mohammad babapour

Islamic veil is obligatory for every Muslim man and woman and leaving it is forbidden. according to، The Islamic ruler can invite and oblige the Muslim community to observe the Islamic hijab. A society that has preferred a religious government over a non-religious and secular government، has no expectation other than that the elected government behaves based on the divine law and legal custom. The purpose of this article is Investigating the hijab ruling in jurisprudence and law and the role of the Islamic government in it.

This article is descriptive-analytical. Also، this research، with a practical purpose and in the form of documentary and library studies، has investigated the ruling of hijab in terms of jurisprudence and law and the position of the Islamic government in this regard.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this article، the originality of the texts، honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

Studies show that the issue of Muslim women observing hijab against non-mahram men is agreed upon by all Islamic sects ، but there are differences of opinion in its necessary limits. However، most of the Shia and Sunni jurists have considered it obligatory to cover the whole body except for the face and hands.

The results showed، seven reasons; The way of thinking، the application of the proofs of individual and social religious rulings، the proofs of the prohibition of evil، the proofs entered in special cases of punishment، the application of some hadiths entered in the interpretation of punishment، the authority of the jurist on the punishment of offenders، the principle of jurisprudence in general that is contrary to the Shari'ah. It proves that it is permissible to require hijab by the Islamic government.

 Human, value and moral systems are the common theme between existentialism philosophy and social work profession. Therefore, the present research has been studied for comparative investigation and the answer to the main question of the research that what is the situation and application of existentialism philosophy in the values and principles of social work. The method of the current research is fundamental-theoretical, strategy used is interpretive strategy and logical reasoning, method of collecting information is library and documents. Based on the comparison of the main concepts existentialism with the values and principles of social work, it can be said these two areas are convergent and aligned in the categories of freedom and discretion, responsibility, individuality, self-awareness, self-determination, participation and emphasis on alteration, transformability and human empowerment. These common categories are the principles that social workers should pay attention to in their interventions in order to improve the quality of life, increase adaptation and solve the human problems.

The issue of citizenship and acquired citizenship is one of the serious and challenging issues in research and legal processes. Acquired citizenship is the acquisition of new citizenship for a person after a period of time after birth; if a person acquires new citizenship shortly after birth, it is called acquired citizenship. The purpose of this research, which was carried out in a descriptiveanalyticalway, is to identify the effects of acquired citizenship in the legal systems of Iran and the countries of England and France. The reason for choosing these two legal systems is the laws in the field of citizenship and the progressiveness of the laws of these countries. The researcher seeks to answer the main question of the research that the effects of acquired citizenship in each of these What are legal systems like?Another question is, what are the similarities and differences between these works? The results of the research show that the effects of acquired citizenship in the legal system of Iran, France, and England include rights and duties; Persons who acquire the citizenship of these countries enjoy all the rights that are prescribed for ordinary citizens, but some Jobs are denied. The duties of a person who has acquired Iranian citizenship include things such as taxes, performing military service, obeying and recognizing the rights of the Iranian government, and respecting national dignity and affairs. Obtaining acquired citizenship in Iran, France, and England laws has effects on the wife (permanent and temporary marriage) and child (relative child, whether legitimate or illegitimate or child born from a surrogate mother and adopted child). The laws of England and France can attract talented people, but Iran's laws need to be revised. This revision may include new terms and works.

The special lifestyle of intermittent employees, which includes their intermittent distances from family, can significantly affect their family life. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the contextual challenges in the family life of intermittent employees. The method of this research is qualitative in the form of content analysis and focus group discussion that 29 people were selected through purposeful and voluntary sampling including intermittent staff, spouses, family experts and managers; data were collected to theoretical saturation using semi-structured interviews, then The data analysis led to the appearance of the three main abstract categories that includes “Family management conflicts”, “attenuation of family functions” and “unorganized of Kinship and social interactions”, consisting of a total of 10 subcategories. Therefore, recognizing the family challenges of intermittent employees can be useful in providing consulting services, strategies to prevent family problems and confrontational solutions to dealing with problems, as well as improving the quality of life of their families.

