mohammad ali ebrahimi

Growth-promoting bacteria or plant probiotics are an effective part of biocompatible and sustainable agriculture. In this study, changes in some vegetatative i and plant physiological indicators and the biocontrol of P. ultimum (damping-off disease agent) in Lettuce plants treated with two types of growth stimulating bacteria (A lipoferum and A. brasilense) and a biocontrol species (B. subtilis and two gamma irradiated mutant isolates 419 and 600) were investigated in greenhouse conditions in the form of a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The results showed bacterial treatments inthe all growth and physiological indicators, were significantly different from the control at the 5% level. In the P. ultimum inoculated treatments, the damping-off and diseases severity(DI) were significantly reduced as a result of the treatment with B. subtilis mutants obtained from gamma ray irradiation, but Azospirillium strains were not effective in biocontrol. The comparison of physiological inddexs in infected plants showed that peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase enzymes and proline increased and malonaldehyde decreased as a result of treatment with B. subtilis mutants. From the total results of this research, it can be concluded that the induction of mutation with gamma ray due to the improvement of antagonistic potential of B. subtilis ,leaded to increase the biological control activities of B. subtilis mutants without adverse effects on the growth and physiology of lettuce, so that the efficiency of these mutants in the biocontrol of pseudo-fungus P. ultimum and induction of physiological indicators of resistance in the lettuce plant is higher than that of Azosprilium efficiency.

The current research aims to identify new combined genetic algorithm methods to solve complex problems. The researcher has analyzed the results and findings of the previous researchers using a systematic reviewing approach and has identified the effective factors by implementing the 7 steps of Sandelowski and Barroso’s method. Among 4320 articles, 54 articles were selected based on the CASP method. In this manner, in order to evaluate reliability and quality control, the Kappa index was used, and its value was deemed to be in high compatibility regarding the identified factors. The results of the analysis of the collected data in ATLAS TI software led to the identification of 9 categories and 33 primary codes of new combined genetic algorithm methods to solve complex problems. Based on the coding, 9 categories, and 33 initial codes were identified. The identified categories are layout design, supply network, programming, Anticipation, inventory control, information security, imaging, medical imaging and wireless network.

Nitraria schoberi L. is a medicinal plant with antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and, anti-viral properties. This plant is also tolerant to salinity and drought. The main aim of this study was to perform elicitation in cell suspension culture of N. schoberi to detect the production of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In order to accomplish this study, hypocotyls and cotyledonary leaves of N. schoberi were cultured in different callus induction treatments. At the next step, the calli from the best callus induction treatment were transferred to cell suspension cultures containing sodium chloride (NaCl) and salicylic acid (SA) alone or in combination. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in treatments were measured using a spectrophotometer (absorbance at 765 nm and 430 nm, respectively). According to the results, although callus induction was observed in all treatments, the maximum fresh weight (FW) (7.6 g) and dry weight (DW) (3.7 g) were obtained by culturing hypocotyl explants in MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-dichrolophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) at 0.5 mg/L. The highest total phenolic content (62.2 mg/g) and total flavonoid content (48.24 mg/g) were detected in suspension culture containing 100 millimolar (mM) NaCl and 50 micromolar (µM) SA. Elicitation in suspension culture of N. schoberi can be an effective method for increasing the production of secondary metabolites (phenolic and flavonoid compounds).

Plants have been known and used by different societies since ancient times. The most important applications include nutrition, medicine, and industry. Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae), is one of the medicinal plants that exists in the Iran and some other ecotypes and is used as a medicinal plant also in China, India, and Greece. Recently, it received attention, however there is lack of information about this medicinal plant. 

We performed a search in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar and also traditional medicine books using the following keywords: A. calamus, traditional medicine, modern medicine, laboratory studies, and biological effects.

In reliable articles and traditional medicine books, A.calamus was found with many different properties. The aerial parts, roots, and rhizome were reported to have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. A.calamus is also used in treating nervous system disorders and in production of nanoparticle and pharmaceutical products.

According to many studies, A. calamus has many beneficial properties, but in vitro and in vivo studies are required to investigate its medicinal effects. Also, the plant is originally found in Mazandaran province, north of Iran and it can be used in medicinal and health products.

