mahmoud keyvanara

Experts, consider the current Psychological well-being, as a fairly accurate indicator of a person's current health status. The aim of this study was to compare psychological well-being in employed and non-employed women in Isfahan.

This research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical, and cross-sectional. The statistical population is all women aged 20 to 60 years in Isfahan in 2021, the number of samples for each employed and non-employed women was 394 which was selected by available sampling method. The standard Warwick and Edinburgh Mental Welfare Questionnaire was used for data collection and SPSS26 software was used for data analysis.

The mean ranks and sum of ranks for psychological well-being, positive relationships with others, and energy levels are higher among working women compared to non-working women. Significant differences exist between working and non-working women in these variables, indicating that working women generally experience higher levels of mental well-being, positive relationships, and energy (P≤0.001). However, the mean ranks and sum of ranks for optimism among non-working women are slightly higher than those among working women, although this disparity is not statistically significant (P=0.955).

The results show that employed women have better psychological well-being compared to non-employed women in Isfahan. This issue can be used by policy makers to develop appropriate strategies for women's employment. Policymakers and managers of organizations, by identifying and understanding the factors affecting the increase of women's psychological well-being, will be able to use scientific methods to adopt policies to promote women's psychological well-being.

There have been criticisms that local authorities develop disaster planning independently, which led to less sensitiveness and responsibility of community‑based organizations (CBOs). Disasters planning should incorporate into CBOs’ management processes. This study aims to set goals of a community‑based plan based on preparedness capacities that CBOs need to have in the COVID‑19 pandemic.

This cross‑sectional study used a prevalidated and reliable questionnaire assessing (CBOs). The tool assesses preparedness in the field of planning, training, and infrastructure. Forty CBOs met the inclusion criteria as assisting or cooperating agencies during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Then, key informants, who simultaneously have been working in the health system and CBOs, prioritized low‑scale items that have shown capacity gaps according to effects on the vulnerable group, sustainability, and capability of the health system. Descriptive statistics performed using SPSS18 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).

The results showed that the preparedness of CBOs was weak in the field of planning, training, and infrastructure. Besides, overlaps of CBOs’ resources and covering the clients’ medical needs in the COVID‑19 pandemic were the most priority that needs to be intervened.

Providing medical needs by CBOs require legal legitimacy assigned by health authority, especially in epidemic‑prone diseases. In addition, assigning a coordinator to set a priority list and mutual agreements authoried by health departments can solve the problem of overlapped resources. Therefore, functional roles of CBOs in the pandemic should focus mostly on resource allocation and the medical needs of clients to set goals and functional objectives.

Dear Editor, Iran’s population policies, or government strategies related to the conditions of society, have changed a lot in recent decades. In this regard, issues such as war, socio‑economic developments, migration and some similar cases have led the government to consider variable approaches and programs to regulate the population, which due to lack of evidence and scientific experience led to heterogeneity of population growth.

Given the growing trend of aging and the limited resources of the health system, the lack of long‑term prior government planning, and reduced growth of the productive force of society, identifying strategies for planning and action to deal with future aging is very important. In this regard, the study was conducted to identify strategies for dealing with the aging population from the perspective of health system experts.

The qualitative content analysis study was performed on 29 Iranian male and female experts in the aging and health scope from Isfahan, Tehran, Tabriz, and Babol who purposefully participated in the semi‑structured interview. Data were classified by qualitative content analysis.

Two concepts emerged according to the participated experts’ opinions, regarding the strategies of the Iranian health system in dealing with future aging: “executive policy” strategies, including “design, planning and implementation,” “evaluation and standardization,” “strengthening demand‑driven” and “modeling national and international experiences,” “preventive policies” strategy, which includes “Focus on prevention,” “Focus on values and competencies,” “Educational empowerment,” “Knowledge‑based empowerment,” “Empowerment of age‑related groups,” “Economic empowerment,” and “Social support.”

