javad jamalabadi

Renewable energies include a variety of sources that come from natural and available energies. In order to develop the use of solar energy, it is necessary to locate areas where solar energy has the desired level and other necessary conditions for the construction of the power plant. Today, with the increase in world population, the amount of energy consumption has increased, and if energy production is not managed and put in a new direction, it will lead to irreparable effects and consequences. Today, most countries in the world, including Iran, have realized and emphasized the importance and role of renewable energy sources, including solar energy. Due to the importance of this issue, the purpose of this study is to assess the ability to build solar power plants in cities in arid regions. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of research method and library and field information in terms of data collection method. The parameters studied in the study in terms of climate include rainfall, sunny hours, received radiation, cloudiness, temperature, dust, frost and in terms of environment, altitude, slope and land use. The period of study of climatic parameters is 15 years and from 2003 to 1397 and includes all synoptic stations , including Sabzevar synoptic station in order to zoning in GIS software environment and measuring the climatic and environmental ability of Sabzevar in the construction of stew power plants. In this research, GIS application software and AHP hierarchical technique have been used to analyze the data.

Geomorphology studies the forms and processes of earth's surface reliefs and their changes over time. Obtaining information about landforms and mapping of them re considered not only as a basis for different types of geomorphological research, but also for landscape evaluation, suitability studies, erosion studies, hazard prediction and various fields of landscape and regional planning or land system inventories is essential. recognition and extracting of landforms using traditional methods is time-consuming, costly, and affected by opaque and often unrepeatable decisions of the interpreter. Consequently, to accurately describe the topographical structure, new spatial analysis procedures and models need to be developed. Accessibility of digital elevation models, software development and increasing computational power of computers provide geomorphologists with tools and opportunities which may revolutionize their discipline. Nowadays, the automatic recognition of landforms is regarded as one of the most important procedures to classify landforms and deepen the understanding on the morphology of the earth. The main purpose of the study is Automatic Classification of Landforms and separation of the landscape of the Northeast Slopes of Natanz and Kashan Karkas Heights into landform classes using two methods of classification of Terrain Attributes (TA) and Topographic Position Index (TPA).

 Case Study The Northeast Slopes of Natanz and Kashan Karkas Heights was selected as the case area in the current study. The geocoordinates of the area are between E 33° 25′ 51′′ to E 34° 11′ 16′′ and N 50° 54′ 19′′ to N 52° 9′ 49′′ based on the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84), with a total area of 4,739 km2.  Landform classification process using Terrain Attributes The purpose of many models for the recognition and classification of landforms is to determine the froms of the hillslope. Terrain attributes is also one of these models. Chabala et al. (2013) used this model for the first time to Landform classification for digital soil mapping in the Chongwe-Rufunsa area, Zambia. The selected attributes were elevation, slope, relief intensity, and curvature. Terrain attributes derived from a digital elevation model were overlaid using cell statistics to generate a landform map with five classes: (1) Hills (Summit), (2) Upper Terraces (Shoulder), (3) Plateau (Back Slope), (4) Foot Slope and (5) Lowlands (Toe Slope).Landform classification process using Topographic Position Index TPI is only one of a vast array of morphometric properties based on neighboring areas that can be useful in topographic and DEM analysis. The classification using TPI is the difference between elevation value on pixel and the average elevation of the neighboring pixels. Positive values mean that the analyzed pixel has values greater than the surrounding values, while negative indicates that it is smaller. TPI values near zero are either flat areas (where the slope is near zero) or areas of constant slope (where the slope of the point is significantly greater than zero). Using topographic position index (TPI), a landform classification map of the study area was generated. The classification has six classes: (1) Valleys, (2) Lower Slopes, (3) Gentle Slopes, (4) Steep Slopes, (5) Upper Slopes and (6) Ridges.

 Landform Generation using Terrain Attributes the landform map was generated by overlaying the reclassified grids representing relief intensity, curvature, elevation and slope. This was done using the cell statistics tool in ArcMap with the mean set as the overlay statistic. The results of the landform classification are shown The landform of the Upper Terraces (Shoulder) with an area of 1,810 km2., which covers about 38% of the studied area, is the dominant landform of the landscape of the study area. Landform Generation using Topographic Position Index Land Facet Corridor Extension introduced for ArcMap software was used to classify landform elements with TPI model. The Valleys landform with an area of 1872 square kilometers, equivalent to about 40% of the study area, is considered as the dominant landform of the study area.