Since the beginning of life on earth, mankind has always used animals and plants for its nutrition and has continuously trained and developed them for their benefits and social, cultural, and economic needs. In the past, livestock and crop breeding were done by traditional farmers and ranchers. It improves the performance of livestock and crops, they performed the selection, which is one of the principles of plant breeding and livestock breeding. They made this choice with the help of information that was passed down to them from successive generations. It is a participatory plant breeding and production of crops with the help of researchers alongside farmers. Farmers work with researchers, scientists, and other stakeholders -even consumers- to improve crops and develop resilient plant varieties. Farmers are aware of their needs and have a conscious understanding of their agricultural land in terms of soil type, seed type, weather conditions, surface water, underground water conditions, etc. Therefore, they can play an important role in making decisions about the implementation of plant breeding and the type of planting pattern in the cultivated microclimates. In other words, farmers determine their cultivation goals based on their environments, conditions, tastes, and local cultures. The seed that is obtained in this way by the breed researchers with the help of the leading farmers, actually contributes significantly to the food governance of the people of that region and that country.

Over the past few decades, a lot of meta-heuristics have been developed to solve N-P hard problems. Genetic algorithm, ant colony optimization, simulated annealing, electromagnetism algorithm and tabu search are some examples of meta-heuristics algorithms. These kinds of algorithms have two main classes: population-based and Trajectory. Many of these algorithms are inspired by various phenomena of nature. In this research, the author introduces a new population-based method inspired by the lifestyle of lions and the genetic algorithm’s structure called the new genetic algorithm (NGA). The social behaviour of lions and genetic operators like mutation and cross-over is the main structure of NGA. Finally, the NGA is compared with the hybrid genetic and hybrid ant colony optimization as the best existing algorithms in the literature. The experimental results have revealed that the NGA is competitive in terms of solution quality to solve the vehicle routing and scheduling problems as two main categories of N-P hard problems.

Rice is an important crop that is considered a staple meal for 2.7 billion people worldwide. Therefore, the demand for it will increase with the increase of population. Environmental constraints always pose a serious threat to crop production, including rice. Drought is one of the most important challenges that limits the production of high-yielding cultivars in arid and rainfed areas. Global warming has also become a factor in limiting rice production in rain-dependent areas. Therefore, researchers are looking for a way to stabilize rice production in arid regions. In this study, informative markers related to the desired agronomic traits were identified in 59 rice genotypes using microsatellite marking system.

In order to evaluate the tolerance of rice genotypes to drought stress and to identify tolerant and sensitive genotypes, 59 genotypes received from the National Rice Research Institute and the International Rice Research Institute in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two separate conditions, without Stress (flood) and drought stress were performed in a research farm located in Aliabad Katoul city in 2013. In both conditions (normal and drought stress), the genotypes were planted in five rows of 25 × 25 cm in rows one meter long. Thirty days after planting in the nursery, healthy and strong seedlings were transferred to the main land. The required agronomic operations were carried out equally during the growth and development period of the plants under stress and normal conditions and only in terms of irrigation of the experimental field in both flood and stress environments, until the tillering stage of the cultivars were equally flooded. Then, to create stress, irrigation was done from 40 days after transplanting (maximum tillering stage) to the end of the growing season at 25-day intervals. Phenotypic values of grain yield and 1000-grain weight were measured under two conditions according to standard guidelines for evaluation of traits in rice. In order to investigate the relationship between agronomic traits and microsatellite markers with 59 rice genotypes out of 36 microsatellite molecular markers were performed in the Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory of Gonbad Kavous University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Young leaves of 21-day-old seedlings were extracted in four-leaf stage using CTAB method. Touchdown PCR reaction was studied and evaluated randomly using 36 microsatellite primers for 3 markers from each chromosome. To separate PCR products, 6% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used and to reveal the banding pattern, silver nitrate staining method was used. The content of polymorphic information was calculated. The relationship between molecular data and traits of studied rice genotypes was investigated using multiple regression. Thus, each quantitative trait was considered as a dependent variable and microsatellite markers were considered as independent variables.

