فهرست مطالب mohammad shakarami

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of compassion-focused face-to-face therapy and compassion-focused virtual reality therapy on marital burnout. It was applied using a quasi-experimental research design with pretest, posttest, follow-up, and control group. The statistical population included all married men of Mobarakeh Steel Company in Isfahan who showed symptoms of marital burnout in 2020. Then, 30 people were selected from them and randomly assigned to three groups: Face-to-Face Therapy, Virtual Reality Therapy, and Control Group (10 people in each group). The research instruments were the Couple Burnout Questionnaire (CBQ) and the face-to-face and virtual reality therapies, which were conducted individually in seven 45-minute sessions. Data analysis was performed using the repeated measures analysis of variance test in SPSS.26 software. The results showed that both therapies lead to a reduction in marital burnout and its components (p < 0.05) and that the effect of face-to-face therapy is greater than that of virtual reality therapy on marital burnout, mental exhaustion and physical exhaustion. For the emotional exhaustion component, both therapies were equally effective. In addition, virtual reality therapy had no significant effect on physical exhaustion (p > 0.05). The results also showed the persistence of both therapies in the follow-up phase. Considering the effectiveness of virtual reality in the therapy of burnout, this technology can be used to treat marital burnout.

In search of a conceptual framework, aging in human life can be considered as a process that begins with the gradual erosion of physiological mechanisms and disabilities in restoring vital organs' ability and ends with the end of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reducing the sense of loneliness and death anxiety in the elderly in Sedigh center of Khoramabad City. Semi-experimental research design was a pre-test-post test with control group and the statistical population included all the elderly of Sedigh center in Khorramabad, which were kept day by day in the center. To this end, 24 elderly people were selected by available method and randomly divided into two experimental (12) and control (12) groups. To measure the variables in the pre-test and post-test, Templer death anxiety questionnaires and Russell's loneliness were used. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis (MANKOVA). Before the intervention, the subjects of the two groups were pre-test and then undergone mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for 8 sessions of 90 minutes. After controlling the effect of pre-test in both variables, in the post-test, there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group, which was significant at the level of p<0.001. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy resulted in decreased sense of loneliness and death anxiety in the experimental group than in the control group. The results of this study suggest that the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reducing the sense of loneliness and death of the elderly is anxiety. Therefore, by teaching the techniques of mindfulness, one can reduce the sense of loneliness and anxiety of the elderly's death.

Infidelity is one of the important problems in marital life which is widely seen in disturbed families and families in which partners feel that they have to get divorced. This phenomenon mainly happens for the purpose of satisfying emotional or sexual needs of the person through extramarital relationships. The present research was conducted by the aim of determining the effect of group forgiveness-based intervention on marital intimacy of women affected by infidelity of their spouse. This semi-experimental research was conducted by pretest-posttest with control group design. The research population included all the women who visited Aram psychological and counseling center in Gorgan city in 2016 because of infidelity of spouse. Among the applicants of participation in the sessions, 30 women (15 subjects per group) were selected by purposeful sampling method, and they were assigned into experiment and control groups through random assignment method. Thompson and Walker’s Marital Intimacy Scale (1983) was used for gathering the data in pretest and posttest stages. Group forgiveness-based intervention was delivered to the experiment group in nine 90-minute sessions. The control group was put on the waiting list. The data analysis was conducted by univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA) in SPSS v20. Findings indicated that, after the posttest, there was a significant difference in mean scores of marital intimacy between the experiment and control groups. In other words, group forgiveness-based intervention led to improvement in marital intimacy among the subjects of the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.01, F=9.75). Group forgiveness-based intervention creates the ground for improvement in marital intimacy in the marital relationship through reducing negative emotions, increasing positive emotions, and also creating change in the attitude and behavior of the spouse affected by infidelity towards the infidel spouse.

