:49:2, v/v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and with fluorescence detection (λex= 333 nm and λem= 447 nm). The effect of graphene in the sol solution, extraction time, ionic strength, solvent extraction volume, desorption time, and desorption solvent type and volume were evaluated to obtain the maximum extraction efficiency. The optimum condition was obtained at pH=7, 40 mg of graphene per 10 mL of sol solution, 40 min for extraction time and 20 min for desorption time, the best solvent for desorption was 1 mL of ACN: HOAC (95:5 V/V) and extraction volume was 10 mL. The method showed a linear range of 2.0-17.5 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.97. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found 0.49 ng/g and 1.49 ng/g, respectively with absolute good recoveries (67.7-104.0%) and low relative standard deviations. In addition, ochratoxin A was quantified with the developed method in wheat and chickpea samples and the results indicate the effectiveness of the presented method.

Fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) is a new extraction method that has the advantages of permeable sol-gel derived hybrid organic-inorganic sorbents with flexible and permeable fabric substrates, which leads to high efficiency and high sensitivity of this method. The aim of this research is to improve the FPSE method and design a modified technique called nanoparticle-assisted fabric phase sorptive extraction (NFPSE) using carbon dot nanoparticles to improve the sorbent efficiency. In this study, we focused on the determination of aflatoxins as one of the carcinogens that are abundant in nature and severely contaminate the food sources of humans and animals. The study focused on 4 types of aflatoxin B2, B1, G2, and G1. Various parameters that were effective in NFPSE were optimized. Under the selected conditions, extraction yields ranging from 80% to 95% for Aflatoxins were obtained with acceptable repeatability on the food samples. The calibration curves of the analytes were calculated by good correlation coefficient values (R2>0.990). Limits of detection (LOD) were calculated in the range of 0.12-0.51 ng.mL-1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) were considered in the range of 0.37-1.56 ng.mL-1. Intraday precisions were found in the range between 3.9% and 5.3% (RSD, n=3). The within-laboratory reproducibility was investigated in a period of one month and the results for all 4 types of aflatoxins were from 6.9-15%. the developed method was successfully used on food samples.

One of the new management methods to reduce costs and also environmental pollution is the use of agricultural waste. Considering the importance of metal compounds in the consumer’s health and their decisive role in proposing suitable cultivation areas and developing food applications of saffron by-products in Iran, it is necessary to measure micronutrients and useful nutritional metal elements and heavy metal residues. Iran is the largest producer and exporter of saffron in the world with an annual production of 330 tons and an export of 280 tons. In this study, minerals of different components of saffron flowers (petals, stamens and styles) collected from eleven farms (in Khorasan Razavi and Qazvin provinces) were measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The results showed that in the stamen, the highest amount of micronutrients was related to magnesium (3031.9031), sodium (366.29), iron (236.57), copper (122.01), manganese (109.04) and zinc (91.17) mg/kg, respectively. Also, calcium and potassium quantities were 2.30 and 3.51 g/100g, respectively. In the style samples, the highest amount of micronutrients was related to magnesium (2365.78), sodium (394.53), iron (238.11), manganese (113.13), zinc (66.83) and copper 49.39 mg/kg, respectively. In the style samples, calcium (4.30) and potassium (2.15) were 4.30 and 2.15 g/100g, respectively. In the case of petals, like style, the highest levels of micronutrients were related to magnesium (1805/80), sodium (539.25), iron (292.63), manganese (81.98), zinc (56.76) and copper 16.17) mg/kg, respectively. Also, the amount of calcium and potassium were 3.45 and 1.59 g/100g, respectively. Due to the results and richness of these by-products of micronutrients, they can be used in various food industries, including enrichment and compensation of mineral deficiency of various processed and canned foods.

The present study reports the microencapsulation of extracts of saffron pollens containing polyphenolic compounds. Saffron pollen exhibit varying properties such as antioxidant and sensory properties and is also a source of many nutrients and bioactive compounds. In order to protect the polyphenols, the saffron pollen extract was microencapsulated by the spray drying method with maltodextrin as a carrier. Prior to encapsulation, the unbound water, total polyphenols contents and antioxidant activity of the extract was determined. The effect of inlet temperatures on the content of bioactive compounds, powder production yield, solubility and wettability was considered to study the spray drying process. The SEM images reveal that the produced microcapsules are spherical in shape. The results showed that the total polyphenol content of saffron pollen extract was found to be 620 ± 4.50, 470 ± 2.65, 420 ± 2.18 mg gallic acid per g, for 140, 160 and 180 , respectively and spraying drying could significantly maintain the polyphenolic content as well as the antioxidant capacity of extracts. The IC50 results for saffron pollen extract was found to be 0.177 ± 0.08, 0.191 ± 0.09, 0.182 ± 0.08 g per 100 g, for 140, 160 and 180 , respectively. The best temperature for this purpose with the highest solubility and wettability of the powder is the inlet temperature of 140  and Outlet temperature of 85 , thus have potential applications in food and pharmaceutical products.