This research aims to Landform Classification and Mapping of the Northeast Slopes of Natanz and Kashan Karkas Heights Using Terrain Attributes (TA) and Topographic Position Index (TPI) which Both methods depend on digital elevation models (DEMs). Considering that the Terrain Attributes model uses the four parameters of Height above mean sea level, Topographic Slop, Curvature and Relief Intensity as input for processing and classifying landforms, it can potentially have higher accuracy than the TPI model that only uses DEM to identify features.

The study area is one of the landslide prone areas due to its geographical location and natural and geological features. In this study, we have used statistical modeling to select the most important landslide factor in the region and also the extent of involvement of each factor in landslides in Latian Basin; The information layers used include: lithology, land use, precipitation, altitude, slope, slope direction, vegetation, fault, road, dam lake and river; More than 120 landslides and landslides were identified and landslide distribution maps have been prepared for the area. To determine the relative importance and effect of effective factors and factors in landslide risk zoning, first the degree of correlation of factors was calculated by Pearson correlation coefficient, then the weighting or scoring method was used and by two-variable statistical modeling of landslides, two factors were considered. Then, by weighting or scoring method and by bivariate statistical modeling with the obtained weights, the factors were examined together to obtain the degree of involvement of these factors in landslides. Finally, we have prepared zoning maps. By field visit of the basin after zoning and recording the location of new landslides that have occurred in the basin, we have matched the location of these recorded landslides with zoned maps, the most overlap in the very sensitive and highly sensitive classes is the information map. Achieved, the results show that according to the total quality index, the information value method is more efficient than the information value method for the Latian basin.

The dynamics of the natural environment causes changes in spatial and temporal scales. These changes can lead to morphogenesis processes that sometimes lead to destructive and irreversible effects. One of these changes is the mass movement, especially the landslide, which causes a lot of financial and human losses in different geographic areas each year, resulting in severe erosion of the soil. Shaho area in Kurdistan province and Kamyaran city has been selected as one of the areas susceptible to landslide in terms of its specific topographic and geographical location. n this research, in order to investigate and zoning the susceptible areas of slipping, 8 slope parameters, slope, elevation, lithology, land use, distance from fault, distance from the river and distance from communication were used as factors affecting the research problem. Also, two methods of fuzzy logic and ANP were used to analyze the data and select the optimal location. The results show that the study area has a relatively high slip potential. According to the results of this research, the study area was classified in terms of slip potential in four classes. The degree of slipperiness of the region varies greatly (7.5%), high (27%), moderate (31%) and low (34.5%). Due to the density of rural areas and population density in the area as well as tourist status of the area, it is necessary for the authorities to identify the areas susceptible to landslides to take necessary protective measures and measures.

Awareness of the status of vegetation, land use change and surface temperature in each region, and the timing and location of their changes over time are important for micro and macro planning. In order to make optimal use of land, knowledge of land use changes is necessary, which is usually possible by detecting and predicting land use changes. Measuring the role of researches and researchers has been instrumental in the study of natural resources, especially vegetation, surface temperature and user variations in each location, as well as the availability of information for different times for valuable studies. In this study, ETM and OLI were used to study the process of land use change, vegetation cover, surface temperature, and hazards caused by them in perennial seasons. The results show that the area of use changes over the period 2000-2010 has decreased the area of use of the developed area, agricultural and growing gardens and the area of land and rangelands. Artificial vegetation has risen in aggregate and rangeland lands are showing a decreasing trend. Due to the importance of vegetation and its role in reducing the temperature of the earthchr('39')s surface, the trend has been decreasing in regions with intensive vegetation and high temperature. Also, in the period from 2010 to 2017, the range was further increased and the citychr('39')s growth continued sporadically, causing environmental changes and rising temperatures in the city. The change in the citychr('39')s increased range has increased environmental risks, including the loss of good agricultural land and the increase in the temperature of the city. Due to the fact that most agricultural land is located in the vicinity of the city under cultivation of saffron, which in the warm seasons does not have surface coatings, changes in the type of cultivation can also affect the temperature of the earth.