Stress is a type of person-environment relationship which is appraised by the individual as stressful or beyond one’s own resources and, as a results, threatens the individual’s wellbeing and welfare. The aim of the present study was to investigate the variables of resilience, coping strategies, and social support as predictors of vulnerability to stress among students. The participants consisted of 375 university students who were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. The stress syndrome scale, checklist of coping skills, adult resilience inventory, and social support Appraisal scale were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed in SPSS-18 using simultaneous multiple regression analysis. Results suggested that the variables of resilience, social support, and coping strategies could predict 50.3% of the variance of vulnerability to stress. The variables of resilience, social support, and coping strategies can predict vulnerability to stress, and making changes in these factors can be effective in reducing vulnerability of people in face of stress.

Commitment is one of the most important components of a successful marriage that without it, the marital commitment will be superficial, apparent and without direction. In this case, the couples are not able to experience the depth of love and intimacy which create because of loyalty, commitment, and marriage. The Study had done the impact of the effect of educational assemble program of practical application of intimate relationship skills (PAIRS) on marital commitment.
This study was a quasi-experimental study that was conducted in a pretest-posttest control group method. The study population was couples that referred to Aram counseling and psychological services center in Gorgan were in the second quarter of 2016. Sample study was 20 couples who were selected and replaced in the experimental and control groups. Evaluation of using Adams and Jones’s standard questionnaire marital commitment took place. Couples of experimental group received the training based on the practical application of intimate relationship skills in 13 weekly sessions of group therapy. Data Analysis with SPSS 20 software and analysis of covariance was performed.
The results showed that the practical application of skills intimate relationship, the couple's marital commitment in the experimental group has improved.
Due to the results of this study recommended to marriage and family counselors that operate of this marriage enrichment program in marital counseling centers and workshops to improve a couple's intimate relationships and increase satisfaction.

The concept of Psychological Well-Being symbolizes a multi-dimensional structure consisting of life attitudes. it has been designed to investigate whether a person is aware of his potential, his goals, the quality of his relationships with others and what he feels about his life or not. The objective of this study is to predict psychological well-being based on social capital and psychological hardiness.
This descriptive–correlation study was conducted on 377 students selected by multi stage cluster sampling in Kharazmi, Islamic-Azad and Payam-e-Noor universities of Karaj, 2012-13 academic-years. The data was collected by Ryff´s Psychological Well-being Scale (PWBS), Delaviz Social Capital Scale (DSCS), and Personal Views Survey Questionnaire (PVSQ (, and analyzed by simultaneous multiple regression method in SPSS 18.
Findings: Results suggested that social capital and psychological hardiness predict 39.3% of the variance in psychological well-being in the students.
Given that social capital and psychological hardiness can predict the variance of psychological well-being in students, psychotherapists can increase the students’ psychological well-being by targeting these factors.

Most parents and teens have attitudes, viewpoints and completely different expectations about family rules, power and interpersonal relationships, leading to parent-child conflict. This study aimed at investigating the impact of REP on reducing parent-child conflicts.
This quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study with control was conducted on third- grade female students of Shahriar city in academic year of 2012-2013. Among the schools, one was selected via random sampling. Then, 20 students with the highest scores on the questionnaire were selected and assigned to two groups of experiment and control through random assignment method. Conflict tactics scale (CST, 1983) was used for gathering the data. After taking pretest from both groups, the educational intervention (REP) was performed for the experimental group in 8 group session, but the control group was put on the waiting list. The data was analyzed by Statistical software, SPSS v.18 & Multivariate Covariance Analysis Test (MANCOVA).
Findings: The result suggested that relationship enhancement program has significantly reduced parent-child conflict and its dimensions (verbal aggressiveness and physical aggressiveness). Other findings indicated that this educational intervention has been significantly effective in increasing the ability of using discursive strategies in students.
It seems that REP has reduced parent-child conflict through delivering effective relational skills, and it has also led to improvement in family relationship quality.

