mahtab moazzami

Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in body metabolism and inflammation by releasing adipokines. Both caloric restriction and continuous exercise can impact adipose tissue and affect inflammation and the aging process. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of caloric restriction and continuous exercise on the expression of the leptin gene, adiponectin, the ratio of adiponectin to leptin, and insulin resistance in aged rats. The study included a total of 36 aged male Wistar rats (26 months old), randomly divided into four groups: control, restriction, caloric, and continuous exercise, as well as caloric restriction+continuous exercise. The rats underwent a six-week continuous training protocol, with five sessions per week. Samples were then taken from the epididymal fat tissue of the rats, and Real-Time PCR was used to measure the expression of the adiponectin and leptin genes. Statistical analysis was conducted using non-parametric statistics. The statistical tests showed that the expression of the adiponectin gene significantly increased in the caloric restriction and continuous exercise groups. However, in the caloric restriction+continuous exercise group, the expression of the adiponectin gene decreased. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in leptin gene expression, the ratio of adiponectin to leptin gene expression, or insulin resistance in fat tissue among the groups. These findings suggest that while caloric restriction and continuous exercise have beneficial effects on increasing adiponectin gene expression, their combination may not always result in synergy.

Insulin resistance (IR) is known as the most important cause of Liver Disorders, Which is associated with decreased expression of Peroxisome proliferator-Activated Receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) and increased expression of Sterol regulatory Element Binding Proteins (SREBP-1C) and Carbohydrate response element binding protein (CHREBP) in diabetic type 2 male rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on hepatic PPAR-α , SREBP-1C and CHREBP expression and IR in n diabetic type 2 rat.

In this experimental study, 27 male Wistar mice were randomly divided into three groups of healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic exercise. Medium and progressive aerobic exercise protocol on the treadmill was performed and The trainings lasted 8 weeks and 5 days/week. At the end of the trainings PPAR-α, SREBP-1C and CHREBP expressions were examined via ELISA technique in the liver tissue. One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were used to compare the groups and the significance level was considered at p < 0.05.

The post-hoc test results indicated a significant reduction in IR between the diabetic control group and aerobic training (P<0.05). Despite a notable increase in hepatic expression, it PPAR-α, SREBP-1C and CHREBP was statistically significant

aerobic exercise for eight weeks improved IR in type 2 diabetic rats. There was a significant difference in the expression of liver proteins between the groups. 

Studies show that apelin vasodilator peptide plays an important role in vascular tone and cardiovascular function, but the effect of resistance training and comparison of resistance and endurance training on plasma apelin has not been well documented.

The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of resistance and endurance exercise programs on levels of plasma apelin and blood pressure in obese postmenopausal women

The present study was 24 postmenopausal women obese (age: 55.5 ± 5.63 y, height: 154.31 ± 4.69 cm, weight: 72.65 ± 11. 44 kg, and BMI: 30.62 ± 3.63) were randomly divided into two groups of 12 people (endurance and resistance) groups (resistance training with 60 to 80% 1RM, and endurance training with 55 to 70% of heart rate Karvonen). Apelin plasma levels and blood pressure 24 h before and 48 h after the end of the program were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measures. The significance level was P<0.05.

The results showed that changes in intragroup and intergroup blood pressure decreased significantly and plasma apelin increased in both groups, but this increase was not significant (P <0.05).

Following eight- week resistance training and endurance training reduces blood pressure in postmenopausal obese women and were significantly associated with increased plasma Apelin but not as significant.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the centralnervous system that can be tracked through biomarkers of disease status. The present study aimed to examine effect of eight weeks of resistance training on serum levels of neurofilament light chain and tau protein in women with multiple sclerosis (MS).

The study population consisted of 24 women with MS (aged 25 to 40 years) in Bojnourd (Iran) with expanded disability status scale score of 2-5. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of resistance training (n=12) and control (n=12). The training group performed 45-60 minutes of resistance training, three sessions a week for eight weeks. The control group did not partake in sports activity. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before the first session and 48 hours after the last training session. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze data at a significance level of 0.05.

The eight-week resistance training intervention significantly decreased serum level of tau protein but had no significant effect on serum level of neurofilamet light chain.