Mass movements are among the morphodynamic phenomena that are affected by various factors at the level of the mountainous slopes. Massive movements and instability of the range are important hazards for human activities. Which often leads to the loss of economic resources and damage to property and facilities. These issues highlight the need for zoning the risk of mass movements as the first step in the proper environmental management of this phenomenon. In this research, we investigate the risk zone of mass movements using information estimation and surface density methods in the Watershed--ghochan-Shirvan Basin. For this purpose, at first, 12 important information layers affecting mass movements such as lithology, slope, elevation, rainfall, tide, erosion, climate, distance from the road, distance from fault, distance from the river, soil and land use, and digital They were. From the combination of operating maps with land surveys, the percentage of landslides in different units of each map was obtained. By calculating surface density, the information value of each factor was determined. Finally, a landslide risk zoning map was prepared by integrating different weight weights into two different information weighing models and a surface density model. The results of this study show that the southwestern part of the basin has the highest amount of landslide. Lithology is the most important element in the occurrence of landslides in the range. The surface density model is worth more than 12%.

Water is one of the most vital human needs. Chromium is one of the heavy metals that causes water pollution in different regions. The studied area is Joghatai Mountains and Davarzan, Khoshab, Joghatai, Joveyn and Sabzevar plains of Razavi Khorasan Province. This research has studied, analyzed water pollution with the element of chromium as well as the impact of lithology mountains Joghatai, on the quality of water in the region from the point of view of chromit. In this research, 13 samples were collected and tested by atomic spectrometer method.To check the amount of chromium present in them by comparing the findings with standard limits. The results of this study show that the amount of chromium in the selected water sources varies from 1.2 to 1.3 mg / L. Geochemical samples vary from 210 ppm to 4700 ppm. The lithology of the region especially the chromium mines has affected the quality of water but the density of faults and fans did not affect the amount of dissolved chromite. The effect of the slope of the geological layers is positive and the role of acidity in the pollution is poor. Finally, the amount of chromium in some samples is higher than the standard limit and should be considered by the custodians.

The amount of agricultural production has a high correlation with atmospheric precipitations and the suitability of climatic conditions Knowing the factors that affect the plant developmental stages and the plant's sensitivity to the fluctuations of these factors makes it possible to make an appropriate decision for cultivation Provides. Plant tolerance thresholds are limited in relation to each meteorological parameter and any abnormality in these parameters can have a significant direct and indirect impact on agricultural production. Considering the important effects of climate factors on the yield of agricultural products, the introduction of indicators and agricultural variables that have the most impact in this regard seems necessary. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of meteorological parameters on almond yield in West Azarbaijan province.

For this research, the weather data of 6 synoptic stations of Azarbayjan province during 2014 - 1985 period have been used. First, based on the growth degree day , almond growth season was calculated for each station, then the seasonal and temperature indices of temperature and precipitation, and the trends of each of them were extracted using the MK test and the slope of the senses. Finally, the amount of water needed for each phases of the product was estimated. The method used to estimate the reference evapotranspiration has been based on the FAO-Penman-Monteith method.

The results indicated that the average temperature of the growing season in the range of 0.5 to 1 ° C in the year has an increasing trend. This is due to the increase of the maximum indexes of the growth season, the number of days with a maximum temperature of 90 °, the average number of days with The maximum temperature is related to the 10th percentile (Tmax <10) and the number of days with a minimum temperature of less than 10k percentile (Tmin <10). Significant decrease in rainfall indices (rainfall rainfall season, maximum daily rainfall, number of rainy days and annual rainfall recorded on very wet days) was observed at all stations. Due to the increase in the temperature of the growing season and the reduction of rainfall, the product's water requirement ETC) has grown in the second and third stages.