In the present study, the conventional solvent extraction (CSE) was compared with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) methods for the extraction of bioactive constituents from Crocus sativus corms. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite face-centred design (CCD) was used to optimize the extraction parameters. The optimum conditions of extraction were estimated to be ethanol 80%, 48˚C and 60 min in CSE, ethanol 80%, 37˚C, 45 min, and 37 kHz in the UAE, and 180˚C and 22 min in SWE. The subcritical water extraction showed the maximum extraction yield, and the highest value of total phenolic compounds (807.6 mg gallic acid equivalent in 100 g saffron corm) and total flavonoid (12.2 mg Quercetin equivalent in 100 g saffron corm) were determined in the SWE extract. The phenolic and flavonoid content of the SWE extract is 8 and 12 times higher than the other two methods, respectively. Also, CSE and SWE extracts showed the least and the most antioxidant activities, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the optimized extracts was evaluated by the microdilution method. The results showed the minimum bactericidal concentrations of 300 and 600 mg mL-1 against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, respectively.

Saffron is a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus L. The present study reports the antioxidant capacity and chemical compositions of various parts of saffron. The IC50 for stigma, style, stamen, petal and corm was found to be 4.94 ± 0.25, 123.68 ± 8.52, 58.97 ± 3.63, 46.02 ± 2.89 and 720.49 ± 14.32 μg/mL, respectively. The ferric reducing antioxidant power assay for these parts of saffron flower was determined and the stigma of saffron has the highest (2.36 ± 0.15 g Fe+2/100 g sample) and the corm of saffron has the lowest value (0.03 ± 0.001 g Fe+2/100 g sample). The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to estimate the total phenolic content and the highest amount was found in stigma (183.25 ± 16.42 g quercetin/100 g sample) and the lowest amount in style of saffron (3.72 ± 0.89 g quercetin/100 g sample) respectively. The stigma and stamen of saffron were found to have 597.67 ± 11.12 and 159.14 ± 5.03 μg/g sample of carotenoid content which is highest among the selected parts of saffron. The aim of this study was to provide information about all of the saffron flower parts.

The present investigation reports a quantitative analysis of metals in the saffron samples collected from seven different saffron production areas in the Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. Khorasan Razavi is the leading producer of saffron in Iran, and more than 95% of the global production of this expensive spice is attributed to Iran. Since environmental pollution is increasing, saffron is contaminated with various organic and inorganic contaminants such as heavy metals. Twenty-one saffron samples were collected in the flowering season of 2018 and analyzed for metal content. The concentration of microelements and heavy metals including Zn, Fe, Ca, Mn, Mg, Na, K, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Cr was determined in the samples collected from three farms in each production area with graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results revealed that the collected saffron stigmas contain a wide range of minerals and heavy metals with different concentrations. Potassium is the most abundant element, and Cd had the least concentration in the saffron. It can be concluded that ecological management plans such as reducing chemical fertilizers and improving organic fertilizers can decline the extent of heavy metals in the saffron.

Saffron is known as one of the strategic and precious agricultural products in Iran. Since this product has an appropriate market in Anatolia and Europe, it is possible for Iran to produce high quality products through observing different standards and quality control systems and be able to compete by producing countries such as Italy and Spain. Religious rites also emphasize the importance of the effectiveness of food on the body and soul. One of the Qur'anic propositions in this regard is the word Tayyib.

In this paper, by emphasizing religious advice on the importance of the effect of diet quality on the health of mind and body, it is possible to develop a comprehensive quality control system to achieve Tayyib products based on the teachings of Salam sharia.

In the present paper, the concept of Tayyib saffron is explained and so on the model of quality control and rating of Tayyib saffron was designed based on the five main components of Tayyib product (Halaness, Originality, Healthiness, Efficiency and Desirability and Attractiveness) for different stages of saffron production or supply.  

The results of the study showed, benefiting from mechanized and efficient manner, conducting more research in order to improve the rules and standards and optimal use of facilities for more productivity can be effective in achieving Tayyib saffron. Certainly, this will not be possible except with the participation of saffron producers and officials and proper planning in different stages of crop product.