According to the research results, eight weeks of resistance training could have favorable effects on serum level of tau protein in MS patients.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, inflammatory and chronic disease that occurs as myelin damage and destruction in the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves and causes functional problems in the patient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8- week core stability training on some of functional indices in women with multiple sclerosis.

The study samples were 24 women with MS (25 to 40 years) in Bojourd with the EDSS level of disability of 2 to 5. Patients were randomly-purposefully divided into 2 groups: core stability training group (N = 12) and control group (N = 12) groups. Exercise group carried out an 8- week core stability exercise program for 30 to 40 min 3 times/week. During this time, the control group did not have any regular physical activity. Timed Up and Go test (TUG) was used to assessment of balance. In addition, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) questionnaire and One- Repetition Maximum (1RM) were used to evaluate fatigue and muscle strength of the two groups before and after training. Data were analyzed by covariance test with SPSS software at (P < 0.05).

According to the results of covariance test, performing eight week of core stability training was associated with a significant increase in balance (P = 0.000), upper body muscle strength(P = 0.000), lower body muscle strength (P = 0.014) and reduced fatigue(P = 0.000).

According to the results of this study, performing core stability training can improve functional indices (balance, muscle strength and fatigue of people with MS. Therefore, these exercises can be used as an effective exercise activity in patients with multiple sclerosis for rehabilitation.

The antioxidant system, which protects the body against the damaging effects of oxidants, can be affected by a variety of factors, including exercise. The present study aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on the oxidative and antioxidant indices in overweight middle-aged women.

A total of 30 inactive and obese/overweight women, aged 40-50 years, with a BMI>27 kg/m2, were randomized to high-intensity interval training, moderate-intensity continuous training, and control groups. The exercise intervention consisted of 12 weeks of training in three supervised sessions per week. Before and after the exercise program, the subjects’ blood samples were tested for the total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level. Repeated measures ANOVA and student’s t-test were applied in SPSS version 20 for data analysis (P<0.05).

The results showed that after 12 weeks of regular exercise, the total antioxidant capacity increased significantly in the groups of moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training (P<0.05). Also, the results showed no significant differences in the MDA and SOD levels.

Twelve weeks of high-intensity interval training or moderate-intensity continuous training both result in an increase in the total antioxidant capacity that could be effective in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nerve system (CNS), which leads to large focal lesions in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, characterized by primary demyelination with a variable extent of axonal loss. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8- week resistance training on balance, fatigue, and muscle strength in women with multiple sclerosis.

To this end, 24 women with MS were randomly- purposefuly assigned to the exercise( N = 12, Age = 36,83 ± 2,75,Weight = 68,42 ± 5,10 Kg, EDSS = 3,25 ± 0,80) and control(N = 12, Age = 34,91 ± 5,10, Weight = 64,71 ± 3,70 Kg, EDSS = 3,00 ± 0,90) groups. Exercise group carried out an 8- week resistance exercise program for 45 to 60 min 3 times/week, but Control group did not have any regular physical activity. Berg Balance Scale was used to assess the balance. In addition, Fatigue Impact Scale questionnaire and Motricity Index were used to evaluate fatigue and muscle strength of the two groups before and after training. Data were analayzed by covariance test with SPSS software at (P < 0.05).

According to the results, performing eight weeks of resistance training was associated with a significant increase in balance (P=0.000), upper body muscle strength (P=0.000), lower body muscle strength (P=0.000), and a significant decrease in fatigue (P=0.000).

In general, performing resistance training is beneficial for women with MS and can improve functional indices (balance, muscle strength, and fatigue) in these patients. Therefore, these exercises are recommended as a part of the rehabilitation program to improve these patients.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common debilitating neurodegenerative disease caused by inflammatory demyelinating processes in the central nervous system. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of core stability training on serum levels of progranulin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in women with MS.

The study population consisted of 24 women with MS (aged 25 to 40 years) in Bojnourd (Iran) with expanded disability status scale score of 2-5. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of core stability training (n=12) and control (n=12). The training group performed 30-40 minutes of core stability training, three sessions a week for eight weeks. Blood sampling was done 24 hours before the first session and 48 hours after the last training session. Serum levels of progranulin and TNF-α were measured using commercial ELISA kits. Analysis of covariance was used to assess data at a significance level of 0.05 . 

The eight-week core stability training was associated with a significant increase in serum level of progranulin (P=0.037) and a significant decrease in the level of TNF-α (P=0.000).