The average content of polymorphic corrections (PIC) was estimated to be 0.58, which showed RM 5647 with 0.81 the highest and RM 6022 with 0.32 the lowest polymorphism (PIC). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that a total of 90 markers for normal conditions and 69 markers for drought stress conditions for morphological traits were identified. Under normal conditions, the number of spikes and the number of days to flowering with 9 markers and under drought stress, the weight of the cluster with 9 markers showed the most positive markers. The most explanation for variation in normal conditions is related to the total number of grains (0.83) by gene loci RM6324-E, RM5652-E, RM5761-D, RM6179-F, RM549-B, RM462-B, RM7420-D Explained. In drought stress conditions, the most explanation for variation related to panicle weight (0.70) by gene loci RM519-D, RM7545-A, RM6179-E, RM7118-G, RM3525-B, RM5761-B, RM38-C, RM7091-A, RM5647-B explained.

The results showed that some markers are associated with more than one trait, which indicates that these traits are very closely related to each other or may be influenced by multi-effect genes. To understand this, it is necessary to develop transgressive generations and linkage.

Agriculture is facing many problems and dilemmas on the way to achieving the optimal performance of its products in terms of quantity and quality, due to the presence of various biotic and abiotic stresses such as pathogens, pests, weeds, inappropriate temperature and humidity, and many other factors. It is predicted that by 2050, the world's population will reach about 9.6 billion people, in this way, agricultural production should increase between 70 and 100 percent in order to fulfill the responsibility of providing human food. Factors such as the shrinking of arable land, lack of water resources, climate change, and the reduction of the effectiveness of agricultural chemical inputs have intensified the problems caused by biotic and abiotic stresses for all types of crops. In this way, obtaining modern technologies and new findings to protect plants against stresses and improve the efficiency of using chemical inputs with the aim of ensuring food security in a healthy and sustainable manner is absolutely vital. Nano-biotechnology, which includes using nanostructures (substances smaller than one hundred nanometers) in biological applications, is a promising tool for realizing sustainable agriculture, which is a crucial factor in meeting the growing need for food in the world. In this paper, the general role of nanotechnology in the agricultural industry is reviewed as nano fertilizers, nano pesticides, nano growth regulators, nano water and soil remediators, etc.

In this study, the effect of different disinfectant substances (70% Ethylic alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, Mercuric chloride, Cetrimide & chlorhexidine, Dettol, Cephalexin, Permanganate, Ridomil, Potassium phosphite) for contamination control in rhizome derived explants of Alstroemeria cv. ‘Balance’, were investigated. After culturing, explants pollution rates for different treatments, was measured daily. These experiments were implemented in a CRD design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done compared using LSD's test at 0.05 level of probability. It was revealed that disinfection with 70% Ethylic alcohol for one min, 3% sodium hypochlorite + 1 drop of Tween or dishwashing liquid for 20 min, 500 mg diluted Cephalexin in 400 milliliter sterile distilled water for a quarter; Et.Cl.Cf (C), was the most effective method in bacterial infection control. The procedure of disinfection with 70% Ethylic alcohol for one min, Dettol 1:40 diluted in sterile distilled water for 30 min, 3% sodium hypochlorite + 1 drop of Tween or dishwashing liquid for 10 min; Et.Dt.Cl (R), and disinfection method with 70% Ethylic alcohol for one min, Cetrimide and chlorhaxidine 1:10 diluted in sterile distilled water for 30 min, which the rhizomes being rinsed with sterile distilled water, which had been sterilized with 70% Ethylic alcohol for one min, 40% sodium hypochlorite + 1 drop of Tween or dishwashing liquid for 35 min; Et.Cl. (T) revealed the best effect on fungal contamination control. Disinfection with 70% Ethylic alcohol for one min, Cetrimide and chlorhaxidine 1:10 diluted in sterile distilled water for 30 min; Et.Cc. (L), was not effective in contaminations control.