Self-esteem is a psychological phenomenon that has strong influence on the emotional and cognitive aspects of human and is a strong predictor of life satisfaction. As a post-modern approach, short-term solution-focused therapy emphasizes on therapist and client work together to find solutions. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of solution-focused brief therapy on increasing self-esteem in female students.
The present study was an applied research and experimental method with a pre-posttest design with control group. The population included all the second-grade female students of Hashtgerd city high schools during the 2014-2015 Academic year. One school was randomly selected from female high schools in the city and after the initial screening, 24 students who scored below average on the basis of the research tool were selected and randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. The instrument was Cooper Smith self-esteem questionnaire (1967), which was completed by the participants in pretest and posttest. In this study, the experimental group was treated with group practices and weekly method for six weeks. Data was gathered using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and analyzed in SPSS 18 statistical software.
The findings showed that self-esteem scores in the experimental group had a significant increase compared with the control group. In other words, short-term, solution-focused therapy increased the self-esteem of the experimental group at posttest (F = 164.905 and P Short-term, solution-focused therapy was effective on increasing the self-esteem of female high school students. It is recommended to school counselors to use this effective and efficient approach to better solve the psychological problems of students.

One of distress and psychological anomalies, which decreases or fades the love and affection between couples over time, causes emotional and mental problems, and finally leads to emotional or formal divorces, is couple burnout. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of relationship enhancement program on reducing couple burnout.
This study was of the quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest design with control group and follow-up. The population of the study consisted of all the married couples with marital problems who were referred to Hamyaran Salamat Ravan institute in Bojnurd city, Iran in spring and summer of 2014, and were ready to participate in the sessions. Based on purposeful and available sampling method, 20 couples who had received the highest scores in couple burnout based on inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study were considered eligible to participate in the sessions; they were assigned to intervention and control groups by random assignment (n = 1 per group). The assessment tool was couple burnout measure (CBM) of Pines (1996), which was completed by subjects in pretest, posttest and follow-up (one month) stages. The dependent variable (relationship enhancement program) was held in eight sessions of 1.5 hours in groups with step-by-step method, with the sequence of one session per week for the intervention group. The control group received no intervention until the end of the experiment. The research data were analyzed through univariate covariance analysis in SPSS 18.
The results of the analysis suggested that, at posttest, the relationship enhancement program significantly reduced couple burnout in the experimental group, and the results were consistent enough up to the follow up stage.
The results of this study indicated that the marital relationship enhancement program was effective in reducing couple burnout and this method of intervention can be used as an effective method for improving marital relationships and for solving marital problems of clients in counseling centers and couple-therapy group sessions.

Family is the most important pillar of a society, whose stability requires the couples’ commitment to each other. Difficulties and disagreements in married life are natural and how to resolve these conflicts can cause either stability or instability of the couples’ life. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to investigate the predictive role of conflict resolution styles in marital commitment. The population included all married staff working in Farabi hospital in Tehran. Among all, 221 participants were selected through random sampling method based on the sample size formula. To collect data, the marital commitment questionnaire and the Rahim organizational conflict inventory-B were used. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the constructive and non-constructive conflict resolution styles and the marital commitment and conflict resolution styles predict about 14% of changes in marital commitment that is statistically significant. By teaching the conflict resolution styles to couples, we can indirectly increase their marital commitment in addition to helping them solve their conflicts.

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy is a post-modern approach referring to solutions offered by the clients in cooperation with therapist. We aimed to study the effect of SFBT on Self-efficacy and life satisfaction of female students.
This case control pretest-posttest design was conducted on female high-school students, in grade two, in Karaj in the academic year of 2014-2015. Using multi-stage cluster sampling and after the initial screening, 40 students were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The instruments were General Self-Efficacy Scale of Shererr et al and life Satisfaction Scale of Dayner et al. the intervention for case group was a six session SFBT program, but the control group was not received any. The data was analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance using software SPSS20.
Findings: The results showed that SFBT was significantly effective in increasing self-efficacy and life satisfaction of experimental group compared to controls.
given the efficiency of SFBT, we recommend using this approach in educational programs of school counselors to solve students’ psychological problems.