The diversity and breadth of the mentioned strategies indicate the necessity of comprehensive readiness and adaptation of health services to the elderly conditions and characteristics. Purposeful planning and timely implementation of programs and policies to better address the health system with future aging will be possible by using practical strategies.

Women in every society play a central role in the family and at the same time, are highly exposed to the pressures of dysfunctional relationships of economic, social, and cultural institutions outside the family, and if they are constantly exposed to traumatic and critical conditions, they may inflict irreparable damage on themselves in an unwanted helplessness, and by unacceptable behaviors such as violent suicides including self-immolation, endanger their survival as well as that of their family. Accordingly, this study was conducted to identify the social contexts of self-immolation among women admitted to Isfahan Burns Hospital, Isfahan, Iran.

This study was a qualitative content analysis which was conducted on 43 women hospitalized in Imam Musa Kazim Hospital in Isfahan due to self-immolation. Participants were purposefully selected and individually interviewed in a semi-structured interview. Data were categorized and analyzed by qualitative content analysis or thematic analysis.

Totally, the study identified 157 primary codes which were reduced to 16 secondary codes and 5 main concepts including conflict in family, addiction, marriage, poverty and economic difficulties as well as individual and psychological problems were obtained.

The problems of women who attempt self-immolation are related to harassment and dissatisfaction with at least one of their close relatives or difficult and stressful living conditions. The results of this study can be used for national planning by the relevant agencies to respect the rights and security of women in the family and society.

The goals of global growth of the elderly population and ensuring the health of the elderly is a global event and one of the most important challenges of the health system of countries, especially developing countries and Iran; In this regard, the study was conducted to explain the challenges of the Iranian health system in the face of future aging.

The study was qualitative content analysis. A total of 29 experts from various disciplines including geriatrics, psychology, social medicine, nursing, medicine, health and social welfare, health policy, health care management and health economics participated in the study. The data obtained from the semi-structured interview were classified by the content analysis method. Lincoln and GABA criteria were used to assess validity.

In identifying the challenges of the Iranian health system in the face of future aging Two general concepts including "policy challenges" including "barriers related to planning and implementation", "financial barriers", "vision barriers", "therapeutic barriers", "Health barriers", "educational barriers" and "individual social challenges" were identified, including "cultural value barriers", and "individual barriers".

The frequency and variety of challenges of increasing the elderly population in the country according to the findings of the study indicate the critical state of the health system in the near future. Identifying these challenges can be used by policymakers and planners for any planning and action.

Because of the increasing trend of uncontested divorce in the courts, as two out of every three divorces are related to uncontested divorce, scrutinizing the health and psychological causes of the rate of uncontested divorce is of great importance. The aim of this study was to examine the psychological and health factors affecting uncontested divorce

The present study was a cross-sectional data secondary analysis in which the existing data were analyzed.After obtaining official permission from the family courts in the city of Kermanshah, the data related to the issue of uncontested divorce during 2017 and 2019 werereceived and analyzed. The sampling method in this study was a census in which all legal cases of applicants for uncontested divorce in city of Kermanshah in the years of 2017-2018 have been reviewed.

2842 cases referred to welfare organization for consultation, of which, 2331 cases led to uncontested divorce and 511 cases not led to uncontested divorce(compromise). Among the psychological factors, the variables of suspicion, pessimism and depression; and among health variables, the variable of sexual satisfaction had a statistically significant relationship with uncontested divorce and anxiety, aggression and infertility did not have a statistically significant relationship.

Considering the role of suspicion and pessimism, depression and sexual dissatisfaction in uncontested divorce, it was recommended that specific preventive strategies should be considered by the authorities. These strategies can provide both education and counseling in pre-marital and post-marital periods, as well as during the uncontested divorce process.

Infectious diseases in the pandemic stage have significant life-threatening, psychological and social effects. Identifying the characteristics associated with peoplechr('39')s cooperation in self-care leads to greater immunity for themselves and others. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict the self-care of the Iranian people according to their individual and social characteristics in face of the Covid-19 pandemic.