Climatic recognition and study of climatological needs of plants are the most important factors in production. The output of the index of growth-dgree day indicates that almond flowering at Mahabad station is earlier and starts at Takab station due to having higher altitudes and distances from the sea later than other regions. The shortest growth season for almond phenology is Takab with 207 days and the longest period of Mahabad with 250 days. Based on the Climatic recognition and study of climatological needs of plants are the most important factors in production. Based on the results of the study of temperature indices in West Azarbaijan province, it is possible to obtain a favorable climate for the cultivation of almond in the studied stations of Mahabad, Khoy and Piranshahr. It should be noted that including the limitations of the Piranshahr station, having a number of days with a minimum temperature of less than 2 degrees Celsius at flowering stage, due to the presence of the Mediterranean and its high mountain range, which should be taken to prevent spring frost to the late flowering cultivar. Also, Takab and Mako have the lowest temperature indices (the minimum freezing period, the number of days with a minimum temperature of less than 2 ° C at the flowering stage and the highest number of days with a minimum temperature of less than 0 °); hence, with regard to early flowering This product is not a good place to produce almonds in comparison with other fruits and are susceptible to late spring frost. The results of precipitation indices indicate a significant reduction of this parameter at all stations during the second and third stages of almond growth. Since this time coincides with the warm period and the increase in the number of days with maximum temperature, this dehydration during the main stages of growth has increased the moisture stress and this disrupted the growth process and led to a change in the size of the brain and decrease in efficiency The fruit is. Evapotranspiration analysis also shows that demand for water, especially in the second and third stages, has increased, hence, according to the stated content, the water needs of the product should be managed through water control and other environmental studies. Based on the results of the study of temperature indices in West Azarbaijan province, it is possible to obtain a favorable climate for the cultivation of almond in the studied stations of Mahabad, Khoy and Piranshahr. It should be noted that including the limitations of the Piranshahr station, having a number of days with a minimum temperature of less than 2 degrees Celsius at flowering stage, due to the presence of the Mediterranean and its high mountain range, which should be taken to prevent spring frost to the late flowering cultivar. Also, Takab and Mako have the lowest temperature indices (the minimum freezing period, the number of days with a minimum temperature of less than 2 ° C at the flowering stage and the highest number of days with a minimum temperature of less than 0 °); hence, with regard to early flowering This product is not a good place to produce almonds in comparison with other fruits and are susceptible to late spring frost. The results of precipitation indices indicate a significant reduction of this parameter at all stations during the second and third stages of almond growth. Since this time coincides with the warm period and the increase in the number of days with maximum temperature, this dehydration during the main stages of growth has increased the moisture stress and this disrupted the growth process and led to a change in the size of the brain and decrease in efficiency The fruit is. Evapotranspiration analysis also shows that demand for water, especially in the second and third stages, has increased, hence, according to the stated content, the water needs of the product should be managed through water control and other environmental studies.

Temporary resettlement of the population after the earthquake is considered as a pivotal element of crisis management. The selection of suitable centers for the establishment of citizens can have a significant role in rescue and rescue services after the earthquake. The purpose of this study was to identify potential spots for the construction of shelters and temporary accommodation of the population during the occurrence of a possible earthquake. This research is applied in terms of its purpose. The method of study is descriptive-analytical and documentary. Firstly, using the Delphi method, 16 main and effective criteria for locating these centers were identified in the framework of six clusters including access to the communication network, natural features, spatial characteristics, consistent uses, risk management and demographic performance. Then, using the experts' opinions and the network analysis process, the final weight of each criterion was determined. The most important parameters in this research are population density indexes, grade 1 arterial pathways, and suitable area. Finally, by combining the layers of all indicators, a map of the temporary population settlements was prepared in Sabzevar city. The results of the research show that the lack of suitable spaces, including parks and open spaces for temporary accommodation of citizens in Sabzevar city, is quite evident. At the same time, the points of the city, which have adequate open spaces and are compatible with the surrounding land uses, have a relatively better potential for deployment. Accordingly, the best places for temporary accommodation of the population after the earthquake in Sabzevar, including the Eram Park in the north, Imam Reza Park and the Football Stadium in Southeastern City, Shahr-e Basi, National Park and Shariati Conservatory in the city center, tourist hostel, Green spaces and sports grounds in the west, and finally technical and vocational schools in the city of Tohid. In order to improve the conditions in the aftermath of the earthquake, some suggestions are presented in this study.