Because commitment is related to better communication, greater happiness and more constructive behavior during difficulties is important and thus study factors that designer in marital commitment is important. The aim this study was examine the predictive role of Relationship Maintenance Behaviors and Attachment Styles in marital commitment of personnel of state welfare organization of North Khorasan. This study is a descriptive–correlation study. The study population were all married personnel of state welfare organization of North Khorasan and the sample consisted 155 (67 males and 88 females) persons of they that were selected by multi stage cluster sampling. For data gathering was used from questionnaires such as Marital Commitment and personality Five-Factor Inventory. Data analysis was performed by SPSS18 software and using Pearson Correlation and enter multiple regression methods.Results showed that relationship maintenance behaviors and attachment styles predict 38/7% of variance of marital commitment and positively and significantly correlated with it. The relationship maintenance behaviors and attachment styles are important predictive factors for marital commitment and may with teaching the relational maintenance behaviors to wives, promote and teaching the good parenting styles to patent, enhance of stanch and commitment to the marital commitment in wives.

Solution-focused brief therapy is one of the common therapies effective in reducing psychological problems such as depression among therapists and family counselors. The present research was conducted by the aim of investigating the effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy on reducing symptoms of depression in women. The present research has a semi-experimental design, in which the method of pretest-posttest and follow-up with control group has been used. The population of the present research included all the women who had depression problem and visited the center of counseling and mental health in Bojnourd city, under supervision of north Khorasan welfare organization, in 2013 and depression was diagnosed for them based on clinical and diagnostic interview. By using available sampling method, 20 of those women were selected as the study sample, then, through random assignment, they were placed in two groups of control and experiment. The research tool was Beck Depression Inventory that was completed by the participants in three phases of pretest, posttest, and follow-up. Solution-focused brief therapy was held in 6 sessions of 1.5-hour in groups for the experiment group, but the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed through SPSS and by using univariate covariance analysis method. The results indicated a significant reduction in depression scores in women of the experiment group in posttest and follow-up phases in relation to the control group. Findings suggested that solution-focused brief therapy has led to reduction in depression symptoms of the women in the experiment group and the results also have been consistent enough in the follow-up phase (P<0.001). Solution-focused brief therapy is effective in reducing depression. Counselors and psychotherapists can use this effective therapeutic approach for solving psychological problems of clients.

Introduction & Cognitive-behavioral stress management therapy refers to a family of stress management interventions that are based on cognitive-behavioral approach. The stress management increases the ability of people to reduce stress and cope with stress-eliciting situations. The present study tries to explain the effectiveness of group-based stress management cognitive-behavioral therapy in the improvement of life quality among the women whose husbands take methadone in their treatments. The present study is a semi-empirical intervention that uses a pre- and- post- test design with a control group. The statistical universe in the present study consisted of all the women whose husbands were receiving methadone treatment in Tasmim Addiction Treatment Center in Khoramabad City in 2013. Among the women who came to this center to take weekly classes for instructions useful in family interactions, 24 were selected on the basis of availability sampling and in accordance with the criteria assumed in this study, that is, the women who had the lowest scores on the scale of life quality. They were randomly assigned to the experimental group (N=12) and the control group (N=12). The instrument used in this study was the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL), 1996, which was completed by subjects in two per-test and post- test phases. The project (the stress management cognitive-behavioral therapy) was implemented on the basis of the Antony et al Manual in ten two-hour sessions with a group technique and with an interval of one session per week for the participants in the experimental group, without any intervention for the control group. At the end of therapeutic sessions, the two groups were again evaluated (the post- test phase). The data of the present study were analyzed by means of the univariate covariance analysis test (ANCOVA) and the statistical software SPSS18. Results indicated that the life quality mean scores of the experimental group were significantly greater than those of the control group. In other words, the stress management cognitive-behavioral therapy improved the life quality of the women in the group under treatment. Given the results of the present study, the stress management cognitive-behavioral therapy can be used as a selective therapeutic technique for the promotion of life quality among the wives of addicts.