Among legumes, lentil is very rich in protein and is called the meat of poor people. In this study physicochemical, nutritional value and antioxidant properties of two cultivars of Iranian black and green lentils, including moisture and volatiles, total ash, total fat, protein, crude fiber, carbohydrate, measurement of total antioxidant activity and carotenoids content were investigated. Obtained results show that, green lentil contains a higher amount of moisture and volatiles (6.72 g/100g) and carbohydrate (59.34 g/100g), in comparison black lentil had a higher amount of ash (mineral element) (3.66 g/100g), crude fiber (7.40 g/100g), fat (1.95 g/100g), protein (26.02 g/100g) and higher antioxidant activity based on DPPH (IC50= 2408.8 mg/L) and FRAP (concentration of Fe2+ ion= 0.4 mM) experiment. The carotenoid content of black lentil was determined 0.024 μg/g and was higher than green lentil (0.011 μg/g). So it can be said that, despite the advantages of black lentil over green lentil, it remains unknown nutritionally, and it seems very appropriate both economic and agricultural recommending people to consume and to put up black lentil in their diet, with regard to rainfed of lentil and dryland cultivation source in our country.

Frying and roasting are two common heat processes to improve sensory properties of nuts and subsequently change other properties including physicochemical, nutritional and antioxidant. According to the nutritional value of nuts, it seems necessary to investigate these changes. In this study some physicochemical, nutritional and antioxidant properties of raw and roasted cashew kernels including moisture and volatiles, total ash, total fat, protein, crude fiber, carbohydrate, peroxide value, energy, fatty acid profile, measurement of total antioxidant power and some mineral elements such as potassium, sodium, iron and calcium were investigated. Obtained results based on dry matter shows that raw samples contain higher amount of fat (43.89±0.04 g/100g), moisture and volatiles (1.64±0.01 g/100g) and fiber (3.22±0.08 g/100g), while roasted samples had higher amount of total ash (mineral elements) (2.76±0.07g/100g), carbohydrate (31.44±0.01 g/100g), peroxide (0.912±0.07 mEq. O2/kg of oil) and energy (597.29±0.009 Kcal/g). Antioxidant activity was investigated with DPPH and FRAP tests, both tests confirm each other and showed higher antioxidant activity of the roasted samples (IC50= 3388.6 mg L-1 and CFe2+= 0.15 mM). Based on the obtained results it can be said that, roasted cashew can be recommended as a snack with high nutritional value and low fat.

Both synthetic and natural antioxidants are using in the food industries. The evaluation of the former showed its potential carcinogenic effects. So, different studies focused on natural materials as the rich source of antioxidant compounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate some chemical properties of watermelon peel (WMP). So the minerals content, physicochemical parameters, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, crude protein, fat, fiber, and ash determined in the WMP sample. The results showed that, watermelon peels contain protein (6.77 g/100g), fat (0.92 g/100g), ash (13.2 g/100g), fiber (24  g/100g), sodium (53.59 mg/100g), potassium (2074 mg/100g), calcium (468 mg/100g), copper (0.59 mg/100g), iron (12.08 mg/100g), magnesium (164.48 mg/100g), zinc (0.91 mg/100g) and phosphorus (107 mg/100g). It also indicates a significant free radical scavenging activity (IC50 of 147.30 mg/kg) and total phenolic content (2.47 g/100g). Finally, the WMP can consider as a good source of natural polyphenols, antioxidants and minerals.

Replacement with the cheaper animal fats or vegetable oils is conventional in milk through direct incorporation or homogenization of skimmed milk with less expensive foreign fats. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the capability of a simple, fast, and reliable method for the detection of added palm oil in butter. The butter samples were mixed with palm oil (0.5-50 wt%) followed by gas chromatography analysis of fatty acids and sterols. The results confirmed the potential of discrimination based on a significant increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C18:2) and a decrease in saturated fatty acids (mainly C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0). The differences are detectable for at least 10.0 wt% of the palm oil. Also, significant variations were observed in the cholesterol and sitosterol as marker sterols in the butter and palm oil, respectively. The study demonstrates the high potential of the procedure to rapidly detect and discriminate between butter-palm oil blends among pure samples.

Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic metabolites that produced predominantly by three species of Aspergillus. Current study was conducted to determine quantity of AFs in barley feed.

A total of 97 samples were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method was based on extraction of finely ground samples by methanol as solvent. An aliquot of 20 µl of extract was injected to HPLC after filtration. Aflatoxins were detected by ZORBAX Eclipse XDB C18 column (150×4.6×5 µm). Mobile phase of water:methanol:acetonitrile (60:20:20 v/v/v) at linear gradient mode and flow rate of 1 ml min-1 was used. Experiments were done at excitation and emission wavelengths of 365 and 445 nm, respectively, after post-column UV derivatisation.