One of the most important natural assets is the ecotourism capabilities of each region. Natural landscapes today are considered one of the most important centers of tourism attraction in the world. In this study, using statistical and analytical approaches using natural and climatic data and AHP technique, environmental and ecotouristic resources under the catchment area of Chardavol in Ilam province were identified as one of the major sub basins of Karkheh Basin. In this study, natural criteria were determined by geographic and climatic conditions for measuring ecotouristic capabilities. The results showed that climatic conditions play an important role in weighting ecotourism capabilities under the Chardavul watershed. Regarding the geographical structure of the Chardavol sub-basin, the northern part has a better situation than the southern part in terms of precipitation and relative humidity in terms of moisture conditions. Temperature conditions in the form of average air temperature and cold temperatures were also found in the northern half more suitable than the southern half. From the north to the south, the role of climatic criteria becomes less sub-basin. Latitude and higher altitudes of the northern part of the basin have led to different and more appropriate climate conditions in the region. The overlap of the layers showed that the northern and western sub-basins have better ecotouristic capabilities. The results and achievements of this research are important in environmental management of catchment areas. These achievements can lead managers to make better decisions based on their ecological capability.

The purpose of this study is to assess the quantitative relationship between the volume of alluvial fans and its relation to active tectonics in the southern slopes of Joghatay Mountains. To achieve this objective, first, the range of alluvial fans, Angle Broom (S) and alluvial fans radius (R) in the software Arc / Gis using digital maps and digital elevation model (DEM) were determined. Then, the difference between the height between the top and base of the alluvial fans (h) was calculated and, based on the above parameters. In order to evaluate the effects of other variables such as tectonic and geomorphic characteristics like lithology using some integral index over the facade (Hi), the index of mountain front sinuosity (Smf), index basin asymmetry (Af), transverse topographic symmetry (T), index ( SL), (BS) and the ratio of valley floor width to depth Valley (Vf). The results of the mean of all indices indicate that 61.55% of the region is located in the active to semi-active tectonic state, which reveals the role of tectonic factors in providing sediment and increasing the volume of alluvial fans in the region. In addition, the common role of lithological factors and tectonic forces can be pointed out. Due to the nature of some of the faults in the region, the soft and loose deposits including Flysch and neogen marls on hard Conglomerate formation have caused the sediment load more to the regional currents and contributes to the development of alluvial fans in the region. Also, the elevation of alluvial fans sediments and the change in the surface of the local area as a result of the faults activity has resulted in the deep excavation of the base of the rivers. This, in turn, contributes to the development of the alluvial fans as a result of base digging and solid loading, leading to the formation of multi-part and fragmented alluvial fans. In order to homogenize the basins in terms of area, they were divided into three groups and these relationships were analyzed in each group. The results indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between the feeding basin and the volume of alluvial fans, while there is no such relationship between the slope of the basin and the volume of alluvial fans.

In evaluating and studying natural phenomena, we sometimes encounter certain seemingly independent forms and processes and phenomena that are related to each other and can be analyzed through a series of mathematical equations and correlations, but sometimes paired phenomena It is found that they have certain relations with each other, but these relationships can not be called correlation, but their relationship has caused them to be presented as a double (a type of conjugacy) and they would appear to be opposing reactions in terms of collocation. The tectonic changes, especially the neonate movements, and its effects and consequences on groundwater reserves of these types of reactions. The purpose of this study is to investigate causes of groundwater drops in the framework of geodetic theory. With regard to the fact that in recent years, the water level in the northern plain of Mangasani has fallen sharply. Undoubtedly, non-structural activities in the region, along with other influential factors (uncontrolled harvesting of groundwater resources, droughts, etc.), can be attributed to The title is one of the main causes of water loss in the region. For this purpose, with the aim of evaluating the tectonic activity of the area, some geomorphic indices such as basin shape index (BS), drainage asymmetry index (AF), inverse topographic symmetry (T), mountain front sinus index (J), hypersonic integral (Hi), Valley Depth Wide Index (VF), River Sinusity Index (S), Longitudinal River Gradient (SL), Relative Tactical Rating Index (Iat), and Hierarchical Anomalies Index (Δa) have been used. The results show that the whole basin is dynamic in terms of tectonic activity. The tectonic situation in the range and the results of statistical data indicate a change in the level of groundwater table as a result of tectonic changes in the southern plain of Nur Abad, as evidenced by the fact that the depth of the station was 89 meters less than 82 meters The highest drop in the Khomeghar well is about 26 meters in the southern part of the basin, in line with Kazeroon's active fault.

