maryam javadpour

Childhood as one of the fundamental stages of human life can be associated with various vulnerabilities in a way that is more evident in children with chronic diseases. Since these children cannot meet their needs, they need those around them and caregivers, especially parents to help them with their situations. Unfortunately, they sometimes face neglect, ignorance, and limited access to health care services, poverty, violence, etc., which can be a source of frustration and intolerance of disease for them.  Therefore, in order to protect the right to health of sick children, this study seeks to answer the questions of what are the causes and effects of despair in children with chronic diseases and what are the prevention strategies?

This study described and analyzed the content, verses of the Holy Quran, the narrations of the Infallibles (PBUH), the views of Imamiye jurisconsults, national standards and regulations, and international human rights documents to answer the research questions.

Grounded upon the principle “a possible part must not be abandoned by an impossible whole”, providing suitable conditions and environment for sick children as much as possible is essential.

Since various causes, such as insufficient enjoyment of a decent standard of living and disregard for spiritual values and a tendency to be negative, can affect the health and progression of children's illness, however, in the holy Shari'a of Islam, based on the principle of respect for innate dignity of man, equal treatment and observance of the best interests of the child, using hope therapy strategies in promoting spiritual health as the cornerstone of other forms of health is emphasized. Not only does it require the cooperation and assistance of the government, society, family and even sick children, but it also requires more coherent laws and regulations in line with Islamic jurisprudence.

Consistency and health system of the society, reducing social disorders, and life satisfaction should be sought in families. A family as a safe place to raise children, who are like buds in human society and their fledgling personality development always requires monitoring and protection against any violence and harassment. Thus, focusing on supporting the social health of children and strengthening the infrastructure of healthy and spiritual societies based on jurisprudential and legal documents and ethical rules, this study describes and analyzes the causes and consequences of social harms of children of family origin and mechanisms to deal with it. However, based on “People’s control and domination over their property", the study shows individuals do not dominate each other and each is free. But the holy sharia' of Islam due to the disability, elegance and vulnerability of children with observance of the best interests believes in authority for domination and guardianship over them. Hence, unfamiliarity and neglect of religious teachings and children's rights, disagreement and inappropriate emotional atmosphere of the family, non-observance of lineage and identity, ignorance of the child's physical and mental problems can lead to premature marriage, running away from home, theft, drug addiction and sexual perversion. The primary responsibility of parents and the secondary responsibility of governments in meeting the essential needs of children and providing a platform for developing their talents, emphasizing the role of religious missionaries, child psychologists and child rights educators are all important.

The sacred religion of Islam is called an easy and simple law, which is always based on compassion and kindness. Hence, the upbringing and spiritual excellence of the child as a dynamic human being requires the promotion and proper education. But unfortunately, the child's education, especially his/her spiritual education, has become a problem by the misconceptions of some parents and educators. Thus, in order to promote children's spiritual well-being and to prevent social harm. So the present study has attempted to deal with the nature of spiritual education and strategies of promoting spiritual education devoid of violence, using a description and content analysis based on documents such as religious teachings, jurisprudents' viewpoints and internal regulations. This study shows that belief foundations are strengthened in the existence of the child based on God-centered education. Of course this is possible with observance of the best interests, moderation in education along with compassion, leniency, wisely and justly treatment, and replication without prejudice against doubts. However, sometimes it is necessary to use discipline as the last strategy of training along with the intention of benevolence, but not in a way that is accompanied with violence and child abuse, since it can lead to apostasy and losing foundational beliefs. Tuse, according to Islamic jurisprudence, this issue requires the formulation and institutionalization of more desirable internal regulations.

Desirable and sustainable human relationships require peaceful coexistence, equal opportunities and indiscrimination, which is more evident among the children's community, especially the minority. Children, who are distinct from others in terms of ethnicity, race, language and religion and unfortunately, as citizens, often their growth, education and training are subject to losses and damages. So, the present study aimed at establishing social justice at the level of human and introducing those who are responsible of the right of children's health, describing and analyzing appropriate and valuable mechanisms for ensuring this right in Imam Ali's (AS) justice- centered school. This study show the justice that emphasized by Imam Ali (AS) is right-centered justice; But, based on freedom, equality, best interest and respect for the inherent dignity, free from any violence and harassment, the necessity of applying the minority children's rights becomes evedent, such as coexistence with parents, identification and issuing the birth certificates and healthcare, free training and education, and immunity and comprehensive security that promoting the culture of justice-based ethics and following faithfulness as a means to maintain trustee and promote gradual awareness of citizenship rights, getting to work the minority children’s right to health was strengthened and empowered with the help of family, government and society, especially clergymen and missionaries, and child's rights educators.

One of the strongest human instincts is the sexual that can make adverse effects on child's spiritual by distortions, stimulation and deviation then it provide the original of corruption, depravity and mental illnesses. However, the child requires the utilization of precautionary policies against sexual trauma because of his/her age situation and injury preventive measures. This important be expressed to support in light of the Islam teachings and parents, legal guardians, educators etc. Hence, the present article seeks to answer the questions that what is the foundations and documentations of sexual education and principles of prevention from sexual injury also has provided strategies in order to protecting child's mental health?
In this study of description and concept analysis, Islamic teachings and jurists views was used for an answer the research questions.
Findings: By applying important rules and comprehensive solutions can be taught child sexual desire on the right direction, for example: respect for the dignity of man; counsel; treatment of moderate and renounce all forms of discrimination and degradation, the necessity of love and compassion; participation and being responsible and strengthening the foundations of the spiritual.
Based on the Islamic teachings and jurists views is necessary that nurture virtues of moral, modesty and the sexual instinct grow up in the existence of children, also it should be provided the field of concealment of sexual desire in a healthy instinct environment and devoid any of stimulant factors before puberty with supervision and religious education for children, that be prevented from sexual misconduct, and its consequential damages and abnormalities such; masturbation, homosexuality, types of sexual abuse etc. Hence, by observation of these things from all persons and related institutions with child can be played the proper role at the protection and security of his/her sex.

