mohammad hassan yazdani

Because of modernization, local and national identities getting deformed and Have been lost their originality. Tabriz Bazaar which is considered as registered historical building never been out of this risks and there should be contextualist consideration in its designing and its improvement. The question that can be asked is what effect this kind of attention, ie contextualism, has on the Tabriz Bazar’s brand equity. This research has been done with a mixed method approach with a sequential exploratory scheme (first a qualitative method and then a quantitative method). In the first stage, experts were interviewed to extract the contextualist model of traditional commercial spaces, which did not exist before, and the data obtained from interviews with experts were evaluated using thematic analysis. The results of this analysis showed the pattern of contextualization of traditional commercial spaces. Then, after compiling the contextual questions in the form of a questionnaire, the complete questionnaire - which included the contextual questions and brand equity - was distributed and collected among 374 tourists in Tabriz Bazar. The data were then tested using Smart-Pls software and structural equation modeling. Findings show that from the perspective of Tabriz Bazar tourists, contextualism had a positive effect on brand equity. As a result, the contextualism model obtained in the present study and the preservation of social, cultural and historical values can be used to strengthen the special value of the Tabriz Bazar brand.

Today, several urban development plans are prepared and implemented in order to overcome the problems and achieve the development and sustainability of cities. Projects that seem to have many problems in content and implementation and it is necessary to provide realistic, flexible and executable plans by quantitative-qualitative evaluation and identifying the weaknesses of these plans.Goal: The present study is the evaluation of the detailed plan of Ardabil city based on the integrated method.

The present research is of user type and descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study is 10 experts and managers of Ardabil urban areas as well as members of the city council who have been selected using the snowball method. The main method of this research is the combination of "process preparation and implementation process" and "plan / process / results" in which PLS, SSIM and PESTLE models have been used.Geographical area of research: The geographical area of this research is the city of Ardabil.

Findings show that in the criterion of adaptation of managerial weakness, lack of proper organization and lack of adequate budget allocation by the government are the reasons for the lack of per capita land use. The horizontal growth of the city has the least impact. In terms of relationship, the twenty goals of the plan are more in line with demographic and social goals, and part of it is related to mismanagement. In terms of external cohesion, according to the researches, most of the proposed densities have not been achieved. The criterion of financial and human resources has not been successful due to the unstable economic conditions of Ardabil Municipality. The failure of the criterion for participation in the implementation of the plan and planning is due to the belief of some experts that people do not interfere in the plan due to lack of scientific expertise and skills. Regarding the criteria for using the program, it can be said that this criterion has not been met at all and the problems of Ardabil TV and urban landscape have been one of its consequences.

Since the land surrounding the city, especially in Iranian cities, is considered as a supporting environment for the city, and at the same time, a large part of Iranian cities are created behind the banks of agricultural lands and natural and human phenomena. Paying attention to determining a suitable direction for the future growth and development of the city is very important. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to find the optimal location of the physical expansion of Sardasht City using the combined Hasse method and the fuzzy network analytical process (FANP) of the spatial information system. 

The method of the current research is practical and analytical in terms of its descriptive nature, in order to achieve the goal of the research, different layers of information, including height, percentage of slope, slope direction, distance from main roads, distance from the city center, distance from areas Forest protection, distance from water sources, land use, distance from waterways and distance from watersheds are included in ARC GIS software and while analyzing them in geographic information system database using FANP, lands It was found suitable for the future physical development of Sardasht City.

The results of the research showed that based on the overlap map obtained, which is the result of fuzzy models and  analytic network process (ANP), the best lands for the future development of Sardasht City are scattered in the south, southwest, northeast and west parts of the city. Also, the most unsuitable parts in this field are scattered in the east, northwest and parts of the west of the city

According to the findings of the research, the completely suitable and relatively suitable floor is located in the south, southwest, northeast and west parts. Unsuitable floors are located in the south end of the city and small parts are scattered in the study area. The completely inappropriate class includes the north, northwest, east and parts of the western areas of the city.

As urban populations increase and cities tackle with environmental crises and instabilities, achieving sustainable urban development hinges on understanding and promoting a sustainable physical city layout. The concept of the compact city has drawn significant attention and support. However, in our country, traditional patterns embedded in comprehensive urban plans, along with influences from current urban management, have led to the horizontal expansion of cities, resulting in a scattered urban pattern. Addressing the numerous challenges cities face may necessitate transitioning towards denser urban environments. The “positioning” process plays a crucial role for companies, enabling them to select a strategic market position and enhance their brand’s success.

The current study adopts an applied approach in terms of its purpose and utilizes a descriptive-analytical method. Regarding the study’s nature, data was collected by means of survey method using a questionnaire. To ensure the questionnaire’s validity, it underwent scrutiny by professors and experts, due to the absence of prior research in this area. Additionally, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was employed to assess questionnaire reliability, yielding a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.723 for high-rise apartments and 0.782 for houses, indicating high reliability of the questionnaire. The study’s statistical population comprises residents of high-rise towers in Ardabil (District 2) who have previously resided in houses or apartments, as well as house residents who have previously lived in high-rise towers. Snowball sampling was employed to determine the sample size. The research questionnaires consist of two parts: the first part pertains to personal characteristics such as age, marital status, gender, income, occupation, and education, while the second part focuses on research variables, including brand image and loyalty, cultural and social factors, security, economic aspects, infrastructure facilities, open spaces, spatial identity, physical characteristics, lighting and ventilation, management and maintenance, landscape, and transportation access for high-rise buildings and houses. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, employing one-sample t-statistical methods and a Pearson correlation coefficient. Perceptual mapping was employed to depict the brand positioning of high-rise complexes and low-rise apartments from residents’ perspectives, aiming to address the research question.

According to the findings, houses and low-rise apartments are positioned favorably in terms of image and housing brand compared to high-rise towers, as indicated by perceptual maps. However, satisfaction with high-rise towers is ideal in comparison to houses and low-rise apartments on perceptual maps. The one-sample t-test results indicate that the significance level for most variables is below 0.05, leading to the confirmation of the alternative hypothesis (H1) at a confidence level of 95%. This confirms a significant relationship between the average rank of residents’ perspectives and housing pattern dimensions. Consequently, an obvious difference exists between residents’ perceptions of brand positioning for houses and low-rise apartments against high-rise residential towers, with the former showing better image and brand loyalty. Additionally, Pearson correlation tests reveal a positive and significant correlation between image and brand loyalty variables, as well as housing satisfaction with individual characteristics such as marital status, income, occupation, age, and education. However, no significant negative correlation was found between image and loyalty with regards to gender. The results indicate a significant relationship between image variables, brand loyalty, and satisfaction with individual characteristics at a 95% confidence level, with significance levels of 000, 0.001, 000, 0.001, 0.003, and 0.001 for gender, marriage, income, job, age and education respectively, and with respective correlation coefficients of 0.46, 0.605, 0.337 0.250, 0.652 0.561.