The findings indicate that the eight-week core stability training could significantly change serum levels of progranulin and TNF-α and improve the condition of women with MS. Therefore, this type of training could be applied as a complementary therapy for MS patients.

Cerebral ischemia causes irreversible structural and functional damages in certain areas of the brain, especially the hippocampus. Evidence indicates that physical exercise may reduce the damages caused by cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8-week exercise preconditioning on the expression of NT-3 and TrkC genes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus after the cerebral ischemic-reperfusion in male rats.

Twenty-one male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 gr were randomly selected and divided into three groups (healthy control, control + ischemia and exercise + ischemia). Rats in the exercise group ran on a treadmill 5 days per week for 8 weeks. Ischemia by occlusion of both common carotid arteries (CCA) was created for 45 minutes. In order to evaluate the gene expression, Real time PCR technique was used.

NT-3 gene expression was significantly different between exercise + ischemia with control + ischemia groups and control + ischemia with healthy control groups (P <0.05), and TrkC gene expression was significantly different between exercise + ischemia with healthy control groups and control + ischemia with healthy control groups (P <0.05).

The results of this study demonstrated that exercise before the induction of ischemic stroke increased the NT-3 gene expression but did not influence the TrKC gene expression.

Objective:

Obesity has been linked to cardiovascular risk factors characterized by endothelial dysfunction and arterial wall thickening. Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve endothelial function and cardiovascular risk profile, but it is unknown which of high‑intensity interval training or moderate‑intensity continuous training is the best exercise.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 33 inactive and overweight women aged 40–50 years old and body mass index >27 kg/m2 were randomized to high‑intensity interval training, moderate‑intensity continuous training, or control. The exercise intervention consisted of 12 weeks of training and three supervised sessions per week. The moderate‑intensity group was trained continuously for 47 min at 60–70% of maximal heart rate. High‑intensity interval training consisted of four interval bouts of 4 min at 85%–95% of maximal heart rate with 3 min breaks at 50%–60% of maximal heart rate between the intervals. For all analyses, statistical significance was assigned at P < 0.05.

Results:

According to our findings, while carotid intima‑media thickness decreased in both training groups, this reduction was not statistically significant. In the high‑intensity training group, the right ankle‑brachial index increased significantly (P = 0.007).

Conclusion:

Twelve weeks of exercise training, especially in high‑intensity interval training, have led to improving lipid profiles and endothelial function, it can be said that regular and prolonged exercise can probably be a preventivefactor in cardiovascular disease in overweight women.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of aquatic aerobic training on regulatory factors related to Reverse Cholesterol Transport in women after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
24 middle-aged women were studied after coronary artery bypass grafting (12 were in control group and 12 in aquatic aerobic training group). The aquatic aerobic training program was performed in a pool of 1.20 m depth for eight weeks (three sessions per week with 50-75% intensity of the maximum heart rate). Furthermore, 48 hours before initiating the training program as well as 48 hours after the last training session, blood samples were taken in a fasting state. Then, Leukocytes were isolated, total cellular RNAs were extracted and complementary DNAs were synthesized. Gene expressions of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1(ABCG1) were evaluated at messenger RNA levels using real-time PCR method. The amounts of ApolipoproteinA-1(Apo A-1), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) were measured in plasma using an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay method. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent-sample t-test and covariance, with a significance level accepted at P < 0.05.
The findings showed that aquatic training was able to express ABCA1 and ABCG1 gene in women after coronary artery bypass grafting.
The data pointed to the possibility that aquatic training during the cardiac rehabilitation period can improve the reverse cholesterol transport and can be an alternative exercise program to achieve physical preparation and rehabilitation objectives in individuals who may have trouble doing exercises on the ground.

Brain ischemia/reperfusion causes structural and functional damage in the hippocampus. Physical activity is an essential method for early rehabilitation after a stroke. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of early endurance training on treadmill on improvement of the neurons of CA1 region of hippocampus and expression of A2A protein following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in male rats. 21 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of sham, ischemia + control, and ischemia + exercise. 24 hours after induction of ischemia, the rats in exercise group ran 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. Ischemia was induced by blocking both common carotid arteries for 45 minutes. Ladder test, hematoxylin and eosinophil (H&E) staining, and immunohistochemical method were used to evaluate functional status, neuronal death, and protein expression, respectively. The brain ischemia was associated with an increase in neuronal death in the CA1 region of hippocampus, and reduced cognitive function and motor learning. Early training significantly decreased cell death, as well as impaired cognitive function and motor learning. Moreover, in ischemia + exercise group, expression of A2A did not change significantly compared to the ischemia + control group. This study showed that early training on treadmill, as a rehabilitation stimulant, would have protective effects against cell death, and can improve motor function.