The most important human concession than other beings is the ability to grow, talent and perfection in his/her existence; But this advantage requires that parents do their responsibilities properly against children and provide a suitable and adequate facilities for they. Hence, the appropriate age of marriage is very important in formation of family; therefore, couples must have been necessary conditions for marriage, such as: physical and mental growth, and social readiness. Unfortunately, sometimes early marriage happens for different reasons, which often involves abuse, violence against children and serious conflicts with their rights. Because, it is often forcible and usually without the consent of the parties and no doubt the child in this process is not able to understand the options, more opportunities and benefit of better rights and conditions.
In the present study, a descriptive - analysis - comparative method was applied by relying on Imamiya jurisprudence and human rights international system to the causes and effects of early marriage on children's sexual health and its prevention strategies. The results showed that the causes as: poverty, social and cultural factors, family honor and dignity and etc. provide the field of early marriage, that despite the clear characteristics of childhood in marriage and lack of education and social necessary awareness could be lead to violation of the child rights and violence against he/she. On the other hand, it can affect children's sexual health and lead to physical and mental illness, an increase the pregnancies, preterm parturition and etc. Hence, the promotion of awareness and anticipation assignments and determining appropriate penalties, such a phenomenon limited and reduces the possibility of such consequences.

Because of their capacity and elegance, children are the most vulnerable members of the society, So, they need to especial support. This vulnerability is felt more seriously during armed conflicts that causes perdition, exploitation and abuse of children such as sexual violence against girls, which include violation of their natural rights and human dignity; therefore, they are exposed to some physical and mental disasters. According to the valuable Islamic thoughts and stipulates of the international humanitarian law, the child has the right to be secured his health in a proper manner, under all circumstances, as a perfect human being (whether Muslim or non-Muslim), with disregard to geographic boundaries, language, race, etc. In this descriptive - analytical and comparative study, according to the legal system of Islam and the rules and regulations of the international humanitarian law, after reviewing the foundations of the right to health of child, effects of armed conflicts on children's health of the victim and involved, and the mechanisms of securing this right, at any case this result has been achieved that the members of human society, national and international institutions and governments should prevent violence against children in armed conflicts, according to their power and possibilities. In addition, according to Islamic humanitarian law, those who caused harm to the children's health, should be prosecuted and punished as war criminals; While international humanitarian law does not contain any proper sanction, in case of violation of the right to health

According to the innate dignity of human, a child is born with an inmost tendency and spiritual attraction which is called the divine nature that is somewhere between the child's delicatefeelings on one hand, and the center of the universe i.e., the origin of the most high on the other hand. So accordingly, the child is ready for growth, efflorescence, and development. Hence, paying attention to preserve and promote this values brings about human perfection, and mental and spiritual health. The present article seeks to answer the questions that what is the foundations for children's spiritual education, principles of preventing spiritual damage and solutions of providing spiritual health in perspective of Islam?
In this study of concept analysis, Islamic texts was used to answer the research questions.
The child's capacity and elegance requires the parents, as the first and the most important child's teachers and nurturers, to play a vital role in promoting the child's spiritual health to protect and support the child's vulnerable soul on the basis of common reason and in the shadow of the revival of child's personality, along with providing welfare, knowledge and cultural reinforcement, away from any form of extravagance and violence, with the gradual teachings, and providing a healthy environment.
Based on the Islamic teachings, any direct or indirect deviation and distortion to suppress the monotheism nature could cause damages and negative effects in the child's soul and mind, and it harms the child's spiritual health. Hence, parents’ negligence or carelessness to the child's spiritual health not only causes unpleasant perils for child's development but also can affect the families and communities in a negative way.

One of the initial duties of parents towards their children is observing their rights during embryonic stages like providing healthy environment physically and psychologically. This right appears by the conception based on the value and dignity due to embryo. As a result, triviality in providing suitable security for the embryo or attempting termination of the pregnancy (abortion) is indeed failure in observance of human personality and dignity. Therefore, the present study has been conducted with descriptive - analytic method and with reliance on religious instructions, jurists’ views and lawyers, which’s purpose is analyzing and reviewing “the nature and bases of the need of protection the physical and psychological integrity of the embryo” for protecting unborn child’s rights (embryo). The results of studies indicate that supporting the physical and psychological integrity, even before Spermatogenesis is important and in case of violation of this important issue, an Executive warranty is appointed for that; although there might been some conditions in which abortion is justifies.

The patient's file or his/her medical records are physically an inseparable property of a hospital or a health care institution; but content-wise, they belong to the patient. Using this information without the patient's consent is not permissible unless for medical research or for the continuation of patient's treatment and in cases where the law permits. Furthermore, patients should be assured that the contents of their files are not disclosed to anyone without their written permission, except for the health care personnel or legal authorities. The purpose of the present study is to find a suitable answer in regard to "the jurisprudential and legal nature of privacy in medical records "in order to defend the patient's rights, which has been carried out by the descriptive - analysis method, relying on jurisprudential and legal references. It was revealed that many verses and hadiths refer to this issue in generality. Moreover, the majority of jurist's and lawyer's ideas indicate that pursuant to violation of privacy of medical records, medical responsibility is formed. On the other hand, medical records can be destroyed.