Peripheral and horizontal urban development not only leads to the reduction of agricultural lands surrounding cities but also gives rise to various other significant issues. These include rising costs associated with urban infrastructure creation and maintenance, intensifying congestion and traffic, and increasing the length and frequency of commutes. In response to the negative effects of urban over-expansion, which have economic, social, and environmental consequences, new approaches to urban development planning have emerged since the 1990s. These methods, inspired by the principles of sustainable urban development introduced in the 1970s, advocate for mixed land use development, prioritization of public transportation-centered development, and intra-city sustainable development initiatives, saving widespread support. Recent census data from 1976 to 2006 indicates that Ardabil city has experienced horizontal expansion over the years, resulting in the loss of agricultural lands and inadequate services in suburban areas. This underscores issues of spatial injustice and suboptimal land use distribution in certain areas. The research suggests that by promoting the branding of high-rise residential towers and apartments, cities can curb horizontal expansion and promote vertical development. Interestingly, residents perceive houses more favorably than high-rise residential towers. Utilizing effective advertising campaigns can potentially alter citizens’ perceptions of tall buildings, facilitating urban development while minimizing the need for further horizontal expansion.

Because of globalization and cultural globalization, local and national identities getting deformed. Have been lost their originality and social interaction, places transform to the planeness Relph stated that this placeness have qualities like biformal, sense of none formality, deforestation of places.Since tourist are tend to visit urban spaces that are unique and have different qualities, so, the repetitions of other communities urbanism patterns in urban areas would have negative effects on attraction of urban spaces. So, there seem to have need to put local pattern and values in cornerstone of urban policy. Thus, urban spaces are required to be context friendly to be more competitive and attractive.Besides, since there is a critical demand for shopping malls and restoring classic Bazzars, cultural transformation of time passing, dominance of classicity and new needs of communities including tourists, it is logical to offer contextualism pattern in such spaces. Unless there would be such a new pattern, it can be deteriorated function and branding of the spaces. Getting the pattern, it is required to empirically test its impacts on brand equity of Lalehpark shopping center. As if it would have positive on brand equity it would be recommended to apply this pattern for designing such shopping spaces.

Aiming to sort out particular problem of the society, the research is considered as applied one. The method is considered as mixed method which firstly thematic method (as a qualitative method) were included in the research. For doing thematic analysis for getting contextualism pattern for modern shopping centers, interviews were done and in 9th interview theoretical saturation were recognized in the research process. In this phase, thematic analysis started to work and after initial coding, it is required to mix the codes. The mixed codes forms main and sub themes. By making sub theme, the codes have hemoginity categorize in same main theme, and then by using the components extracted of it for contextualism its impact on brand equity were examined by  structural equation modeling . the appropriate software were determined for executing such a modeling was Smart-Pls. doing explanatory factor analysis, data were inserted to Smart-PlS to have firstly some tests on validity, reliability, T-valueand based on them three items were removed to have valid results.

The results shows that there is a positive impact of contextualism on brand equity by .767 route coeffienct, as well there is such a positive impact between contextualism contextualism i.e. symbolic contextulaism, convergence contextualism and geographic contextualism and brand equity variable. The results imply that in order to have a great brand equity in such shopping centers it is better to practical execute of the pattern in such shopping centers. As well, the results indicate that to have attractiveness in such shopping centers it should include some historical and cultural values in designing.Although the research made some different pattern for shopping centers that have not ever offered but there is a similarity with background researches such as Merriles and etal and Eladly.In spite of having some good features such as its attractiveness, publicity, offering well-known brands, there would be some recommendation for its improvement:1-making bus line and sub way system terminated to Lalehpark.2- Have more cultural events in the shopping center.3- Completing shopping center projects surrounded to Lalehpark and harmonize them with Lalehpark as distinctive building based in the area.4-offering spaces for youth such as sitting areas or reading areas.5- Prioritizing low income individuals demands and offering affordable products.6- Making separation of food court and path to have more calm and safe place for serving food.

As a home and all its interior spaces provide shelter for the family and its guests, the city and its spaces should provide safety and security for all residents and observers alike. Smart cities are predicted to be the future of human cities, a vibrant, flexible, sustainable, creative, and livable city of technology. And increasingly becoming are part of a national perspective where technologies are widely used to encompass processes of all dimensions of urban development, planning and management. Interest in the concept of smart city has grown steadily over the last few years, research on the Internet of Things and the Urban Area has been presented to clarify definitions, assessments and improvements in smart city services. Smart city security is a global initiative, not for greater profit but to address the security problems of the future and the future of smart cities through collaboration between companies, governments, the media and people's initiatives around the world. At present, safety and security are the main advantages of smart cities. Now the smart city is said to be a city with intelligent components including smart economy, intelligent transportation, intelligent environment, smart citizens, intelligent lifestyle and intelligent office management. In Iran, according to the latest decisions taken at the Ministry of Interior, intelligence has been targeted at least five cities in Urumia, Isfahan, Tabriz, Mashhad and Tehran. In Zanjan, efforts and efforts to become a smart city are under way. The purpose of this research is to measure the status and ranking of 57 Zanjan neighborhoods in terms of intelligent city security indicators and determine the role of each indicator in determining the current status of neighborhoods in terms of smart city security indicators. This research seeks to answer these two main questions: 1. What is the status and rank of Zanjan's neighborhoods in the smart city security indicators? 2. Which indicators play the most role in determining the current status of neighborhood security?

Methodology :

The present research is methodological, descriptive-analytical and in terms of approach, theoretical and practical. In the first step, the criteria and sub-criteria are derived using the basics and background of the research. In the second step, the criteria and sub criteria of research are categorized. Due to the lack of accurate spatial data in Iranian cities, a researchermade tool has been constructed and a sampling method has been used to measure the indices. After designing a questionnaire, the first pre-test was used to determine the validity and reliability of the measuring instruments for 30 people. The statistical population of the study consists of 110154 households living or active in civilian units with various uses in the 57 district of Zanjan. Sampling was done using a partial method. To determine the sample size, the Cochran method was used and 384 households were selected to complete the forms, which was upgraded to 400 samples to ensure more samples. The reliability of the tool was measured using Cronbach's alpha, 0.871, which confirms the reliability of the tool at the optimal level. In this method, K represents the number of items and Si represents the standard deviation of the total score of the items. According to the purpose and the research questions, using the wikror method, for ranking the neighborhoods in the indexes, and using the scatter coefficient method to analyze the distribution and balance method in the internal distribution of indices in the neighborhoods.

Result & Discussion:

 The results of this study are consistent with the results of the research of Nobakht and Aminian (2015), Sarvqudi and Shakeri (2017), Kalavia et al. (2012) and Philiponi et al. (2010). The present study, which was done using the wikur method and its output was mapped in a map, showed that some of the neighborhoods have a favorable situation and others are in a totally unfavorable situation. The results of this study showed that in total of 57 indicators in Zanjan city, 11 neighborhoods with unfavorable status, 24 undesirable neighborhoods, 17 neighborhoods in somewhat favorable condition and 5 neighborhoods in optimal situation. In explaining the reasons for the situation in Zanjan's neighborhoods in intelligent security indicators, one can analyze that: firstly, the neighborhoods have a favorable situation, in line with the historical context and the business center of the city, or some new settlements with an age of more than 15 years, and the neighborhoods of middle income groups Top of the city, which has significant services in the public and private sectors, and is also superior in terms of infrastructure. Secondly, the neighborhoods are in a state of play in keeping with newer settlements with less history or new settlements under construction and development in which the services and infrastructure are not sufficiently provided, although they are progressing. Thirdly, neighborhoods in an undesirable and totally undesirable condition mainly consist of several types of urban texture. Among them are the newly built and urbanized settlements, old townships and urban wastewater, slum and marginal neighborhoods, and urban-urban neighborhoods integrated into the city and are part of the city's districts, but lack significant infrastructure and public services.