Obesity is linked to cardiovascular diseases, characterized by endothelial dysfunction, the optimal mode of exercise for controlling obesity of high-intensity interval training or moderate-intensity continuous training has is the however not yet been determined. A total of 33 inactive and overweight women, aged 40-50 years with body mass index over 27kg/m2 were randomized to high-intensity interval training, moderate-intensity continuous training or controls. The exercise intervention consisted of 12 weeks of training, and 3 supervised sessions per week. The moderate-intensity group trained continuously for 47 min at 60–70% of maximum heart rate,while high-intensity training consisted 4×4min durations at 85–95% of maximum heart rate with 3 min active breaks in between these, consisting of walking or jogging at 50–60% of maximum heart rate. Protocols were isocaloric. Before and after the completion of the exercise program, blood samples of the subjects were tested for evaluation of lipid profiles and endothelial progenitor cells (CD34, CD133, and CD309). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and T-student test were applied for data analysis by SPSS version 20 (P<0.05). According to our findings, changes of CD133 in both training groups was statistically significant (P=0.006).The CD309 index increased significantly only in the moderate-intensity continuous training group (P=0.002), whereas changes of CD34 were not statistically significant (P=0.094). Twelve weeks of training exercises, especially high-intensity interval training, may improve some of the markers of endothelial progenitor cells in overweight women, indicating that regular and prolonged exercise can probably be a preventative factor in the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training before and after the induction of Alzheimer’s disease on ABCA1 and APOE mRNA expression and the level of soluble Aβ1-42 in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats. Ninety six eight-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: Training (n=48) and Rest (n=48). After four weeks, each group was randomly divided into two subgroups: intra-hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 (n=24) and DMSO (n=24). Then, each group was again randomly divided into two groups: Training (n=12) and Rest (n=12). After four weeks, each group was again randomly divided into two groups: Behavioral test (n=7) and sacrificed (n=5). The one-way ANOVA showed a significant increase in the mRNA expression of ABCA1 (P<0.05), a significant decrease in the level of soluble Aβ1-42, and no significant difference in the expression of APOE mRNA (P>0.05) in the hippocampus as a result of training. The analysis of the Morris water maze data showed that intra-hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42 impaired spatial learning and memory and exercise improved spatial learning (P<0.05) and memory (P<0.05). Therefore, aerobic training by a significant increase in the mRNA expression of ABCA1, which is the main factors of lipid metabolism in the brain and which is involved in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease, can be consistent with improving cognitive function as an effective way of preventing and improving the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

  Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term acquired disability. It is of great importance to seek ways for improving motor, sensory, and cognitive function after stroke and brain injury. In this regard, therapeutic exercise is the most commonly used method of rehabilitation that can significantly reduce the severity of functional damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of eight weeks of forced treadmill training on cognitive and motor functions in ischemic rats.              Fourteen adult male Wistar rats were divided into an exercise group and a control group (no exercise). Occlusion of both common carotid arteries was made to induce cerebral ischemia. Twenty-four hours after the induction of ischemia, the subjects in the exercise group were subjected to treadmill running, five days a week for eight weeks. The skilled ladder rung walking task was used to evaluate motor function before and after the stroke.             The number of errors was decreasing in both groups, but significant differences were observed in the motor function between the two groups in the third, fifth, and eighth week.             Our results suggest that post-ischemic exercise might modulate ischemia-induced hippocampal injury and ameliorate the subsequent memory and motor impairment.             Keywords:  Stroke, Cerebral Ischemia, Exercise, Treadmill training, sensorimotor.