A survey study was conducted on 1056 adults aged 18 and over in different provinces of Iran through a form of answering online researcher-made questions (n=40, α=0.9) in social networks in four days. This paper studies the level of self-care of people against Covid 19 pandemic which was conducted with the support of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in April 2016. Data were analyzed using Student t-test and variance. Moreover, "decision tree technique" was used to identify communication patterns.

The findings showed that the average self-care score in women, the most educated, married women, women aged 41 to 55, housewives and some other occupations was very high. However, the average self-care score of single men with a diploma was average. In general, the mean score of womenchr('39')s self-care was higher than men (P<0.0001) and the educated were more than the less educated literate (P=0.007). There was no significant difference between the self-care scores of the respondents in terms of their marital status and employment.

The results showed that the average scores of self-care in women, more educated people, married women, women in the age group of 41 to 55 years, housewives and some other occupations were reported to be very high; While the average self-care score reported in single men with a diploma was average. Overall, the mean score of self-care reported in women was higher than men (P<0.0001) and people with doctoral education reported more self-care than illiterate people (P=0.007). Besides, there was no significant difference between the self-care scores of the respondents in terms of their marital status (single and married) and their employment status (employed and non-employed).

The recent Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a sudden outbreak which has significantly affected various aspects of daily lives. This study was carried out to determine self-care barriers in prevention of Covid-19 according to healthcare experts and laypersons.

A qualitative-quantitative based cross-sectional research was designed. To perform the qualitative phase, group discussion with faculty members and managers in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and phone interviews with laypersons were carried out. Then, data extracted in this phase were used to design a 40-item questionnaire which was found to be reliable (Cronbach’s Alpha: 0.90), to be completed by Iranian citizens in four days via social networks. In this survey, 1056 people participated. Data analysis was done in SPSS V21.

Self-care barriers according to the qualitative phase of the study included social barriers, psychological barriers, religious barriers, political and management barriers, healthcare system barriers, and information barriers. Political and management barriers (mean score=78.87) and psychological barriers (belief, behavior, personality) (mean score=70.01) were found to be the major self-care barriers. The mean self-care score was 8.5 (in a scale of 0 to 10). The mean self-care scores were significantly higher in women (P<0.0001) and in people with higher levels of education (P=0.007). No significant difference was observed in mean self-care score based on marital status (P=0.61) and occupation (P=0.052).

Health care managers and policymakers could guide people towards more efficient self-care by planning to reduce and overcome barriers identified in this study.

Burns and heat‑related injuries often lead to mortality and great financial and social costs. This study aimed at investigating the social determinants of burn‑related mortalities in a burn specialized hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Materialsand

This cross‑sectional data secondary analysis study was conducted through the data related to burn patients hospitalized to burn specialized Imam Musa Kazim hospital, Isfahan, Iran, in a 4‑year period. The data were extracted using Hospital’s Information System, and analyzed descriptively and inferentially.

Among 3290 burn patients, 740 (22.49%) had passed away. The highest mortality percentage was observed in women (31.1%), aged higher than 60 years old (35.8%), in patients with low‑financial status (27.4%), patients come from cities other than Isfahan (25.4%), and in Total Burn Surface Area (TBSA) of higher than 71% (86.6%). The results of logistic regression test showed that burn‑related mortality is 50% lower in men compared to women (odds ratio [OR] = 0.50), 16% lower in 41‑60 years of age group compared to over 60 years of age group (OR = 0.16), 41% higher in people with low financial status compared to those with high financial status (OR = 1.41) and 4% lower in people with 31–70 TBSA compared to those with TBCA higher than 71% (OR = 0.04).

Burn‑related mortality could be associated with treatment and health care as well as social factors. Therefore, parallel to hospital care and physical conditions of the burn patients, social factors including gender, age, income level, and place residence need to be addressed in burn policies to reduce burn‑related mortalities

Considering the important role of universities in advancing educational, social, cultural, economic, and political affairs and given the significant and effective role of social determinants of health (SDH) in personal and social life, this study aimed to design a preliminary questionnaire to assess the awareness and attitude of students and professors of relevant medical sciences departments toward the SDH.