In the case of intermittent employment, a two-week periodic work away from family, creates specific and challenging type of family life. Therefore, the present study aims to develop strategies of social work and counseling regarding the ambi-guity on how to provide these services to these kinds of families. 
The method of this research is qualitative in the form of content analysis and focus group discussion and 29 people were selected through purposeful and voluntary sampling including intermittent staff, spouses, family experts and managers; data were collected to theoretical saturati-on using semi-structured interviews, then the data analysis led to the appearance of the three main abstract categories that includes individual empowerment, conso-lidation of family dynamics and expansion of support networks, consisting of a total of 10 subcategories. Results show, these strategies can be helpful in guiding the roles of professional social assistance and counseling such as education, counseling, intervention, and institutional and non-institutional support to maintain family health and adapt to their specific circu-mstances.

The complexity of the domain of digital currencies has caused many countries like Iran to have a proper position to regulate. Accordingly, with the undeniable reality of these currencies and the impact on the national economy, the digital currencies are used as a means of committing various crimes, including money laundering, terror financing, or tax evasion. The existence of some obstacles also makes difficulties in ruling in this field including unknown traders and the interest of digital currencies. However, it seems that the government can regulate this area by considering monetary and fiscal policies as well as the effective factors in national economy. In this paper, we are trying to respond in order to control and monitor the activity of digital currencies, whether to act or rule the law? The reasons and necessity of legislation in this area will be evaluated and challenged as the next issue.

With the development of aquaculture during last years, there is increasing need to intensive culture methods and using recirculating water without losing its quality. Using ozone as a potent oxidant agent would lead to convert TAN and nitrite to nitrate and decrease in water turbidity. Among different methods of ozone injection, the method of serial injection has lower qualitative fluctuation and toxic impacts compared to others. The present study was conducted based on a factorial experimental design with a control (without ozone injection) and three ozonation levels (100-120, 250-300, and 450-500 mV) three times per day, each time 3 hours  after feeding with two levels of water exchange (2 and 6% of total water volume). Twenty fingerling of rainbow trout, O. mykiss, (17.2±2 g) were randomly distributed to experimental tanks. Measurement of the water quality parameters and biometry of fish were determined during study period. Serial injection of ozone was led to increase and decrease of nitrate and nitrite, respectively (P<0.05), both of them were less in 6% than 2% water make up. Although the highest ozone level reduced 17.6% TDS, but this change was not statistically significant (P>0.05), Also, ozone and its interaction with the water make up, did not have a significant effect on total ammonia and total phosphorus (P>0.05). On the other hand, water make up had significant effects on concentration of TDS (P<0.01), total ammonia and total phosphorus (P<0.05). While the effect of water make up and its interaction with ozone levels on nitrate and nitrite concentration was not significant (P>0.05). Ozone significantly affected on (FCR) decreasing, condition factor (CF) and specific growth rate (SGR) increasing (P<0.05); while water make up and its interactions with ozone levels did not have a significant effect on these issues (P>0.05). Based on the results, it can be said that using ozone in ORP level about 450-500 mV, improved water quality and ozonation along with an increase in make-up water level to 6% would lead to decrease in food conversion ratio and improve of condition factor and specific growth rate, and is a useful approach that can be used in super intensive and recirculated aquaculture systems.

Yellow gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus auriu) larvae rearing with the three food chain rotifer – algae, rotifer – yeast and algae Compared with The control group (Egg yolk) for 20 days, Daily feeding rate was 9 to 11% of body weight. At the start of experiment and on days 7, 15 and 20, total Weight and total length of fishes were recorded. At the start of period Average initial weight was 0.75 ± 0.05 mg the all experimental group. The result obtained showed that growth and nutritional index of yellow gourami larvae, specific growth rate (SGR), body weight gain (BW %), present body weight increase, there were significant differences (P<0.05). The maximum amount weight 9.75 ± 0.59 mg, length 9.75 ± 0.45 mm was in rotifer-algae treatment. Treatments compared to the control group could, in water to make a better physical and chemical conditions and There was a significant difference with the control group (P<0.05). The highest survival 81.89 ± 0.33% was in rotifer-algae treatment and lowest 57.33 ± 2.02 % was observed in the control treatment. Carcass result of chemical analysis (protein and crude lipid) showed that the treatments had a greater impact on freshwater rotifers was a significant difference between the control group (P<0.05), and in between all treatments, the highest protein 57.83 ± 0.20% and crude lipid 25.16 ± 0.15% were observed in rotifer-algae treatment.