Conclusion :

In total, research findings showed that about 49% of the city's neighborhoods are in an unfavorable position in terms of intelligent security indicators. Given the impact of security on a variety of issues such as citizenship satisfaction, social welfare, development and progress, and so on, the percentage seems to be high and unacceptable. Because security, in today's life, is the alphabet of any urban development and planning. What was learned from the research findings is that there are many problems in the area of intelligent security in the city of Zanjan in the whole of the city, which is often related to the infrastructure section of this issue. Considering the prospect of smart urban development at the international and national level, the need to create an initial infrastructure for a smart urban development is a necessity. There are also significant differences in intelligence security in different city areas. Most of the newly constructed neighborhoods are under construction, due to the incompleteness of infrastructure, the growth of disadvantaged urban areas, urban poverty, or urban frosts, due to the formation of outside the frameworks and principles of urbanization and, ultimately, marginalized or integrated villages in the city due to lack of justice in terms of infrastructure, they are inappropriate in terms of intelligent security indicators.

A crisis is a crisis that threatens our country due to special geographical conditions. According to official statistics in the last 29 years, 1% of the country's human casualties were caused by earthquakes, and on average every year an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale occurs in the country for 11 years (Attar), 2012: 8).From the point of view of geology, Iran has a zone of lithological structure such as Central Iran, Zagros, Northeastern Iran, Northwestern Iran and Azerbaijan zone, which the thrust and elevated structure of Zagros is considered as one of the most active of these zones. It includes faults such as Sahne, Durood, Qala Hatem. The seismic characteristics of Zagros show that compared to other structural zones, the frequency of earthquakes is high. The central Iranian and Arabian plates are constantly pressing on the Zagros region, and this is the reason why more earthquakes occur in Zagros than in other regions. The studied area of ​​Kermanshah region is an earthquake zone in terms of seismicity. This province, which is located in the Zagros region, has high seismic activity. These earthquakes usually occur around known seismic faults in the province, including the High Zagros Fault (High Zagros Fault, 2014: 114). Despite numerous researches in the field of locating temporary accommodation on the subject of seismic vulnerability, its suitable and usable place after the earthquake with the approach of crisis management in urban areas has received less attention. The city of Kermanshah is a prone region in terms of earthquakes, and due to its location in a geographical area with a high risk of earthquakes, knowing the vulnerable and resistant areas and planning for the correct and appropriate location of temporary accommodation in time The occurrence of an earthquake is necessary to prevent or reduce the possible danger in this city. This research is complementary to the previous research and with more effective criteria and indicators by providing a practical, efficient, simple and logical method for locating temporary accommodation in order to prepare the city with their specific complexity in responding to crises caused by earthquakes. Is. As an example, the Ezgele earthquake in Kermanshah in 2016 with a magnitude of 3.7 on the Richter scale occurred 11 km from Ezgele section and 32 km from Sarpol-Zahab city, which killed and injured more than 12 thousand people. And since then, due to the lack of single policies in the field of emergency, temporary and permanent housing, problems have been created for housing people. Therefore, the existence of a suitable place to live in Sharat after natural hazards, especially earthquakes, is essential for the city of Kermanshah. The present study, taking into account the stages of crisis management of an earthquake-prone city, tries to address the problem of locating suitable spaces for the construction of temporary accommodation camps.

This research is of an applied type and according to the investigated components, the approach that governs it is the descriptive-analytical method. The aim of the present research is to analyze the important and influential criteria for the correct location of temporary accommodation in Kermanshah city. In order to achieve this goal, in accordance with the objectives of the research, the required information has been collected using library research, documents and interviews with experts, and then the criteria used for positioning have been selected based on the positioning criteria. The current approach to spatial analysis has been carried out by using the weighted sum model and the ranking method and ArcGIS software.

-Road situation: The analysis of the results of the Kermanshah city situation based on the road access index using GIS analysis software shows that 75% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 7% is in the low vulnerability zone, and 5% is in the vulnerability zone. On average, 3% is in the high vulnerability zone and 10% is in the very high vulnerability zone.Population density: Examining the results of the state of Kermanshah city based on the population density index using GIS analysis-mapping software, shows that 27% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 27% in the low vulnerability zone, 26% in the medium vulnerability zone. 11% is in the high vulnerability zone and 10% is in the very high vulnerability zone.Location to administrative, law enforcement and military centers: Examining the results of Kermanshah city status based on the index of access to administrative, law enforcement and military centers using GIS software, shows that 7% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 12% in the vulnerability zone low, 13% in the medium vulnerability zone, 12% in the high vulnerability zone and 57% in the very high vulnerability zone.The location of fire stations: the analysis of the results of Kermanshah city based on the index of access to fire stations using GIS analysis software shows that 2 percent of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 5 percent in the low vulnerability zone, 8 percent in In the medium vulnerability zone, 32% is in the high vulnerability zone and 53% is in the very high vulnerability zone.Land slope: This criterion is measured by the slope index. Examining the results of Kermanshah city status based on the land slope index using GIS analytical-mapping software, shows that 46% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 33% in the low vulnerability zone, 11% in the medium vulnerability zone, 6% in the vulnerability zone. high and 4% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.Distance from flood-prone areas: The evaluation of the results of Kermanshah city status based on the index of distance from flood-prone areas using GIS analysis-mapping software shows that 16% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 11% in the low vulnerability zone, 19% in the low vulnerability zone. In the zone of moderate vulnerability, 25% is in the zone of high vulnerability and 29% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.Distance from hazardous facilities: To measure this criterion, the indicators of electrical facilities, gasoline pumps, gas pumps and gas pressure reduction stations have been used in terms of their functional nature and hazard. Analyzing the results of the state of Kermanshah city based on the index of distance from dangerous facilities using GIS analytical-mapping software, it shows that 13% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 12% in the low vulnerability zone, 25% in the medium vulnerability zone. 34% is in the zone of high vulnerability and 16% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.Status of water sources: The results of Kermanshah city situation based on the index of access to water resources using GIS analysis-mapping software show that 9% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 17% in the low vulnerability zone, and 15% in the vulnerability zone. On average, 32% is in the high vulnerability zone and 27% is in the very high vulnerability zone.Location to power sources Construction of camps and temporary accommodation sites in the power transmission routes due to the provision of lighting and the use of heating devices. The evaluation of the results of the status of Kermanshah city based on the index of access to electricity resources using GIS analytical-mapping software shows that 9% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 8% in the low vulnerability zone, 8% in the medium vulnerability zone, 26% in The zone of high vulnerability and 49% is placed in the zone of very high vulnerability.The final map of the optimal location of temporary accommodation bases after defining the important criteria and analyzing the indicators in the studied area is as follows: The results of the combination of 9 indicators in the city of Kermanshah indicate that 1% of the city area In the area of ​​very low desirability, 11% is in the area of ​​low desirability, 37% is in the area of ​​medium desirability, 38% is in the area of ​​high desirability, and 13% is in the area of ​​very high desirability.