This is a descriptive survey study of the instrumentation type and is done on the students and professors of Isfahan and Kashan medical sciences universities in 2019. The content and face validity of the questionnaire were assessed. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the correlation coefficient for each question as well as the total score of the questionnaire were reported for this attitude measurement questionnaire. The difficulty coefficient, optimum difficulty level, discrimination coefficient, and the relevant variance were calculated for every question in the awareness measurement questionnaire.

The internal consistency of the questionnaire for the awareness toward the SDH for 15 questions was 0.742. This consistency was acceptable for 18 questions in the attitude measurement questionnaire after omitting two questions with not appropriate distinguishing ability. The difficulty level of the questions was relatively high.

Given that no tool was observed in the search strategy to measure the SDH, therefore, the design and psychometrics of such a tool can be used to measure the awareness and attitude of the target audiences; since this tool had an acceptable validity and reliability at its initial stages, researchers are suggested to apply it for standardization in different academic societies.

Irrational use and prescribing of medications is a major problem in healthcare systems worldwide. The factors affecting prescribing and use of drugs can be assessed in educational, management, supervision and financial areas. Present study was designed to investigate the role of financial incentives in this field.

This qualitative study was conducted using a semi-structured interview in 2016. Participants included those who were well-informed and experienced in the field of rational use of drug. Sampling was done in a targeted way and 16 people were interviewed. Interviews were evaluated after the implementation of the theme analysis method.

In this qualitative study, four main themes and 12 sub themes were obtained. The main topics were: 1. Financial incentives for physicians (including: motivation for attracting more patients, earning more money, health insurance organizations' liabilities, community expectations of physicians' financial position, physician financial problems, and shifting physician's role from factor to performer), 2. Financial incentives for pharmacies (including: pharmacies' economic problems, health insurance organizations' liabilities, earning more money through over-the-counter sales of all medications, patient insistence and pharmacists' security), 3. Financial incentives for patients (including: self-medication and community poverty) and 4. Financial incentives for pharmaceutical companies (including: earning more profit by selling a particular brand).

Financial motivators are among the important intervening factors in irrational use and prescribing of medications. Providing appropriate financial solutions by policy makers and improving economic situation of the community can help the quality of medical services and improve status of prescribing and usage of medications.

Alongside the re-emergence of public health emergencies, increasing displaced population in the world contributes to worsening the situation. We reviewed the partnerships of community-based organizations (CBOs) with health systems to identify the roles and responsibilities of CBOs in public health emergencies. The research team searched articles in Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Wiley, Google Scholar, World Health Organization (WHO), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) websites. Two independent reviewers decided to include articles if they addressed the role of CBOs in the happened public health emergencies. STROBE and Case Study checklists were used to examine the quality of the studies. After reaching 542 articles, 34 of them met the eligibility criteria. Articles mostly focused on high-income countries and the epidemics as disasters. Primary health care, logistic services, and communication were the most participatory services. However, just 14% of articles in childcare and 3% in elderly care services showed a partnership with the health system. Also, the emergence of influenza pandemics in the years after 2010 was a starting point for increased participation of the CBOs in public health emergencies. Health authorities should lead the CBOs’ participation to provide childcare and elderly services in public health emergencies. Moreover, low-income countries should promote the responsibility of protecting communities by considering the supportive role of CBOs in public health emergencies based on all potential capabilities.