At present، theories play a role in all human sciences، including social work but، the social work theories have not been comprehensively compared and analyzed. This review investigates and compares the most important social work theories. Relevant electronic databases (Pub Med، Elsevier، Google Scholar، Critical Social Work، SID، SAGEPUB، CIVILICA and Science Direct) were systematically searched using Social Work and Theory Key Words and the specific names of theories. Then the documents were extracted that they had explained، compared or analyzed social work theories. Theories were compared and analyzed based on reason and date of development، goals، target population، social worker’s role، and method، duration and time concentration of intervention. Twenty-five social work theories were compared. According to the development process of the social work theories، three main waves for the individual social work، two waves for family social work and four waves for community social work have been introduced. Most of the social work theories have been presented in order to complete the previous theories and focused on present and insight- driven interventions. Moreover، they mostly have been paid attention to individual intervention and their environment. Global events such as world wars، social movements like feminism، globalization، technology advancement and internet had been very effective in changes of social work theories. In many cases، social workers attempt as advocators، enablers and programmers for social justice. It is predictable that global and international phenomenon will have enormous effect on the changes of social work theories in future.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social support and life satisfaction in nursing home residents in Tehran. The study was a cross-sectional - correlational research. The statistical society consists of all elderly people living in nursing homes in Tehran. The sample size which reduced to 150 (105 males and 45 females) of the 3، 10 and 20 urban districts of Tehran through cluster and random sampling methods. Measurement instruments were Vaux social support questionnaire (SS-A) and Diener life satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using spss-17 software through descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t test، Pearson correlation، Kolmogorov- Smirnof and enter sample liner regression). The results showed that there was a significant relationship between social support and life satisfaction in elderly nursing home residents (p=0/035)، However، significant differences was not found in social support (p=0/082) and life satisfaction (p=0/061) betweenelderly men and women. Regression analysis indicated that social support has a liner relationship with life satisfaction، and can predict its changes. Based on mentioned results، receiving social support from family، friends and acquaintances، can contribute to a greater life satisfaction in the elderly living in nursing homes.

This study was organized to investigate the effects of domestic and industrial effluents on Lighvan Chai water quality using macroinvertebrates community and the concentration of nitrat and phosphate. Based on persampling results، seven sampling site were selected. Aamples were collected in April، May and June 2010. Seventeen families of macrobentics were found in Lighvan Chai River and Siimolidae and Chirnomidae were dominant in all sites. The concentrations of nitrate and phosphate showed some fluctuation from April to June، however in site 1their concentrations were stable from 0. 0 to 0. 1 ppm، respectively. In site 7، nitrate and phosphate concentrations changed from 6. 7 and 5. 8 in April to 8. 2 and 7. 3 in June، respectively. The population of Beatidae، Leptoceridae، Chironomidae and Siimoliidae families showed significant (P<0. 05) changes from dite 1 to site 7، during sampling period. Family biological index (Hilsenholf Indicator) changed from 3. 30 in site 1 to 7. 61 in site7 in June. The index showed the water quality of site 1 belongs to pure class (II) and water quality decrease toward downstream، so that the water quality of site 7 belong to polluted class (VI). Although water of sites 1، 2 and 3 were showed to be non-polluted، intensive development of tourism، ranching and dairy industry and the entrance of domestic، agricultural and industrial wastewater might result in pollution of water body.

Despite the prediction of various organizations of governance, based on Separation of Power System under the supreme leader’s supervision and determination of rights and obligations of each one in the 1979 Constitution, a longtime experience showed that some duties and decisions with full respect to the law could not be easily applicable. During this period, there were a lot of deadlocks and tensions that resolve and elimination of those, had been essential to stabilize the system.Expediency discernment council after some makeshifts, established based on Imam Khomeini's decree on 6 February 1988 and legally stated upon therevision to the 1989 revision of constitution. This paper attempt to discuss about the infrastructures and conflict discourse in negotiations of Constitution’s revision council, toward the consolidation of this foundation.