In this research, according to the nature of the research and examination of the environmental conditions of Kermanshah city and the important indicators that are selected and evaluated according to the topic. After examining the determining and influencing factors on the temporary accommodation system and identifying the factors, the results were 9 indicators, which should be applied in the present study with general and specific evaluations (relative to the conditions of the study area). It became a scientific source of consolidation.Investigating and identifying the most accurate features in choosing the location of safe shelters: (slope, access to roads, distance from centers and management, access to firefighting centers, access to water and electricity sources, distance from flood-prone areas, and distance of dangerous risks) is considered And the results of the research showed that the important criteria and options in choosing the right place for temporary accommodation are centers that are identified as the best places that are far from the river and sensitive and dangerous uses such as gas stations and pressure lines. It should be maintained strong and close to essential service centers such as medical centers and fire stations, provided with water and electricity sources, accessible by communication lines, and the probability of damage and blocking of roads should be low. Examining the points selected in the final map shows that in the city of Kermanshah, these points are suitable for use according to important criteria such as: accessibility, distance from sensitive uses, proximity to service areas and distance from flood prone areas. It is in critical condition. The results of the current research show the capability of multi-criteria decision-making methods and geographic information system in identifying areas prone to temporary settlement. Therefore, according to the findings and results of this research, it is suggested that relevant organs, departments and organizations such as the municipality, the governorate, the crisis management center of the Kermanshah Fire Organization, etc., by creating comprehensive and updated databases of all details and elements A city based on the geographic information system should always be prepared for the temporary settlement of the population in the wake of the earthquake crisis. -Preparation of basic and suitable infrastructures for selected sites such as sanitary facilities, water sources, lighting system, etc., so that in case of an earthquake, it has the necessary conditions to accommodate the population, and the need to spend time for not provide these services. Accommodation centers should be located near roads that provide access to different parts on the one hand, and on the other hand, the probability of damage and blockage of these roads is low so that the risk of cutting off access, accommodation, relief and rescue operations does not stop. Zagros seismic zone has its own seismic mechanism. The fault systems and the earthquakes that occurred there follow the special pattern of the Zagros earthquake province, so planning and management should be done by evaluating the existing conditions and taking into account all the conditions of the region and the needs of the people. be carefully examined.

The increasing importance of sustainable development at the urban level is due to the rapid increase of the urban population in the world. According to the World Bank report, by 2050, the percentage of the urban population will reach 68% from the current 55%, and 2.5 billion people will be added to the population of cities. Cities have assumed a central role in the discourse of sustainable development due to their demographic and economic importance and their high environmental impact. In many parts of the world, rapid urbanization is taking place on an unprecedented scale, and its severe effects on communities and the environment are evident. To combat the external effects of such rapid and partly uncontrolled development, many cities around the world have introduced various urban development policies. In sum, the discourses promoting sustainable urban development are convinced that environmental, social and economic challenges can be solved through prudent planning and are not conflicting goals. Urbanization is generally seen as positive and cities are portrayed as the frontline of sustainable development. Meanwhile, the spatial development patterns of cities is one of the most important issues in the field of urban sustainability, which is strongly influenced by these spatial development patterns. In these years, choosing this model has been one of the biggest challenges of city builders and planners. The search for an alternative model for urban development dates back to the 1970s. The energy crisis and accumulated government debt in the 1970s led to fiscal conservatism and austerity in the 1980s. The changing fortunes of cities had certainly begun, and many industrial cities showed clear signs of decline. The pioneers of new-urbanism stepped into the arena in this situation where the modern city was challenged. As a solution to the placeless suburbs, they came up with a new version based on traditional neighborhoods that followed historical principles. To alleviate the problems created by machine-oriented development, they advocated urban living in lively, mixed and diverse places. Over the past years, neo-urbanism has become one of the most prominent urban design movements in the United States; Newurbanism is potentially the most influential architectural movement in the United States in the post-Cold War era and is currently one of the most influential planning schemes. The main goal of new-urbanism is to change built environments in order to foster a different way of life. This movement began as an environmental and aesthetic critique of suburban sprawl. Since then, the movement has evolved to promote its design principles to address sustainability issues related to contemporary urbanization in the United States and beyond. The city of Tabriz, like most cities in Iran and cities in the developing countries of the world, has been affected by global changes and the industrial revolution and the influence of modernist ideas, especially in the preparation of urban development plans and the sudden growth and expansion of the city. In fact, Tabriz, like other big cities of the country, faced exogenous and uneven growth, which is the continuous migration from small cities on the one hand and the non-observance of the principle of sustainability in the use of urban resources on the other hand. The decrease in the efficiency of the road network and the main and arterial accesses, the increase in the conversion and change of the arbitrary use of gardens and agricultural lands in and around the city to residential, commercial and service uses, the inequality of the urban areas in meeting the levels and per capita of the general population and the urbanization of the suburbs of Tabriz has pursued residential quays and satellite towns and has contributed to the formation of Tabriz's urban system and spatial polarization of rich and poor in the north and east of the city. In the meantime, the town of Parvaz is one of the residential towns of Tabriz city, which was designed in the 60s and entered the population process, and in these years, with its different environment and design, it has been able to introduce itself as one of the most successful neighborhoods in Tabriz city. which manifests the manifestations of sustainable urban development. In this regard and considering the extreme instability of urban development in Tabriz city, finding a relatively appropriate model to promote urban development is of great importance, which is the necessity of such a research to evaluate the compatibility of the spatial development model of Tabriz flight town with sustainable models and to promote such models. It proves the direction of achieving sustainability.

In terms of type, this research is part of applied-developmental research and in terms of method it is part of descriptive-analytical research. To collect information from document studies based on the nature of the subject, all types of available documents including books, articles and magazines, theses and websites and databases and statistics and data from related organizations are used. Also, to complete the required data, field studies in the form of surveys and observations and the use of city maps with a scale of 1/2000, satellite images, global positioning device (GPS), field observations, etc. have been used. One of the most important tools used in this research is geographic information system software such as ARC GIS and AutoCAD Map 3D, which are used to analyze the spatial information of the research. The first step of this research is extracting the criteria and practical standards of new urbanism. At this stage, the criteria are extracted using documentary and library studies and using previous researches, but due to the lack of specific standards for these criteria, using the rules of urban planning local and international standards are defined for the criteria. In the next step, the criteria and standards extracted at the level of the studied area are checked and finally the conformity of the spatial development pattern of the area with the pattern of neo-urbanism is evaluated.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the spatial development of Tabriz flight town based on the principles of neo-urbanism. In this regard, the principles of new-urbanism were divided into seven general criteria and each of these criteria was divided into several other indicators and several standards were defined for each of them.Regarding the use mixing index, the presence of six neighborhood uses with the approximate observance of the governor's per capita, the protection index of open and green spaces, the proximity of the green space per capita to the governor's capita and the useful functional radius of green spaces, the index of creating distinct and attractive communities with a strong emphasis on the concept of place The location of the neighborhood center in the geographical center of the town and the useful functional radius of the center and the existence of the edges of the center, an indicator of creating various opportunities from transportation, the existence of a bus network on all main routes, an indicator of creating walkable neighborhoods, the useful functional radius of the center and shopping centers And the appropriate separation of space on the sidewalks, the index of the use of compact buildings and high density, and the index of creating different opportunities to choose housing, with the presence of different types of housing in the town, has created an environment that is highly compatible with the principles of neo-urbanism. Considering the problems mentioned for the city of Tabriz in the field of urban development instability, using the results of this research, the development model of parvaz town can be presented as a suggested model for other areas of the city so that some of its problems in the field of sustainable development can be reduced.