Burn gives rise the high mortality and socio-economic burdens. This study aimed to assesses epidemiological characteristics of burn patients and their relationship with mortality caused by burn. This descriptive-analytic study was performed using data from all burned patients hospitalized in Imam Musa Kazem Hospital in Isfahan during 4 years. The data used for the burn patients records and the HIS system were collected, prepared and secondary analyzed in two descriptive and inferential analyses. Of the 3,290 burn patients, 49.22% were died. The highest number of burns were occurred in 2014 (27.08%), in the men (67.29%); age group of 26-40 years old (33.59%); married (49.91%); illiterate (30.42%); low income (48.63%); unemployed (34.66%) and Shia (98.24%) patients. Moreover, the most of patients come from cities from the other provinces (42.1%), lived in urban areas (54.59%), have had social security insurance (41.52%); burn degree 3 (98.33%); total body surface area burned (TBSA) ≤ 30% (49.76%) and burnt at home (70.09%). The correlation of all variables with mortality caused by burn were statistically significant except for years of admission and religion. The burning and the mortality caused by burn, in addition to healthcare and medicine aspects, is a social phenomenon. Therefore, the recognition of social factors as the causes of the causes of burns can leads to the appropriate and effective policies aimed to reduce burns and related mortalities.

IntroductionSince students' academic performance holds significant information which provides feedback to teachers, educational planners, and students, identification of effective variables on academic performance is considered a significant priority. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the relationship between academic performance of students in medical university of Isfahan with demographic, scholastic and statistics knowledge factors. This is a cross-sectional study with all the students from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences participating, during 2011- 2014. To answer the research questions, necessary information about the participants was taken from computing services office, and then analyzed using SPSS program version 24, through tables, central and dispersion indices, independent t-test, ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Research findings shows that there exist a statistically significant relation between academic performance of students with the variables including sex, age, marital status and statistics knowledge. However, place of accommodation and educational grade were not correlated with academic performance. Considering the significant role of statistics for medical fields and its relevance with academic performance, it is a essential to improve statistics teaching methods. Better academic performance is expected from the students this way.
Citation: Keyvanara M, Hosseini SM, Naderi B. Investigation of the Relationship between Academic Performance of Students at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences with Demographic Academic and Statistics Education. Journal of Development Strategies in Medical Education 2018; 5(2): 13-21

Cardiovascular diseases have high morbidity and mortality rate. Disease registry system is a clinical information system designed and implemented for patient information management and one of the essential steps in its implementation is the analysis of collected data. Since the basis of data collection in each data registry system is data element, this research was conducted to compare data elements and data analysis in myocardial infarction registry system in selected countries and Iran. This research was applied in a comparative way. The research community included the registry of myocardial infarction in the United States, Switzerland, Malaysia and Iran. The data collection method was to study the documentation and interview with the registry specialists and analyze the findings was done by drawing comparative tables Of the 26 extracted data elements, there were only 16 cases in Iran's registry system. In all registry systems, data elements were defined in the data dictionary in order to unify the definitions. Data analysis was done regularly in all three countries of the United States, Switzerland and Malaysia, but in Iran, data analysis was limited to the number of patients and the distribution of age and sex of patients. In this study, an overview of the data elements and the method of data analysis in the myocardial infarction registry system was presented that could be used in designing this registry system.

The aim of this study was to explore key informants’ experiences about challenges and recommendations of patient identification and tracking in past earthquakes in Iran.

A qualitative survey of key informants’ experiences and views was carried out on emergency physicians and nurses, first responders and managers of red crescent society, and emergency medical services (EMS) from March to September 2015. Semistructured interviews were performed with informants who had experience of response to past earthquakes in Iran by using a purposive sampling method. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and entered into MAXQDA (version 10) for coding and content analysis. A thematic analysis of interview transcripts was undertaken.

5 themes including the crowd’s presence, lack of unified command and integrated management, deficiency of planning, shortage of managerial and information infrastructures, and human resources challenges with their subthemes were explored. Also, some solutions were explored as follows: community education, chain of command and integrated management in the disaster scene, and training the emergency medical personnel and first responders.

There are many challenges that should be solved for improving patient tracking in future disasters in Iran. Planning for proper and effective communication between agencies that have responsibility for disastermanagement is very important. Also, community education is a vital measure to familiarize them with disaster and teach them how to save lives.