Housing today is considered as one of the most important economic sectors in macro planning.Since housing is one of the main human needs and among the most important urban applications, the proper shape of housing, in its turn, plays a decisive role in meeting these needs. Housing is more of an institutional structure than a physical structure, with multidimensional functions including spatial, physical, architectural, physical, economic, and social dimensions.The present study aimed at analyzing and evaluating the desirability of housing from the perspective of residents of Andisheh town, Sabzevar city.The research methodology is applicable in terms of nature, descriptive-analytical and in terms of purpose.The method for collecting information is also documentary and field.In this research, social, economic, environmental, physical, and housing quality indices have been used to assess the residents' opinion regarding the desirability of housing. To analyze the relationship between variables in spss software, we used Sphrman method, one sample t-test and Friedman test. The results of the research indicate that residents in Andisheh city are more satisfied with the quality of the residential environment, but the physical and residential environment is the lowest in terms of inhabitants.The quality of the residential environment with an average of 4.66 is above the theoretical average (3),which indicates a high level of urban environment quality and high satisfaction of citizens. Among the above mentioned indicators, the physical-spatial characteristics with an average of 1.26,which have the lowest score compared to others, indicate residents' dissatisfaction with the physical and physical environment of the buildings.

The aim of this study is to examine the factors effective on formation and evolution of alluvial fans at the southern slopes of Joghatay mountains at the West Sabzevar in Khorasan Razavi province. To achieve the above objective, firstly the limit of 25 of the basins and alluvial fans by using the maps, aerial photography and with help of software GIS were identified. And using some geomorphic indicators the effective processes were analyzed . the used indices in this study are as the following: The ratio of valley floor width to Valley's depth (Vf), Gradient along the river (SL), Basin shape ratio (BS), Topography symmetry Factor transverse (T), Catchment asymmetry index (Af), Mountain front sinuosity (Smf), Mountain Front Alignment of indicator shrinkage (Fd), Integral index over the facade (Hi), and Iat index which provides an average of the results of the above indices. The results of the study indicate that 71.5 percent of the indexs introduce the region from tectonic point of view as active up to semi-active region. This issue is showed also in Iat index that is obtained from other indicators.On the basis of this index, 4% of the areas (West Sarough) have a very high active tectonic condition 56% of basins have high tectonic condition And 40% of areas have a medium tectonic condition.So all indicators confirm the role of tectonic factors on the development of alluvial fans. In addition, the emergence of relatively large alluvial at the end of some small basins confirm this issue. After this, the effect of common factors including litho logy and tectonic with respect to the nature of active faults in the region can be mentioned, Including the active thrust faults that thrusting soft sediments and marl Pliocene and Eocene flysch units on the hard and Pliocene conglomerate. And has had a great impact have on the provision of sediment and development of alluvial fans in this area. In addition, in some cases through creating blocking hills, divert the main channel of the river from its previous path And has created multi-sectoral , asymmetric and sliced fans. Thus it can be said in the development of alluvial fans of the area, tectonic factor is the most important one and then is the litho logical factor And the study findings show that there is a high correlation between the feedign basin area with the alluvial fan areas.