Today, housing as a durable commodity is one of the main assets of families, which is directly related to household income and their economic status. In this regard, the low-income groups do not have the financial means to provide housing, and since the private sector is inefficient in this regard, the government, according to its policies, has provided affordable housing for these groups, one of which is Cases are Mehr housing, which can be considered in terms of stability. The city of Ardabil is no exception in this regard, due to the high number of immigrants and the need for low-income housing, and one of the most important problems of this city is the provision of quality housing for low-income groups. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the sustainability of affordable housing in Ardabil city. Current study is applied according to aim and it is analytical-descriptive according to nature and methodology.Current study is applied according to aim and it is analytical-descriptive according to nature and methodology. Statistical society in this study include, Ardebili citizens residing in Mehr housing and housing in informal settlements That 385 persons were gathered in questionnaire by simple random sampling. To data analysis, partial squares at least was used in Warp PLS Software framework. Study results showed that, there is significant relationship between study 4 dimension and satisfaction about affordable housing sustainable. So, social-cultural, physical, ecological and economical cases in affordable housing sustainable are the effective dimensions and satisfaction of affordable housing sustainable in Ardebil city is in middle level.

Various strategies and theories have been proposed to solve the problems caused by the phenomenon of urban decline and its various economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions, which are summarized in the urban regeneration approach. Reconstruction based on social components as a new approach to the development of cities. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting urban regeneration with emphasis on social components. Descriptive-analytical research group is located. Statistical population of research of knowledgeable people; Experts and elites in the field of sustainable urban regeneration in dilapidated texture and its effects on the development of public spaces in the 20th district of Tehran. Urban planners, municipal officials of District 20, Tehran City Renovation Organization, etc. were selected and appointed. In this study, the required information collection method was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and in order to exploit the strengths and opportunities as well as reduce weaknesses and threats for urban regeneration of worn-out tissue in the 20th district of Tehran, the SWOT model was used.Analysis of urban creation in the 20th district of Tehran has many strengths and opportunities for formulating appropriate urban strategies among SO, WO, WT and ‌‌ST strategies, and the results obtained from the strategies indicate that SO strategy, ie offensive strategy as The first strategy for urban regeneration is the dilapidated texture of District 20 of Tehran in the first place.

Social harms are among the main pivots and topics of urban pathology studies in most cities and security is the prerequisite of a healthy community, and security feeling is the basis for the development of human societies. The presence of people in the public places of the city requires some sort of security feeling on their part. Due to the outbreak of the Corona virus and the dramatic enhancement of social harms, the disease became a serious threat to cities and communities. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to evaluate the social harms of COVID-19 on the social security feeling in public spaces in the city of Ardabil with emphasis on the criteria of social harm and their prioritization for future planning.

This research is of applied type in terms of purpose; and in terms of nature is descriptive and analytical. The required data were obtained through survey and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population of the study consists of citizens of Ardabil, where 383 people were estimated as the sample size based on the Cochran's formula. Whereas simple random sampling method was used, 383 questionnaires were distributed and completed in public spaces of Ardabil (parks, squares in the city center and commercial areas). To measure the social harms emanated from corona in public spaces, the relevant indicators are weighted using entropy method and social harms are ranked using multi-criteria decision-making techniques (TOPSIS, SAV, VICOR) and ultimately Copland merger technique was used to achieve final prioritization.

Based on the criteria used, and the results of the implementation of these techniques, the criterion of reducing social interactions and individualism and social isolation with the lowest score (-14) is in the first place; and the criterion of wickedness in public places with the highest score (12) is in the last rank in terms of social harms in the public places.

According to the respondents, the outbreak of COVID- 19 virus and adhering to health protocols such as "staying at home" and "quarantine", has enhanced social harms, which is more prominent and visible in public places. Finally, according to the research findings, some suggestions are presented for improving the security status of public spaces.

In this essay I present a new and empirically-testable strategy for completing quantum mechanics. In recent decades, urban design and architecture disciplines witnessed plenty of theories and school development. Primarily, those disciplines are inspired by philosophical perspectives. Thus, it is required to have a good deal of perception on the philosophical roots. Contextualism theory and approach is considered one of the most important controversial approaches in urban design and architecture. The present study intends to elaborate contextualism and explicate its difference with other similar philosophical ideas. Subsequently, it tends to explain the epistemological and philosophical foundations of contextualism in postmodernism and Gestalt school and subsequently to elucidate its position in the postmodern art and specifically in postmodern urban design and architecture. Contextualism is an idea based on the epistemology that the meaning perceived from an epistemological sentence would differ according to the epistemological standards. The idea has three distinct uses in philosophical views, primarily, the truth condition of the sentences is come to be assessed; in the second use, the language meaning is dependent on the context. The paper indicates the first and second uses of contextualism are mostly seen in urban design and architecture contextualism theory.

Achieving social justice in the distribution of urban services is one of the important goals of urban planners in order to fairly allocate social costs and equalize the use of local capacities for the welfare and social development of citizens. The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate the spatial distribution of urban public services using health-treatment, cultural-religious services index and urban facilities and equipment in the four districts of Ardabil with the approach of social justice. Data and information collection has been done using documentary, library and field methods. To analyze the data and information, Shannon's entropy technique was used to determine the coefficient of importance and in order to determine the extent of having a 6-ARAS model, Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between population and status. . According to the assessment made with the ARAS model, it was determined that in the health and medical services of region one, the privileged regions are deprived of regions two and three and the fourth region is deprived, in the cultural-religious services of region one, the regions are deprived. And three semi-privileged regions of region two are deprived, in the services of urban facilities and equipment of region one have privileges, regions three and two have semi-privileged and "region four deprived" and in total the service indicators of region one

Cities play a vital role in the lives of the vast majority of people, yet face great challenges beyond ‎regions, nations and continents, and most cities are the main drivers of change. Recent ‎technological developments have renewed belief in the positive impacts of ICT and other ‎innovative technologies in the city. The combination of smart solutions (active technology) to ‎address major social challenges and focus on the city as key drivers of change has led to the ‎concept of smart city. Finally, scientific studies on smart city development readiness are largely ‎limited to developed countries. And the literature on smart city readiness in developing countries ‎is at an early stage and needs more empirical support. The transformation of a city into a smart ‎city requires considerable efforts by political representatives, managers, residents, entrepreneurs, ‎as well as its various communities. The concept of smart city is evolving rapidly, and the ‎attention of the world as a promising response to the challenge of urban sustainability in large ‎and small cities. Given the different structure of Iranian cities, this study seeks to localize the ‎indicators and analyze their interactions for any planning and management.‎‎