This research were conducted to evaluate micro-tubers production potential in plantlets different potato cultivars under in vitro condition in the tissue culture laboratory of Bahparvar Sabalan Company during 2013. The plantlets of five potato cultivars (Agria, Sante, Marfona, Savalan and Caesar) from meristem culture under in vitro condition by single nod cuttings method were amplified and from these plantlets were used to production micro-tubers. Analysis of variance for measured traits showed that potato cultivars in micro-tuber number, weight and diameter per plantlet, number of leave per plantlet and plantlet height had significant difference. The maximum of micro-tuber diameter per plantlet belonged to Marfona and Caesar cultivars, micro-tuber weight per plantlet belonged to Sante and Marfona cultivars, micro-tuber number per plantlet belonged to Sante, Marfona, Agria and Savalan cultivars, leave number per plantlet belonged to Sante, Savalan, Marfona and Caesar cultivars and plantlet height belonged to Caesar, Savalan and Marfona cultivars were. Linear correlation coefficients between traits showed that micro-tuber weight produced per plantlet with micro-tuber number per plantlet and number of leave per plantlet, and micro-tuber diameter with number of leave per plantlet had significant positive relationship. Based on the results of cluster analysis, the second group with Sante, savalan, Caesar and Marfona cultivars were selected the better cultivars.

Cow tail (Smirnovia iranica) is considered a valuable shrub species indigenous and adapted to the sandy lands of the Iranian central regions which besides playing an essential role in the desert cover for soil protection and of forage production, is considered important due to its great medicinal values. Considering the fact that seed germination of this plant does not easily occur due to its hard and solid seed coat, in this study, the in vitro tissue culture and seedling establishment is utilized for the first time in order to surmount the obstacles laid ahead of cow tail seed germination.

Scratched seed, unscratched seed and seed embryo of cow tail as different explants were placed in two culture media (MS, MS with free amino acids complex) following surface sterilization, and were exposed to two photoperiod treatments (16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness as well as absolute darkness) and were investigated in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with six replications. Finally, germination percentage (10 days after seed culturing) and shoot length (30 days after seed germination) were evaluated.

The results indicated that significance of the effect of investigated treatment conducted over some in vitro on germination characteristics. It was revealed that the cultivation of seed embryo in MS culture media along with free amino acids complex for 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness photo period can be considered as the best in vitro germination method, in terms of seed germination percentage (78.83%) and germinated shoot length (44.83 mm).

In vitro culture can be used to improve germination and seeding production of this species.

In order to reduce the economic losses and life risks caused by microbial pathogens, the use of natural substances as antimicrobial compounds seems to be an effective way to control the presence of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the chemical composition of onion essential oil was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The methods in disk diffusion agar (DDA) and well diffusion agar (WDA) were used to investigate the inhibition zone diameter, micro-dilution broth was used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and pour-plate technique was also used for minimum bactericidal/fungicidal (MBC/MFC) concentration. A total of 20 chemical volatiles (approximately 100% of onion essential oil compounds) were identified. The compounds Trisulfide dipropyl, Disulfide dipropyl, n-Decane and Furfuryl methyl sulfide with 20.67, 16.18, 13.51 and 10.23% of the main constituents of onion essential oil, respectively. The results of WDA showed that onion essential oil had the most and the least effect on Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 15 mm and Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a diameter of 10 mm, respectively. The results of MIC onion essential oil for Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans 512, 512, 512, 512, 512 and 1024 mg/mL, respectively. In general, the results of this study showed that the antimicrobial effect of onion essential oil can be somewhat different depending on the type of microorganism.

Probiotics are added into the food or feed systems and provide beneficial effects to the human or animal health. This study aimed to isolate the gastrointestinal native Lactobacillus strains with high probiotic, cholesterol-assimilation and aflatoxin-degradation capabilities from native chickens.

About 70 Lactobacillus isolates were isolated from ileum of the Fars province native chickens and were investigated for their probiotic properties.