Background and abjective: Adolescence is the period during which special attention should be paid to. Especially adolescents who live under the supervision of a single parent are exposed to numerous damages. Thus the aim of current research is to investigate the relationship between parental monitoring and companionship with delinquent peers in high risk behaviors of single parent adolescents. This study is descriptive - correlation. The population of this study consisted 90 single parent adolescent of Kermanshah city in 2012-13 who have been selected by available sampling method. To collect data, parental monitoring questionnaire, companionship with delinquent peer’s questionnaire and Iranian risk taking scale were used. Also the gathered data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there exist negative correlation between parental monitoring and high risk behaviors. Also there exist positive correlation between companionship with delinquent peers and high risk behaviors. Also according to regression analysis, parental monitoring and companionship with delinquent peers could predict 43.5 percent of variance of high risk behaviors. poor parental monitoring and companionship with delinquent peers play an important role in high-risk behaviors of single parent adolescents. So considering these factors as predisposing factors for high-risk behavior in this population appears to be essential.

The emotionally- focused couple therapy is one of the treating methods of couples that looks at permanent interactional negative cycles resulting from deep emotional vulnerability, and tries to reduce the distress by intervening in the emotional level. The current study was done with the purpose of investigating the efficacy of emotionally-focused group couple therapy on reducing couple burnout in women. The current quasi-experimental study was done on 24 referring women with marital problems to Hamyaran Salamat Ravan institute in Bojnourd in spring 2014, which were divided randomly into two groups of control (n= 12) and intervention (n= 12). Both groups were evaluated by using Pains Couple Burnout Measure 1996 (CBM) at the pre- test level. Then, the emotionally-focused couple therapy intervention was performed for 10 sessions of 1.5- hour each week in interventional group. Control group didn’t receive any treatment. After finishing the intervention, both groups responded to the post- test. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance by SPSS Ver.18 software. Emotionally- focused couple therapy reduced couple burnout in women of interventional group. Emotionally-focused couple therapy is effective on reducing couple burnout and can reduce the problems of couples and improve marital situation.

The purpose of the present study is to compare Brain/Behavioral systems in social anxiety, shyness with social anxiety symptoms, and shyness without social anxiety symptoms. 1800 high school students in Kermanshah completed the Stanford Shyness and Social Anxiety questionnaires. Firstly, according to the gained scores, 215 subjects were selected as shy and 105 subjects were selected as social anxiety disorders. Afterwards, among the 105 nervous people 60 were selected based on the DSM-IV-TR interview. By performing the SPIN questionnaire again on the 215 shy sample and also interviewing them once more, two shy groups with/without anxious symptoms were selected. In the end, all the subjects of each group (each group 60 people) completed the Jackson-5 questionnaire. Fight, flight, and freeze with social anxiety symptoms was much higher in the shy group compared to the social anxiety group. Although BIS in the social anxiety group was higher compared to the shy group without social anxiety symptoms, fights were meaningfully higher in the shy group without social anxiety symptoms compared to social anxiety group. The comparison between the two shy groups showed that the shy group with social anxiety symptoms had more BIS, flight and freeze behaviours compared to the shy group without social anxiety symptoms. Also, the shy group without social anxiety symptoms showed higher BIS and fighty activities.

In couple and family therapy, brief solution-focused treatment is a branch of the post-modern approach focusing on solutions to solve the problems. The current research was performed by the aim of studying the effect of brief solution- focused group couple therapy on improving marital quality in women. The method of the research is semi-experimental; the design is pretest-posttest and follow-up with control group. The population included all the women visiting Hamyaran Salamat Ravan (mental health helpers) institute in Bojnourd city in 2013. 30 women were selected using available sampling method, and they were replaced in two groups of experiment and control by random assignment method. The study tool was the Golombok-Rust Inventory of Marital State (GRIMS) that was completed by the participants in pretest, posttest and follow-up (one month) stages. The experiment group received the intervention for 7 sessions of 1.5-hour, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and single variable covariance analyze through SPSS v.18. Results of the covariance analysis indicated that brief solution-focused group couple therapy leads to improvement of marital relationships quality among the women in the experiment group, and these results have been also consistent enough in the follow-up period. Results suggest that brief solution-focused group couple therapy can be used as a treatment of choice for improvement and enhancement of marital relationship quality.