Talus slope is a part of a large geomorphological system composed of cliffs and talus components. cliff-talus system is one of the prospects of mountainous areas in most climates. Talus is formed by the accumulation of clastic chaotic particles downstream of rocky slopes. Talus often prevents seed growth and damaged or buried established plants. Vegetation rises with the reduced interference of larger rocks in the foot of the slopes. Traditionally, ecologists and geomorphologists have shown that one-sided relationship exist between plants and geomorphic domains. Essentially, vegetation and geomorphology studies have been done and developed in different ways. Ecologists often believe that plant distribution with all subdirectories are derived of the certain processes of talus slopes while geomorphologists focus on the dynamic range and rarely try to ascribe it to the vegetation patterns. In this study, we tried to explain and monitor the relationship and the interaction between plant species and the spatial patterns of morphodynamic in crystalline talus slopes on north face of Joghatai mountains. The study area consists debris cones to coordinate 57˚35ʹ 00ʺ north latitude and 36˚ 26ʹ 29ʺ eastern longitude mountains on the northern slopes of Joghatai Sabzevar.
Matherials and This study is based on field research and library. Using the map of 1:50000 and Google Earth images we identified the location and range area then through field visiting we preparated required survey sample. To search for grading the slopes and soil stratum were determined on 10 plates with a meter in size. We attempted sampling of morphometric rocks by drilling. Using metric equipment for measuring the features of range and shrubs and to show morphometric relationship between the roots and the direction of growth, 20 trees were uprooted with caution. In each situation, the relationship between the size of the stones and the soil was registered with vegetation. Percent of vegetation was calculated with panel handling and sorting photos.
Sumac is a shrub whose its height varies between less than 1 meter to 3 meters. In this study, the highest percentage of rock (63%) was related to the large rocks and pebbles that indicate mechanical weathering active in the region. Factors such as steep and slow chemical weathering, causing the soil at the top of this range was too low. With different sampling on 50 shrubs of sumac, we located 21 samples in pebbles fragment, coarse pebbles and 7 of the 12 samples and 10 average pebbles samples in the sand. Plant density was measured in the bottom of the range, due to the difference in the slope, granulometry particles and the volume of water to downstream. Vegetation cover and vegetation types in the talus are chaotic. 32% of the roots, were located at the top of the tree and the top of the range composed of coarse roots. 41% of the roots, in the downstream composed mostly of coarse and fine roots. 27 % of origins date back to the right and left, composed of the roots of medium or fine. Some trees were bent and clearly diagnosed in curved case with plant growth and angulation in the new year then last year. Some trees were so bent that the connection completely was cut off on the roots with soil and dry shrubs. Dry trees were naturally able to catch debris flow rate.
This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between biogeomorphology with plant processes on talus slopes. The samples were collected in Summer and Autumn. On the talus slopes there were two major vegetation types. Sumac is a shrub that has spread in 23 percent of range.Talus may damage plant or move plant downward. Gravel deposits can completely bury its roots and reproduce the trees, underbrush and layering. Roots had the tangible asymmetry. Some trees show good move mention debris with their shoot growth state. Along the talus impact on the growth and transmission of plants, live or dried trees were trying to prevent the fast moving debris.

Climate is one of the most important factors in determining the suitable time for recreation and tourism industry. The high population of Isfahan, its suitable location at the center of Iran and having great tourism attractions has made it to be recognized as the tourism core in Iran. In this study, in order to determine the suitable time for recreation and tourism in Isfahan, the bioclimatical indexes (PET, PMV, SET) of Rayman model were used. For this purpose climatic parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, cloudiness and the wind speed were obtained form the Iranian Meteorological organization (1995- 2008) period. Finally, considering the long-term average of the parameters mentioned above, the values of the indexes SET, PET, and PMV were calculated and the climate comfort time was determined. The results which are presented as calendar time show that, according to the results of PET& PMV indexes, the days 1-17 April & 20 October - 6 November are the best time period for recreation and tourism in Isfahan. But, according to the outputs of SET index, although the climatic comfort period is in the same months, but prolonged heat stresses was the dominant condition which can’t be compatible with climate reality of the area. Finally, a comparison among 3 indexes showed that PET and PMV indexs were more compatible with Bioclimatic conditions of the study area.

Study area, Danekhoshk anticline, is a typical growing anticline in Kermanshah province and is located in Folded Zagros structural Belt. The purpose of this research is to calculate the eroded rock volume and its relationship with tectonic in Danekhoshk anticline. To achieve the purpose of this study, at first, boundaries of 90 drainage basins on slopes of studied anticline were determined based on Quickbird Satellite image and SRTM topographic data. After reconstruction of the geomorphic palaeosurfaces, the original (pre-erosion) DEM of study area was derived. Then the present-day (actual) DEM was prepared. The eroded rock volume for each basin was calculated by subtracting the volume of present-day DEM from original (pre-erosion) DEM. Studied anticline was subdivided into 9 tectonic zones based on dip (S) and width of limbs and then mean of eroded rock volume (Ve), basin area (A), and ratio of eroded rock volume to basin area (Rva) parameters were obtained for each tectonic zone. Result of this study reveals that rate of Rva increases with increasing structural dips of anticline limb. Also, there is positive relation between Basin area (A) and eroded rock volume (Ve). Data analysis represents that faults have important effect in increasing rock erosion of basins. In zones 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, the highest rates of Rva are in faulted basins 25, 31, 57, 72 and 76 respectively. Overall, this research shows that the volume of eroded rock in Danekhoshk anticline is perfectly affected by dip and width of limbs, basins area as well as the faults location.