Of 70 Lactobacillus isolates, 10 showed high probiotic capabilities, including survival at acidic conditions (pH up to 2.5), tolerance of 0.5% bile and 6-10% NaCl salts, growth in a wide range of temperature from 15 to 45°C, antagonistic effects against different important bacterial pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, Clostridium defficile, Enterococcus hirae, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus) and sensitivity to some important antibiotics. The selected strains had an aggregation time less than 120 min. The 16S-rDNA sequencing showed that the selected strains were highly related to Lactobacillus reuteri and L. casei. Finally, the selected strains in this study along with 10 other probiotic strains isolated and characterized in our pervious study were used to evaluate their cholesterol assimilation and aflatoxin B1 degradation capabilities. The potentials of cholesterol assimilation of the selected strains were significantly different (P<0.05) and ranged from 2.3% to 99%. The highest content of cholesterol assimilation was obtained in isolates M20 and M4 with more than 98% absorption. Moreover, four strains 43, OR7, M21 and OR9 were able to absorb AFB1 with 58.6%, 52.33%, 47% and 31.6% efficiency respectively.

It could be concluded that the strains 43, M21 and OR7 showed high probiotic potentials for application in the poultry industry.

Achieving an efficient combination of sucrose and benzyl adenin (BA) concentration is one of the success factors in potato microtuber production. In this experiment in order to study the effect of different concentrations of BA and sucrose on plantlets growth traits and their production of microtubers, healthy plantlets of Arinda cultivar were treated with different concentrations of BA and sucrose in MS culture medium in vitro. This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. BA was used as the first factor with the concentrations of 0 (control), 50, 100 and 150 μM, and the second factor was sucrose at three concentration levels (30, 45 and 60 grams per liter). Some plantlets growth traits including stolon length, leaf number, root fresh and dry weight, stem fresh and dry weight, number of microtuber, fresh microtuber weight and its dry matter percentage were measured. The results showed that the effect of BA on all traits was significant, while sucrose effect was significant on some of traits only. The effect of BA and sucrose interaction was significant only on stolon length and microtuber weight. In most of the growth traits, as well as the number of microtuber and its percentage of dry matter, the concentration of 50 μM BA had the better results compared to the two other concentrations (100 and 150 μM). Nevertheless, there were the same results between 150 µM BA and control treatment in the most traits as well as microtuber productions. Growth traits of plantlet and their yield improved by the change in sucrose concentration, from 30 to 60 grams per liter.

The plant is a rich source of alkaloids that are distributed in all parts of the plant. The presence of valuable alkaloids in all parts of the plant has led to its introduction as a very important medicinal plant and its properties to be investigated. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulatory treatments on the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids of Parvanesh medicinal plant in culture. Tissue, suspension culture and field culture were performed. The experiment was performed in three separate cultures, including tissue culture, suspension culture, field culture and the effect of simultaneous use of IAA and NAA growth regulators on the amount of alkaloids produced by the butterfly plant. . IAA hormones in three concentrations (0.1, 0.5 mg / L) and NAA (0.1, 0.5 0.5 mg / L) in three replications in a completely randomized field design Karaj Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute was established in 1398. The experimental results showed that NAA increased the alkaloids of agemalicin, serpentine and increased the total alkaloids by about 20%. Among the growth regulators studied, IAA showed a decreasing effect on changes in alkaloid levels, and in some cases this decrease was about 10%. Also, the use of suspension culture method increased alkaloids and in field cultivation, the amount of total alkaloids increased compared to other methods. Based on the results of this experiment, it seems that the use of method In many cases, suspension cultivation has a relatively better advantage than the other two groups.

Saponaria officinalis is a perennial plant of the clove family. Hairy root culture system is a suitable alternative to improve the production of compounds with medicinal value. Extensive application of nanotechnology in hairy root culture is a suitable substrate for the production of active elements. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (0, 10, 20, 30 and 50 mg / l) and two exposure times (24 and 48 hours) on growth rate, antioxidant capacity, phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant enzymes activity, polyphenol compounds content and the amount of SO6 protein in soapy hairy roots were investigated. The highest and lowest fresh weight of hairy roots (3.09 and 0.96 g, respectively) were found in culture medium treated with 10 and 20 mg / l titanium dioxide nanoparticles at 48 and 24 hours of exposure time, respectively. The highest total Phenol (9.79 mg GAE per g FW) and flavonoid (1.06 mg Que per g FW) content were observed in hairy roots treated with 50 and 30 mg / l titanium dioxide nanoparticles at 24 and 48 hours of exposure time respectively. The highest amount of most polyphenols including rosmarinic acid, cinnamic acid and rutin were achieved during 24 hours of treatment. The highest levels of SO6 protein was obtained in hairy roots treated with 50 mg/l titanium dioxide nanoparticles after 48 hours. By laboratory optimization of hairy root production of soap plant, SO6 can be produced in fermenter.