Recently in Iran, the Health Transformation Plan (HTP) was formulated by policy makers to reduce the amount of the out of pocket expenditures. The HTP caused different effects on medicines and medical supplies. The purpose of this paper was the identification of these effects.
This study was a qualitative research performed in a 14-month interval in Iran during 2014 - 2015. A total of 17 semi-structured interviews were used for data gathering. Participants were health authorities associated with the subject of the research and background in health executive management. They were aware of the HTP. Purposive sampling was done for data saturation. Criteria such as “Credibility”, “Conformability”, and “Dependability” were considered. Interviewees’ anonymity was preserved. The data were transcribed, categorized, and then used the thematic analysis.
According to the thematic analysis, 6 themes and 21 sub-themes were found. Two main categories were identified. (I) The overt effects (3 themes) included optimizing the management of medicine and medical supplies, their cost controlling, and improving of supervision on distribution and consumption of them. (II) The covert effects (3 themes) included an increase in demand for hospitalization, a rise in total costs, and waste of hospital resources
The HTP, besides positive and overt effects, had covert effects. The HTP increased not only in patients’ inclination to stay more in hospitals, but also it increased total health expenditures and wasting resources. It could be suggested that, policy makers use this results to guarantee the success of the HTP.

The health transformation plan (HTP) was put into action in Iran, in 2014, with 8 service packages. This plan was not implemented as a pilot and therefore, various problems and barriers have since emerged.
The aim of this study was to identify the economic challenges of inpatient payment reduction directive in HTP from the perspectives of 2 groups of experts in levels of hospital and university held in 2 time periods.
In this qualitative study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 participants involved in the healthcare reform in hospitals as well as the executive committee of HTP in universities.
Data collection resulted in 36 descriptive codes presenting the economic challenges of the payment reduction directive in thems of insurance / tariffs and financial affairs in the period of 3 months and 1 year since the beginning. Interviewees then suggested their solutions.
Challenges trends over times show that some parts of challenges are changing. In addition, challenges interact with each other and could be avoided just by appropriate planning. On the other hand, execution of this directive was extremely costly for the government; it would be better to allocate resources with meticulous planning and designs.

 Disaster patient tracking consists of identifying and registering patients, recording data on their medical conditions, settings priorities for evacuation of scene, locating the patients from scene to health care centers and then till completion of treatment and discharge.

The aim of this study was to design a model of patient tracking system for natural disaster in Iran.

This applied study was conducted in two steps in 2016. First, data on disaster patient tracking systems used in selected countries were collected from library-printed and electronic references and then compared. Next, a preliminary model of disaster patient tracking system was provided using these systems and validated by Delphi technique and focus group. The data of the fi rst step were analyzed by content analysis and those of the second step by descriptive statistics.

Analysis of the comments of key information persons in three Delphi rounds, consisting of national experts, yielded three themes, i.e., content, function, and technology, ten subthemes, and 127 components, with consensus rate of over 75%, to provide a disaster patient tracking system for Iran.

In Iran, there is no comprehensive process to manage the data on disaster patients. Offering a patient tracking system can be considered a humanitarian and effective measure to promote the process of identifying, caring for, evacuating, and transferring patients as well as documenting and following up their medical and location conditions from scene till completion of the treatment.

Factors affecting blood donation play an important role in attracting safe and continuous blood donors. The current study aimed at determining the factors affecting blood donation through comparing 2 groups of continuous and non-continuous blood donors, using the theory of planned behavior.
The current descriptive, analytical study was carried out in 2015 in Ilam, Iran. The population contained 234 blood donors recruited by the quota sampling method. The data were collected by the theory of planned behavior questionnaire (TPB questionnaire) developed by Hasanzade et al., which its validity and reliability were evaluated and confirmed in previous studies. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16, using the Spearman correlation and the Mann-Whitney U tests.
Among continuous and non-continuous blood donors, 54.4% and 50.8% had higher education, 35.1% and 45.8% had job, 99.3% and 88.3% were male, 80.7% and 75.8% were married, and 66.8% and 61.7% were in the age range of 30 - 50 years, respectively. Results also indicated that attitudes (score = 0.28), facilitating factors (score = 0.28), and self-efficacy (score = 0.27) were the most important factors affecting blood donation in the continuous donors group, while attitudes (score = 0.27) and facilitating factors (score = 0.20) were the most important ones in the non-continuous blood donors.
In the current study, attitudes and facilitating factors were the predictive factors of donation behavior. It is proposed to design intervention programs and launch educational campaigns to attract long-term donors in order to improve the attitudes toward blood donation and encourage and attract donors to increase and retain both the continuous and non-continuous donors.