The obtained results showed that AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 were detected in 19, 9, 4 and 1 samples, respectively. Relatively low LOD and LOQ were achieved in our analytical approach that approved a desirable goodness of fit for the analysis. Trueness was examined by determination of the relative recoveries of AFs that were quite good. This survey provides valuable information on aflatoxin contamination in barely feed products marketed in Mashhad city.

In Islamic ideology, nutrition impacts man's body, mind, and faith. In Islamic resources, there are many propositions regarding food, nutrition and food technology, which could be considered as the basis of designing processes and food systems to develop a superior brand named as Tayyib food on a national and international scale. This paper reviews and analyzes the opinion of Islam on Tayyib food, the necessity of standardization of Tayyib food, determination of Tayyib food indicators, and comparison of the obtained indicators with Halal, organic, and functional food standards. Halal brand is the result of converting the Islamic criteria in the context of foods to food products and standards. Deeper analysis of religious propositions directs us to the higher presumptions, using which leads to the formation of a superior food brand, named as Tayyib brand with a quality far higher than the Halal brand. Holy Quran offers the highest standards for food hygiene and safety entitled as Tayyib to reach all aspects of quality in terms of cleanliness, health, safety, and nutrients. The implementation of such standards depends on precise realization of Quran, knowledge of modern sciences, education, promotion of the culture of Halal and Tayyib, as well as the implementation of safety and quality assurance systems

Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of mycotoxins created as metabolic items for the most part by three types of Aspergillus including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and the uncommon Aspergillus nomius. Eighteen aflatoxins have been identified up to now, but only six of them have been found in food and feed.
The occurrence of aflatoxins in 32 samples of roasted red skin peanut was determined using HPLC with a Chromolith column. All samples were purchased from retail shops and local markets in Mashhad city. The method was based on the extraction of samples and aflatoxins determination after post-column derivatization by Kobra Cell and fluorescence detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 365 and 435 nm, respectively.
Mean levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and total aflatoxins were found to be 57.17, 2.56, 12.51, 1.42 and 85.16 ng g-1, respectively. Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) was detected in 12 samples (37.5%) with a mean value of 57.17 ± 90.32 ng g-1 and a maximum level of 243.61 ng g-1. AFB1 levels exceeded Iran maximum tolerate limit (5 ng/g) in 7 out of 32 peanut samples. 21.8% of these peanut samples exceeded the maximum tolerate limit set for total aflatoxins by codex and Iran (15 ng g-1).
According to the obtained results, more effort is needed to control aflatoxin levels in Mashhad’s peanut. This survey provides valuable information on aflatoxin contamination in peanut products marketed in Iran as well.

Fermentation control with potential application of wheat bran sourdough in novel fermentation technologies is increasing every day to come up to suitable alternatives for additives in bakery. In this research after isolating the dominant starter of the traditional wheat bran sourdough and its identification using PCR and specific primer, it was used to make a traditional sourdough and evaluating the sourdough pan bread qualities by RSM method, under the impression of fermentation time (8, 16 and 24 h), fermentation temperature (26, 32 and 38 °C) and sugar content (1.5, 3 and 4.5 %). In this research, results of evaluating the proportion fitted models showed that by increasing the temperature and fermentation time in a constant sugar content, the titratable acidity (TTA), microbial population dynamics, specific volume, porosity, the total color difference (TCD) and chewiness were significantly increased. However, there was a trend decreasing in the hardness of bread texture (P0.05). Based on the results obtained from the current research, for every dependent variable a model was defined. Also for evaluating the accuracy of the fitted models, lack of fit test was performed and coefficient of variations was determined.

Mycotoxins are small, toxic chemical products produced as secondary metabolites by a few fungal spices that readily colonise crops and contaminate them with toxins in the field or after harvest. In this study a liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins (AFs) (B1, B2, G1, and G2), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone(ZEA) toxins in wheat. For this purpose, a total of 231 wheat samples were analyzed. Mycotoxins were extracted and purified from the samples using immunoaffinity (IAC) columns. 2.67% and 2.21% of examined wheat samples contained AFB1and OTA. The method was based on the extraction of AFs, OTA and ZEA finely ground wheat sample with 80% methanol and 60% acetonitrile solution, respectively. 2.60% and 2.16% of examined wheat samples contained AFB1 and OTA. LOD was 0.27, 0.04, 0.23, 0.04, 1.18 and 21.56 for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, OTA and ZEA, respectively.Considering these results, these special products should not be a health concern for these collectives; however, special attention needs on foods distribution in retail shops.