Taxol (Paclitaxel) has been highly recommended to control and treat a wide range of cancers. Taxus baccata L. is primary and natural origin of Taxol.

Due to severe restriction and prohibition of cutting T. baccata, the alternative way for Taxol production is to apply in vitro culture method which was implemented at the current study. Here, for the first time, the effect of amino acid complex as elicitor along with chitosan in cell suspension culture ofT. baccata for enhancing Taxol production was studied.

Young leaves of T. baccata as explants were cultured in different callus induction treatments. At the next step, the calli from the best callus induction treatment were transferred to cell suspension cultures containing chitosan and amino acid complex alone or in combination with each other. Taxol content in treatments were measured by HPLC.

MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D at 2 mg/L and NAA at 1 mg/L proved to be the best treatment of callus induction (100 %), fresh weight (495 mg) and dry weight (272 mg) of calli. Also, HPLC analysis confirmed the maximum production of Taxol (1.96 mg/g) in MS medium having 2 ml/L amino acids complex with 10 mg/L chitosan.

Applying amino acid complex as elicitor with chitosan is suggested for enhancing Taxol production in cell suspension culture of T. baccata.

Grain growth in wheat depends on current photosynthesis and stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). In semiarid regions with terminal drought, grain filling in cereals may depend more on stem water-soluble carbohydrates content than on current assimilates. Reduction in grain yield under water deficit condition is attributed to shorter duration of linear grain growth despite increased contribution of stem reserves to grain yield. The amount of stem reserves is measured either by changes in stem dry weight (indirect method) or by stem water-soluble carbohydrates content (direct method). Genotypic variation in the rate and duration of linear grain growth and in percent contribution of stem reserves to grain yield has a little evaluated in cereals and especially in the barley.

The objectives of this study were estimation of genetic diversity and grouping of double haploid barley lines in terms of photosynthetic partitioning in normal and water deficit conditions. Plant materials used in this experiment, include 72 double haploid lines along with Steptoe and Morex parents on a research farm of Mahabad University were studied in a simple lattice design with two replications in normal conditions and water deficit conditions 2016. Irrigation in stress and non-stress treatments was done after 90 mm evaporation from class a pan, depending on the temperature and evapotranspiration until heading stage. In water deficit stress treatment, irrigation was stopped at heading stage. Measuring of understudy traits were done after anthesis stage. In present study leaf partitioning, steam partitioning, spike partitioning, spike to steam ratio, remobilization, remobilization portion in grain yield, thousand kernel white, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index was measured.

Results showed that there was a significant difference between studied genotypes for all traits. Under normal conditions, significant positive and negative segregations for all traits other than biological and in water deficit significant positive and negative segregations for all under study treats were observed, furthermore in both conditions, the highest amount of narrow-sense heritability was calculated for harvest index traits and grain yield. The results of regression analysis of traits affecting grain yield showed that under normal conditions, two traits of 1000 grain weight and remobilization of photosynthetic materials (R2 = 89) identified as The most effective traits on grain yield. Under water deficit conditions, the harvest index, the remobilization portion in grain yield and remobilization (R2 = 0.82) were identified as the most effective traits on grain yield. In normal irrigation conditions, two traits of 1000 grain weight and remobilization of photosynthetic materials had a positive and direct effect on grain yield. However, under water deficit conditions, the harvest index and remobilization had direct positive effect and remobilization portion in grain yield showed a negative and direct effect on grain yield. Based on the results of cluster analysis, genotypes were classified into two groups under normal and three groups in water deficit conditions.