The study of the components of smart city in Zanjan deals with 6 components, 30 benchmarks ‎and 100 standard indices designed in scientific societies around the world. By method, the ‎present study is a descriptive field type. In order to carry out the research, the research ‎components, criteria and indices were extracted from the theoretical foundations of the research ‎and then prioritized by in-depth experts. Library and field methods have been used to collect the ‎required information. Due to the lack of familiarity of most experts with the concepts of smart ‎city, only experts in the statistical population who were familiar with the concept of smart city ‎were included. The sampling method was theoretical saturation and by this method in 21 samples ‎we achieved our goals. In this study, first, the importance and impact of indicators on the ‎intelligence of cities were measured and analyzed by SPSS. Then, the extent of impact as well as ‎the interactions between the components, criteria and indices were measured and analyzed with ‎Micmac software. Because interviews and questionnaires have been used, the research is a ‎composite (sequential exploratory model). And the composition is in the concluding phase. Both ‎questionnaires were used by experts in this field.

the first part, after determining the components, criteria and indicators affecting the ‎intelligence of cities and in line with the main objectives of the research, determining the ‎importance and weight of each component, criteria and indicators. Finally, 30 criteria with 100 ‎indicators were finalized and these indicators were prioritized by experts. The data were ‎analyzed by SPSS software using Friedman test and the significance of each criterion and index ‎was determined and prioritized. The three components of smart mobility, smart governance, and ‎smart economy with weights of 0.01577,‎‏ ‏‎0.01394 and 0.01381 are the first to third priority, ‎respectively, and have the highest weight and importance in smart cities. The criteria for smart ‎mobility component include technology infrastructure, national, local access and sustainable ‎mobility, which are prioritized with weights 0.01657, 0.01619, 0.01609 and 0.01424, ‎respectively. Two criteria of smart governance components including public-social services and ‎transparent governance with weights of 0.01636 and 0.01153 were significant. Also the criteria ‎of smart economy component were international interactions, productivity, innovation, ‎entrepreneurship, economic image of the city and labor market flexibility with weights 0.01601, ‎‎0.01597, 0.01544, 0.01455, 0.01161 and 0.00928 respectively. In the analytical analysis of the ‎findings, the indicators of Internet penetration, municipality planning strategy and e-government ‎access have the weights of 0.01694, 0.01687 and 0.01684, respectively.‎In the second part, we have used Micmac software to analyze the interaction of criteria. ‎In order to make the results more realistic and realistic, the analysis software was created in the ‎Micmac Matrix software and adjusted in 30 different criteria to 30 * 30 dimensions. Based on ‎the matrix output, the 10 criteria that had the most direct impact on the system in order of rating ‎are: 1- Technology infrastructure (677) 2- Citizens empowerment (655) 3- Transparent ‎governance (610) 4- Citizen participation (519) 5- Cultural facilities (440) 6- Sustainable and safe ‎transportation (440) 7- Lifelong learning (429) 8- Tourism attraction (406) 9- Educational ‎facilities (395) 10- National access (395). The 10 criteria that have a direct impact on city ‎intelligence are, respectively, priority and priority; 1- Citizen competence and competence (542) ‎‎2- City pollution level (508) 3- Urban productivity (497) 4- Entrepreneurship in the city (497) 5- ‎Transparent Governance (463) 6- City Tourism Attraction (440) 7- International Interaction (440) ‎‎8- Preservation of Environment (418) 9- Educational Facilities (384) 10- Citizen Participation ‎‎(384).‎‎

The analysis of the results of the first section showed that the relevant components, criteria and ‎indices in the three prioritization of the rankings were almost identical. Thus, the component and ‎criterion that is ranked higher in the ranking also have more important indicators, while the ‎component and the criterion that is in the lower priorities have the least important ones. In the ‎second stage, the analysis of the interaction of criteria on the intelligence of the city is examined. ‎The results of the MicMac method in impact analysis indicate the irregular distribution of criteria ‎in the impact plan. The analysis of the plan and related diagrams show that the variables in the ‎medium of influence are high density and the studied system is unstable. Based on the results of ‎Structural Analysis and Micmac software, the direct and indirect effective criteria were ‎determined. Key variables and strategic indicators were also identified. What is important is that ‎improvement and improvement in each of the dimensions and components of the smart city will ‎be very influential in city intelligence because systematic reviews and evaluations of smart cities ‎do not consider growth in all dimensions. Therefore, any benchmark and component that can be ‎upgraded should be a priority.‎

Urban housing pattern is generally categorized into two models: villa (single-family) houses and apartment buildings. Although the subject matter of each of these two patterns is different in the literature, the conventional or short-rise and high-rise buildings or towers comprise the main groups of the apartment buildings. Over the past years, hundreds of residential units have been built in the form of villa and apartment units in the studied area (Area 2 of Ardabil city), and their number is increasing every year. Therefore, the overall purpose of this study is to comparatively evaluate the satisfaction of residents of villas and towers. Among the various ways to determine satisfaction, the judgment of the people living in these types of housing is more valuable than the opinion of experts, consulting engineers, and decision-makers. With such an understanding, the issue is inherently important, and the scientific answer can reduce the ambiguities in the policy-making of planners and those involved in urban affairs.

The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of practical purpose and terms of nature and method. Data collection is documented in two ways to provide a theoretical and field framework for a survey using a questionnaire. In this study, residents of residential towers and villa houses in District 2 Ardabil are considered the statistical population. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, and statistical methods such as independent t-test, variance analysis, and single t-test were used in this study.

According to the findings of the single sample t-test evaluating the satisfaction level of residents from the housing pattern, the average value of the total components is 3.18, which indicates that the residents’ satisfaction is above average level. The satisfaction level for villa houses is 2.90, which is close to the average level of satisfaction for residents. Another purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of personal and individual characteristics on residential environmental satisfaction in Ardabil. In this regard, the results of a one-way variance analysis test show that gender and marital variables do not show significant differences in the results of residential towers and villa houses. Independent t-test results show that the variables of education, job, and income affect residents’ satisfaction in towers, but the results differ in villa houses.

In general, by comparing villa houses and high-rise apartments in District 2 Ardabil, it can be acknowledged that the city’s high-rise apartment buildings, in the vast majority of criteria, are more acceptable than villas. Villas were the dominant model in the past due to their independence and historical and cultural identity, local and indigenous architectural patterns, the existence of complementary and diverse spaces, and service activities. Today residential towers are considered the most important and lively residential spaces in the city due to having security and comfort, public spaces and access, management and control, and, most importantly, proximity to important uses and access to public transport. Unlike traditional housing, they can attract a wide range of social groups, including children, adults, and the elderly

Today, tourism has become one of the factors influencing the socio-economic and cultural development of societies. It is also one of the sectors that can be valued significantly when it comes to planning and paying attention to the economic benefits it can bring to the employment of a large part of the unemployed. Urban tourism, which is one of the sub-sectors of tourism, has recently been the focus of planners and trustees. In the meantime, Ardebil city has and always welcomes a large number of domestic and foreign tourists, due to its historical background and its potential and actual potential. Therefore, conducting extensive studies and up-to-date studies in order to evaluate the tourism status of Ardabil city and identifying its tourism areas in order to optimally manage tourism affairs in this city is an important and necessary issue. Therefore, in the present study, using descriptive-analytical research methods and tools such as GPS and ARCGIS software and Vikor, AHP and Fuzzy models, the zoning and identification of tourism areas in Ardabil has been done. The results of the present analysis indicate that the central core of Ardebil city with the axis of the Balchaychay River and Shurabil Lake and in the northeast-southwest direction, has high potential for attracting tourists. has it. In fact, these areas can be named as the dominant tourist center of Ardabil. A place marked by an extraordinary concentration of historical, tourism and leisure attractions. In fact, it can be said that the tourism area of ​​Ardebil and the areas with high tourist attraction were a function of the central and historical core of Ardebil and the Adjara River and the Shurabil Lake. This has led to the over-concentration of tourism elements in the vicinity of these elements.