Psychological well-being refers to the experienced quality of life and reflects optimal psychological functioning and experience. We evaluate our life as either good or bad and if the evaluation provides us the sense of achieving one’s full psychological potential then it leads to psychological well-being. The aim of this study is to investigate the variables of psychological capital, psychological hardiness and spiritual intelligence as predictor factors in psychological well-being in the students. This study is a descriptive–correlation study. The study population are all students of Kharazmi, Islamic-Azad and Payam_e_Noor universities of Karaj in the 1391-92 school-year and the sample consisted of 377 persons that were selected by multi stage cluster sampling. For data gathering was used from questionnaires such as Ryff’s Psychological Well-being, Psychological Capital Questionnaires, Personal Views Survey Questionnaires and King’s Spiritual Intelligence Self‐Report Inventory and data analysis was performed by using enter multiple regression method. Results showed that the variables of psychological capital, psychological hardiness and spiritual intelligence predict 58/8% of the psychological well-being. The variables of psychological capital, psychological hardiness and spiritual intelligence can predict students’ psychological well-being and psycho therapists can manipulate this factors for increase the students’ psychological well-being.

Interference or influence of the main families that are often supplied in hidden various coatings can be one of the great monuments of marital conflict from the beginning to the end of the marriage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the direct and indirect effects on the health of the main family، through the mediating role of constructive and non-constructive conflict resolution styles on marital intimacy. For this purpose، in a descriptive study of correlation design type، 240 married women teachers of mamasani city were selected in a cluster method، randomly. They were tested on the main family status، marital intimacy، and conflict resolution styles. The main findings indicated that family health has directly significant relation with marital intimacy. Main family indirectly has a significant relationship through the mediating role of constructive and non-constructive conflict resolution style with marital intimacy. It seems that the health of the main family in addition to the direct effect which has on marital intimacy، can also effect marital intimacy through constructive and non-constructive conflict resolution style.

The concept of Psychological Well-Being symbolizes a multi-dimensional structure consisting of life attitudes and was designed to review whether a person is aware from his potential, his goals, the quality of his relationships with others, and what he feels about his life or not. The aim of this study was to investigate the some variables such as psychological capital, social capital, psychological hardiness and spiritual intelligence as predictor factors for psychological well-being. This descriptive–correlation study carried on all students of Kharazmi, Islamic-Azad and Payam_e_Noor universities of Karaj in the 2012-13 school-year and the sample consisted of 377 persons that were selected by multi stage cluster sampling. For data gathering, questionnaires such as Ryff’s Psychological Well-being(PWBS), Lutanz’s Psychological Capital Questionnaire(PCQ), Delaviz Social Capital Scale, Kobassa Personal Views Survey Questionnaire(PVSQ) and King’s Spiritual Intelligence Self‐Report Inventory(SISRI-24) were used. Data analysis were performed via Pearson correlation and enter multiple regression methods with SPSS18 software in 0/05 P-Value. Results of regression showed that variables of psychological capital, social capital, psychological hardiness and spiritual intelligence predict 59.1% of variance of the psychological well-being and positively and significantly (r=0/76, P<0/05) correlated with psychological well-being. The variables of psychological capital, social capital, psychological hardiness and spiritual intelligence can predict students’ psychological well-being and psycho therapists can manipulate these factors to enhance the students’ psychological well-being.

Background and Stress results from a specific event, situation, or transition that directly or indirectly threatens every one and prompts coping responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the variables of social support and personality traits as predictors of vulnerability to stress in university students. A descriptive–correlational study was designed in which all the students of Kharazmi, Islamic Azad and Payam Noor universities of Karaj in 2012-2013 academic year. Among the students 375 cases were selected through multi stage cluster sampling. Data was collected using Stress Syndrome Scale (SSI), Tests of social support (SS-A) and the Five Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI). Data was analyzed using multiple regression method in SPSS V. 18. The variables of social support and personality traits predicted 47.2% vulnerability to stress. The variables of social support and personality traits can predict vulnerability to stress, so managing these factors could be of great benefit in reducing vulnerability of people to stress.