In present study photosynthetic remobilization of photosynthetic materials had a positive effect on grain yield variation in both conditions. Therefore, selection of genotypes with the highest amount of photosynthesis accumulation and remobilization could be an effective way to increase grain yield in both conditions. Based on the results of cluster analysis in normal conditions, genotypes located in cluster 1 and under water stress conditions of genotypes located in cluster 2 due to had the highest allocation and remobilization of photosynthetic materials and grain yield are recommended.

Nitraria schoberi (Ghar-e-Daghin in Persian) from Zygophyllaceae (Nitrariaceae) family is considered as a wonderful exquisite plant in terms of its economical, medicinal, animal feed, significant values and also its unique characteristics of being tolerant to the soil salinity, drought and erosion. On the other hand, this plant is challenging with severe problems such as seed dormancy, plant growth inhibitors and also hard seed coat which lead to retard germination and subsequently to reduce the chance of life and reproduction. The present study was conducted for the first time to cope with its seed germination obstacles and to induce plantlet regeneration in N. schoberi through tissue culture method. Effect of cotyledonary leaf and hypocotyl explants and various concentrations of plant growth regulators were studied on shoot and root induction and further development. Based on the obtained results, culturing seeds after removing its seed coat effectively improved germination rate (80%) within a week. Whereas, germination of seeds with seed coats required a longer time (4 weeks) and showed a sharp decline in percentage (10%). At the next step, culturing cotyledonary leaf explants on shoot induction media including MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.0 mgL-1) and IBA (0.5 mgL-1) gave the highest shoot regeneration rate (93.33%), with average shoot number per explant (3.67) and shoot length (4.6 cm) after 60 days. Hypocotyl explants showed no response to shoot induction treatments even after 60 days. Regenerated shoots were rooted on the MS medium supplemented with IAA (1.0 mgL-1) alone or in combination with IBA (2.0 mgL-1). Finally, all regenerated plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to the green house successfully with 70% survival rate.

In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on yield and the other related traits, 14 rice genotypes (including five varieties of landrace and introduced varieties) in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two environments without stress (flooding) and drought stress in the field Research located in Aliabad (under the supervision of Gonbad Kavous University) was studied. Irrigation of experimental farm in both the flood and drought were flooded until maximum tillering stage. Irrigation was performed every 25 days until the end of the season from 40 days after maximum Tillerin). Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all traits in both conditions. The average yield of the genotypes in the normal and stress conditions lR83752-BB-12-3 and was Sepedroud. Panicle weight (0.85**) under stress (flooding) and root volume (0.98**) in drought stress conditions, the highest positive correlation with grain yield were Significant. Path analysis results showed that different traits were involved in justifying grain yield under non-stress and drought stress conditions, so that in non-stress condition, number of panicle and in drought condition, number of filled grain per panicle had the highest direct and positive effect on grain yield. In grouping cultivars based on cluster analysis using ward method, cultivars were divided into three groups under normal conditions and stress. The results of cluster analysis showed that Pegaso, IR83752-B-B-12-3 and Sepidrood cultivars, which had more volume, fresh weight and root dry weight than other cultivars, were in the drought tolerant group.

Muck-pile size distribution is one of the most important parameters in open pit blasting that can affect mining and mineral processing efficiency. For evaluating fragmentation by blasting, digital image analysis is a fast and reliable indirect technique. In this study, based on neural network and visual feature extractions, an algorithm was developed to determine muck-piles size distribution using digital images.26 test images of fragmented rockwere used to determine size distribution and the results were compared with the results of automatic and manual aged detection of Split-Desktop software.The results showeda general improvement in evaluating rockparticles size distribution. We obtained an improvement of 67%, 57% and 28%, respectively using Fourier transform, Gabor and wavelet methods. Fourier transform, Gabor and wavelet methods showed also an improvement of 52%, 40% and 21 %, respectively in evaluating of F10 to F50.