In the modern era, the rapid development of information and telecommunications technology, the transition from industrial city to various types of new cities have been: digital cities, knowledge-based, informational, inclusive, and at the head of them have facilitated the smart city. One of the requirements for the formation of smart cities is the change in the approaches to the management and governance of the cities, which is referred to as smart governance. According to some experts, smart cities begin with smart governance. The main objective of this study is to investigate the bases and obstacles that are involved in the realization or lack of realization of intelligent governance. In this regard, while identifying and studying the instances of intelligent governance, Nursingand analyzes the level of readiness and feasibility of existing bases in this area. The type of research is developmental-practical, and in terms of nature and method, descriptive-analytical and survey. Initial data collection was carried out using documentary and field methods . The data analysis process was performed through the network analysis or ANP analysis and the Super Desicion software. The results of this study show that the Smart governance with a score of 0.14 after the environment, mobility and smart people is in the fourth place of implementation. Among the obstacles to realizing the city, the lack of specialized staff and research centers are the most important obstacle in the realm of environment Smart is in the heart of the city.

  Today, along with the widespread developments that have emerged in the social situation of women in human societies, we are witnessing changes in the demands of women's who seek to enforce their lost rights and achieve gender equity (Nabavey and Sigeda, 2014: 8). With overview at the status of women in the world and comparing them to the situation of men, it becomes clear that women are the most vulnerable in terms of opportunities and active participation in development (Adhami and Roghaneyin, 2009: 129). Gender inequality has different forms in the social, political, economic and cultural spheres; Including women's economic dependence on men based on less women's participation in the labor force and low wages for them, the political dependence of men's dominance on political power structures, the dependence on more men's authority and their decision-making power in the family and at work, dependence on men's power in defining social reality, dependence on men in protecting women from violence against other men and even the psychological dependence of women on men, due to emotional ties, reveals the need for attention to this issue not only as the soul of gender inequality, but also its consequences at the micro, intermediate, and macro levels (Hemati and Maktovbyan, 2013: 117). Therefore, with regard to the mentioned issues and the importance of gender equality, the purpose of the present study is to examine the status of gender inequality index in subcontinent countries of India. The status of this gender inequality has been studied in terms of economic, political, health and educational dimensions.  In the present study the research method is descriptive-analytic and is applicable to the type of research. Using a descriptive method based on analyzing statistics and information extracted from valid scientific documents and analyzing these indicators in the countries studied, the analytical method has been used. This comparative study was conducted on the basis of the Human Development Report and the Gender inequalities of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) from 2011 to 2014.    In terms of GII, the highest positive change was for Nepal, with 0/079 of the least developed for Bhutan with zero percent change, and other countries, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar and India respectively, were 0/021, 0/011, 0/062, and 0/054 have had positive changes. In the whole of Nepal, progress has been greatest in three areas (global rank, regional rank, and GII) in terms of progress in other parts of the region. The countries of the subcontinent have two different statuses in terms of health index: the first is that the four countries of Bhutan, Pakistan, Myanmar and India are in a position that is lower than the global average (to a lesser extent, this amount is less favorable) ) And in Bangladesh and Nepal, their situation is higher than the global average, so they are not well positioned on this benchmark. The situation in the Indian subcontinent countries in terms of women's labor force participation rate index shows that Bangladesh, Nepal and India respectively have recovered by 1/4, 9 and 4 percent, while the countries of Bhutan, Pakistan and Myanmar are 13 , 2/7 and 22/6 with significant improvements in Myanmar. The highest percentage for this measure was for Myanmar with a score of 85/7 and the lowest for Pakistan with 24/4 percent. An examination of the educational situation in the Indian subcontinent countries that during these three periods, the only country in Bhutan has progressed by 17.8 from 2/16  in 2011 to 34 in 2013. The examination of the status of other countries indicates a 4/2 percent drop in the country of Pakistan and a stagnation of the status and scores of other countries in the studied years. The country of Bhutan is ranked first with 34 present of women who have higher secondary education (high school) and Nepal, with 17/9 percent is ranked last.   Gender inequality in access to opportunities and economic, social and political, is one of the most important challenges for the countries of the Indian subcontinent. Today accepted the fact that no nation will be able to achieve sustainable development; women are deprived of basic rights in the community. The results of the two aspects of the investigation: The first aspect at the global level among the countries of the sub-continent indicates that, during the three rounds of any country not a good situation because the country of Myanmar (the country in terms of this indicator) during the three GII values 0/492, 0/437 and 0/430 asset classes 96, 80 and 83, which is indicative of the distance of this country and other countries with international standards. The second at the regional level show that during the three periods, despite relative progress in terms of GII have always Subcontinent but they always rank at the regional level has not changed, Myanmar and India in last place in the first rank have taken.      

An important factor in accidents is the speed factor. Today, relaxation methods are used to control the speed and volume of traffic. In this paper, by introducing new and different methods of relaxation, we first studied the problem, and in the next step, using expert opinions, and also applying Ahp model, we weighed the indexes of relaxation and eventually in the form of the Topsis model, the effectiveness of various relaxation methods was evaluated. Data were collected through library studies and fieldwork. According to the statistical data of various indicators about urban traffic relaxation methods, the methods of increasing the stringency of implementing rules with the coefficient 0.435 Ci were in the first rank and monitors of the variable of speed with a coefficient of 0.434 were in the second rank and also in the final ranks, laid road-block and semi-road block methods, each with a coefficient of 0.152. Given the ranking of the preference for enforcing law enforcement, the importance of monitoring as well as informing citizens about the right driving methods seems more important.

Health sector is one of the most important management sectors that improvement of its indicators, leads to increased wellbeing of people, costs reduction and ultimately sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to investigate health status indicators of Iran provinces and to rank the provinces and ten regions of Iran accordingly.
The method of study was descriptive and analytical. The population of the study included 31 provinces and ten regions of Iran. In this study, 20 health indicators were selected. Entropy method was used for weighting. In order to rank provinces and regions of the country, TOPSIS was used and finally for mapping Arc GIS 10.1 was used.
According to the results, Gilan, Semnan and Yazd provinces gained respectively the first ranks and Sistan and Baluchestan, Kermanshah and Khuzestan provinces were respectively ranked as the last ones. In the ranking of regions, in terms of development, north coastal regions and central areas gained respectively the first and the second ranks and the southeastern region was in the last place.
Most of the provinces were grouped as deprived and relatively deprived and in terms of health status indicators were in a state of instability. Political and administrative centralization are the main factors causing this situation. In order to improve the distribution of health sectors and to reduce losses resulting from deprivation, the large south-east region and the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, Khuzestan, Kermanshah, Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan should be considered in investment and planning priorities.