As one of the indicators of actual growth and scientific development capacity of countries, the importance of the research is steadily increasing. Knowing that success depends on the work done by researchers so identified identify these barriers and pave the way for one of the concerned authorities of their research.

This qualitative study using analysis of the theme. Semi‑structured interviews were used to collect the data. Participants include people who are experienced and knowledgeable in the field. Sampling was purposeful and continued until data saturation. The criteria of “reliability”, “trustworthiness”, “reliability” and “significant consolidation” of data were considered.

Data analysis led to the extraction of code 600, 5, and 35 issues were Zyrmvzv. Five topics including motivation, success factors, barriers and problems, reflections and strategies, respectively.

Discussion interest, innovation, the ability to apply research methods, specializes in the research literature and English language skills of researchers successfully in printing paper. Creating strong incentives to improve the material and spiritual encouragement and removal of obstacles, increase the amount of scientific publications and its opposite, although the force can cause increased production of scientific publications, but the negative consequences of such unhealthy competition and robbery also will follow. As a result, universities have to go through proper planning and management in the areas of research and teaching more responsible to pay it.

Compassion is an important part of nursing. It fosters better relationships between nurses and their patients. Moreover, it gives patients more confidence in the care they receive. Determining facilitators of compassion are essential to holistic care. The purpose of this study was to explore these facilitators.
This ethnographic study was conducted in 2014–2015 with 20 nurses, 12 patients, and 4 family members in the medical and surgical wards. Data collection was done through observations and in‑depth semi‑structured interviews with purposive sampling. The study was carried out in 15 months. Data analysis was performed using constant comparison based on Strauss and Corbin.
Data analysis defined three main themes and eight subthemes as the fundamentals of compassion‑based care. Nurses’ personal factors with subcategories of personality, attitudes, and values and holistic view; and socio‑cultural factors with subcategories of kindness role model, religious, and cultural values are needed to elicit compassionate behaviors. Initiator factors, with subcategories of patient suffering, patient communication demands, and patient emotional and psychological necessity are also needed to start compassionate behaviors.
The findings of this study showed that nurses’ communication with patients is nurse’s duty in order to understand and respect the needs of patients. Attention should be paid to issues relating to compassion in nursing and practice educational programs. Indeed, creating a care environment with compassion, regardless of any shortcomings in the work condition, would help in the development of effective nursing.

Self-immolation is among the most damaging types of injuries from burns, causes serious physical injuries and has psychological and economic effects on the person and his or her family. This study assessed the epidemiological characteristics of patients hospitalized in Imam Musa Kazim hospital, Isfahan, Iran, due to self-immolation during a 5-years period.
In this retrospective cross-sectional study, all records of the patients hospitalized due to self-immolation during the years 2010-2014 were assessed. Then, information such as age, sex, marital status, employment, etc. was extracted by using a researcher-made checklist. The data were analyzed using SPSS software in both descriptive and analytic aspects.
Findings: Out of 450 participants, who had self-immolation during the studied 5 years, 373 patients (82.9%) were women and 77 patients (17.1%) were men. 366 patients (74.7%) were married and 114 (25.3%) were single. Most of the studied patients (68.4%) were in the age category of 20-39 years old. 74.0 percent of the patients were housewives. Self-immolation was more prevalent in spring than in other seasons. About half of the patients (49.1%) died of self-immolation. The hospitalization duration of 10 to 15 days and the burning level of 31 to 70 percent (32.2% and 47.5%, respectively) were more prevalent.
According to the results of this study and most of the similar studies, housewife married women in the age category of 20-29 years, are subject to eliminate their lives via self-immolation more than any other people.