In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of quantity and quality of wheat, 30 varieties and lines of wheat were evaluated by SDS-PAGE methode. The banding pattern of glutenin proteins extracted from seed indicated the presence of three subunits in the Glu-A1 gene site, four subunits at Glu-B1 and two subunits at the Glu-D1 site. In the Glu-A1 site, the alleles of the Null, in Glu-B1 site, sub units of 8 + 7 and 18 + 17 and in Glu-D1 site, subunits of 5 + 5 had a the heighest frequency. In this research, the genotypes of Zarin,Pishgham, Azar, Rasoul, Tous, 26 and 29 with genomic score of 10 were identified best genotypes in terms of baking quality. Based on regression analysis of data, allele 2* of loci Glu-A1 explaned 43% of the changes in moisture content, Alleles 2* of Glu-A1 and allele 10 + 5 of Glu-D1 loci justefied 52% of total seed protein variation. Allels 10 + 5 of Glu-D1 locus, allocated 43 percent of Zeleny number variation. Allele 8 + 7 of Glu-B1 locus, showed 40% of hardness variation. Finally alleles 16 + 13 of Glu-B1 locus justifed 38 percent of the starchcontent.

Ghar-e-Dagh (Nitraria schoberi) is a native perennial plant profoundly resistant to salinity and drought. This plant, having a well-developed deep rooting system can act as sand dunes stabilization agent and also, due to its special alkaloids may perform a very significant role in pharmaceutical industries. Considering the importance of genetic engineering as a novel method to generate genetic variation in practicing precise and purposeful breeding of plants in terms of increasing their resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses and also, to increase the production of specific secondary metabolites, the present investigation was performed as a prerequisite of any transformation. In this research, the issues of pre-culture time, co-culture time, acetosyringone and kanamycin concentrations were investigated. The results obtained suggest that the interaction of pre-culture and co-culture times and also, acetosyringone concentration is significant at 1% probability level. The mean comparisons also showed that the maximum transformation rate was gained in 48 hours pre-culture time, at 100 µM acetosyringone density and 72 hours co-culture. The ultimate confirmation of β- glucuronidase (GUS) gene presence in transgenic plants was performed by performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and histochemical assay. The method presented here can be used for further genetic engineering purposes of N. schoberi.

The relationship between agronomic traits and molecular markers in rice using 21 and 144 characters band consists of 10 pairs of markers in 59 genotypes of rice were studied. The highest polymorphic information content (PIC) of the primer ISSR-7 with 0.49 and Markers ISSR-2, ISSR-8, ISSR-9 and ISSR-10 with 0.47 lowest PIC is allocated to the. Based on regression analysis of molecular data and morphological traits, a total of 70 indicates normal condition and 72 markers for drought conditions for morphological traits were detected. In normal conditions, flag leaf width and 9 markers in drought conditions during the pod heading, flag leaf width, whole grains, number of grains panicle and yield per hectare, with 6 indicating the highest showed positive Markers. Highest trait variations in normal conditions of handling time (0.20) by gene sites ISSR6-7, ISSR10-11, ISSR7-4, ISSR1-7 ISSR2-5, ISSR8-9, ISSR4-8, ISSR1 -5, ISSR1-2, ISSR5-1 be explained. Drought conditions in most of the observed variations in yield per hectare (0.17) by gene sites 1 ISSR2-8, ISSR9-ISSR1-6, ISSR10-8, ISSR10-10, ISSR3-1 explained. Number of Markers with more than one attribute on the results of this study are the first to provide information useful for indirect selection of traits associated with Markers professionalism.

Hydrangea macrophylla is a plant that its blooms turn from pink to blue in the presence of aluminum (Al) and thereby could be considered as a model plant for studying blue color formation. In this study, the metabolite profiling analysis has been performed using ion chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (IC-MS/MS) and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) to investigate the regulatory connected network among metabolites during color turning from pink to blue in full bloom of H. macrophylla in the presence and absence of aluminum. The metabolite profiles resulted in identification of 35 metabolites including two soluble sugars, six sugar phosphates, two sugar nucleotides, four organic acids, four nucleotides and 17 amino acids. Further, a coordinated change was found in glycolytic metabolites showing changes in flux through a pathway during color formation. Moreover, there was a strong correlation among nitrogenous compounds including glutamine, aspartate, glutamate, glycine and threonine indicating the important role of nitrogen metabolism during blue color formation. These findings will facilitate comprehensive research on the regulatory networks of color change in full bloom in H. macrophylla.