According to United Nations forecasts, almost all of the world's population growth will take place in the urban areas, especially in the Third World Urban areas (Raphael & Dafna, 2006), and by 2030, roughly 60% of the world's population will live in urban areas (Gharakhlou & Hosseini, 2006). Due to the high volume of investment and the deployment of many facilities and economic instruments, and most importantly the large number of inhabitants, cities are always exposed to numerous threats and dangers. Whether these are natural threats, such as flood and earthquakes, or non-natural ones such as wars and terrorist attacks, etc., the only means is establishing defensive and security considerations and the adoption of necessary measures in urban plans using multifunctional spaces, which can play a significant role and have a significant impact on reducing the vulnerability of urban residents to threats. Therefore, this research has been carried out with the aim of studying and identifying the multi-purpose uses of religious practices (mosques and Husseinieh) in Miandoab city. With regard to the data and information available, it seeks to answer the following questions: How are religious uses (mosques, Husseinieh and rebellion) in the city of Miandoab distributed according to the principles of non-operating defense? And do all the residents of Miandoab have access to religious access (mosques and Husseinieh) in times of crisis and threats?
This applied research is descriptive and analytical. Field data and documentation have been used to collect data. Also, for analyzing the data, the network analysis method of the GIS software was used to determine the accessibility of residents of each urban district to the facilities and the nearest neighbor index to determine the distribution of uses in the environment.
The result of the analysis of data regarding the nearest neighbor approach was 1.058. This indicates the random distribution of this application in the city of Miandoab. The results of the network analysis also showed for a 10-minute walk, the whole city was not covered by religious applications, while within a 15-minute walk, the whole city was covered by this service. Also, the results of the Buffering command (according to the mean running speed of men which is 6 km/h, people can only walk 955 meters in 573 seconds to reach the shelter), all residents of the city have access to these applications in the shortest possible time. Finally, the results of the dispersion coefficient method in Miandoab was 5.5, which indicates inequality in the distribution of religious application among six city districts.
Cities and urban spaces are also mainly exposed to damage from military strikes and natural disasters, such as earthquake flood or landslides. Damage caused by these human and natural phenomena in residential areas is more than other urban environments. One of the most important protective programs (in this area) and in the area of urban civil engineering and construction is the provision of shelters that are considered as non-operational defense targets. Miandoab city is one of the plain towns in the southern part of Lake Urmia, which due to its natural location and position in the country's divisions, is exposed to many human and natural disasters. The findings of the research show that religious uses (as a multi-use shelter) in the city have not been systematically programmed. But they have been established by the land devoted to and financed by local people. And the residents of the city do not have full access to these uses within 10 minutes, and most residents of the city have no access to these applications. Also, by using a buffering technique in the GIS environment, it was also found that a normal human being had access to these uses fully on foot within 15-minute walk. The difference between the results of the network and buffer analysis method is in terms of the type of communication network. In the buffer method, without considering the type of communication path or barriers available for accessing these uses, the service range is determined, while in the network analysis, the estimations have been more accurate and according to the type of communication network and the speed of the calculation, and the results are more accurate than the buffer method. Considering these results, an important issue was also addressed, which is the capacity of these centers. With the mere access to these uses, it cannot be said that all residents of the city can easily benefit from this. According to the results of the study, the per capita religious density was found to be very high (5.50) in the six areas of the city, indicating the instability and inequality of the per capita level in urban areas. Therefore, in order to use the religious service in Miandoab as a multipurpose use (shelter), first the mosques are to be renovated, and second the capacity of this use should be considered with regard to the population in urban areas.

Flooding and floodwater is one of the most important environmental hazards that can lead to severe damage such as mortality and have long-term economic and social impacts. It may even damage the property, disrupt the communication system, and wash agricultural land. Tabriz city placement in Lake Urmia basin, its plain position, and passage of two main rivers of Aji Chay and Quri Chay from the city has caused many destructive floods to take place and left great deal of ruin. This research aims to explain the geographical situation of Tabriz city and analyze its action against urban floods with a descriptive-analytical approach. ARCGIS 10.5 and Topsis-fuzzy model is used to evaluate the research criteria. After reviewing the research literature and the related studies, five criteria were selected as the main criteria of the research. Then, the distance between positive and negative ideals for the criteria was determined by using Topsis-fuzzy model; finally, the spatial classification of criteria was extracted by mapping each of the criteria. According to the final map, that shows the vulnerable areas of Tabriz city against flood risk, 6% of the city's area with a population of about 91277 people is in very high-risk zone. Considering very high to medium risk areas, 33 percent of the city's urban area, about 46 percent of the city's population are at risk of flood. This indicates that flood-prone areas are crowded and populated areas of the city.

Indigenous urban development policies , three policies on urban development that can meet the needs of many people, including population and housing overflow Capitation improve municipal services and as long as there is capacity in the use of other urban development policies , the imposition of additional costs environment. Despite Maragheh City internal development capacities, regardless of physical barriers to growth continues to spread like that is a waste of money and creates an unstable environment. Which requires informed guidance and basic organization. Therefore, the present study is a percentage of up to Understanding the Barriers to Physical Development of Maragheh City in coping with the Dispersion of the City the city and the revitalization of the old and old city center to create sustainable urban development, Necessitates the planning of the internal development of Maragheh city. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical with a purposeful purpose. To evaluate the indicators for determining the appropriate areas of urban development, The ANP model is used in a GIS-integrated approach.The results show that : Factors affecting the development of the inner city of Maragheh, the average of 85 Percent, building density, The average occupancy level of 61 percent, gardens and green space destroyed during the 13 years between 1995 to 2015, 1,859,273 square meters, equivalent to 185.92 hectares, Distribution of 25/89 percent compatibility of applications fully compatible, 57.1 of residential buildings with a lot of resistance dating Less, and 56.1 of residential buildings are of poor quality, However, the overall per capita is equal to 27.88 square meters of roads per lane at a high level, but the proportion required between the various functions there. Old and historical city of Maragheh traditional context dominated by residential users and the streets are narrow and winding stairs. The results obtained suggest that the city of Maragheh conditions and capacity for endogenous development, the renovation of old buildings and the creation of high-density, mixed use and residential - have better access to services.

Urban segregation has been a problem of many cities of the world. Many researchers have interested in the urban segregation issues. Urban segregation has strongly concentrated poverty and created underclass. Different types of urban segregation exist, including income and racial or ethnical segregation, and depending on the contextual mechanisms within a city. To understand and plan a better community, urban planners needs to know how to measure the segregation and interpret the results. There have been many developments of segregation measures. Some evolved and some remained unchanged. This paper is studied the most used multigroup measures of residential segregation (8 indicators) in Shiraz city and between different socio-economic groups of it by using of the Segregation Analyzer Software. In general, the results show the occurrence of segregation in the medium amount to the high amount and by the calculated values of 0/7177, 0/5785, 0/5474 – 1, 0/5407, 0/3969, 0/3759, 0/3613, 0/3375 in the city of Shiraz. On the other hand, the use of Hot spots Analysis in the study area shows that the greatest concentrations of the socio-economic high group are in almost near the center of Shiraz city and the northwest of city, and for the socio-economic medium group exists in the west of city. Also there is the greatest concentration of the socio-economic low group in the southwest of Shiraz city.