  Resistance exercise is one of the methods of training that can have different effects on the status of the body of low mobility people. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in serum levels of Irisin and some inflammatory factors immediately and 24 hours after a high-intensity exercise session in sedentary young women. This semi-experimental study was carried out on 15 low mobility subjects (age: 24 ± 11.5 years, height: 165.57 ± 4.13 cm, weight: 73.12 ± 3.73), voluntarily participated in this research. The exercise session consisted of four upper and four lower limbs, with an intensity of 80-85% of 1RM of the subjects. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and using SPSS software version 18 (P <0.05). A session of high-intensity resistance exercise can help to significantly increase Irisin levels and inflammatory factors (P <0.05). 24 hours after the activity session, Irisin levels and inflammatory factors remained high prior to the session, that this change was a significant difference about Irisin (P <0.05). The findings of this study indicate that a session of high-intensity resistance exercise helped to increase the levels of Irisin and inflammatory factors in sedentary people, which could be considered by researchers

It seems strenuous trainings have a suppressing effect on the immune function and athletes performing such trainings are probably prone to infectious diseases due to weakened immune system.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with and without zinc ‎supplementation on serum immunoglobulin concentrations in female futsal players.

Mthods:

 Thirty-two female futsal players were randomly divided into 4 groups like placebo, Zinc, HIIT+Placebo ‎and Zinc+HIIT. All athletes had to attend futsal-specific training 3 sessions per week. Zinc and Placebo groups took ‎30 mg ‎day−1 of zinc gluconate or dextrose, respectively, and HIIT groups performed 6-10 repetitions of a 30-second running at 100% of VO2peak with ‎4-minutes rest between the efforts during six weeks.

IgM levels decreased significantly in placebo group (from 136.25±34.44 to 119±33.53, p=0.003) and Zinc group (from 143.25±52.96 to 123.62±50.33, p=0.005). 6 weeks of HIIT did not change the levels of IgA, IgM and IgG significantly (p>0.05). HIIT along with Zinc augmented IgA value (from 179.75±54.49 to 211.12±89.22, p=0.049), significantly; It also increased IgM‎ and IgG levels which were not significant (p>0.05).

It can be concluded that 6 weeks of HIIT had no suppressing effect on the immune system in female futsal players; even HIIT along with Zinc supplementation improved the immune system via increasing IgA value.

Back pain during pregnancy is a common condition which is often considered as an unavoidable problem. Exercise is one of the methods to reduce it and increase physical strength and flexibility. Physiobal is also one of the exercises; therefore, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of one course of physioball selected exercise on low back pain, lordosis and performance (power and flexible) of lumbar-sacral region in pregnant women.
This quasi-experimental study and applicable in terms of goal was performed on 18 healthy pregnant women (in 5-8 months of pregnancy) with age range of 20-35 years and certain degree of back pain referred to the gynecology clinic of Mashhad Omol-Banin (sa) hospital in 2015. Variables were back pain, lordosis, lumbar muscle strength and flexibility. Physioball exercise lasted for 21 sessions, 3 days a week, 60 minutes each session which included 5 to 10 minutes of warm-up and then one ball was allocated to each participant and physioball exercise was performed. The severity of exercises increased based on the principle of overload and individual abilities of pregnant women. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 19) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levan, repeated measure analysis of variance and covariance analysis test. p
According to the findings of this study, physioball exercises reduced back pain in pregnant women (p=0.020), also strength significantly increased (p=0.000), but had no effect on the amount of lordosis (p=0.072) and lateral flexibility (p=0.11).
The physioball selected exercises during pregnancy can be an effective method to increase the strength of lumbar-sacral muscles and reduce back pain in pregnant women. But it cannot affect the amount of lordosis because as pregnancy progresses, it leads to more weight gain and weight gain seems to be the main cause of lordosis. Also, physioball exercise has no flexible significant effect on lateral flexibility of lumbar-sacral muscles.

Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain that there are many treatment methods for it. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 8 week aquatic exercise in patient with plantar fasciitis.
45 participant with plantar fasciitis were recruited. Participants allocated in 2 groups, exercise (n=30) and control (n=15). The training program consisted of 8 weeks (average 53 min, 3 days) progressive aquatic training involving plantar fascia & calf muscle stretching, and intrinsic foot muscles strengthening. Evaluated variable including Pain in the morning were measured in both groups. The data were analyzed using independent and dependent T-test at threshold of 0.05. in the experimental group patient, pain in the morning showed a significant difference end of 8 weeks. Furthermore, the difference was significant compared with the control group. So, 8 weeks progressive aquatic exercise reduces pain in the morning of patients with plantar fasciitis.