mohammad sharif sharifzadeh

A pillar of any business ecosystem is human resources, whose accumulation through fostering and recruiting skillful human resources can be a key factor for productivity growth and economic development. In the meantime, immigration is a type of demographic dynamics and geographic mobility of the labor force, resulting in diversification and, as a result, the birth and emergence of new ideas and the supply of the required labor force in the ecosystems accepting immigrants. This research was carried out with an exploratory mixed-methods design to identify the mechanisms for the social integration of immigrants in the enterprise environment in Golestan province.

This research is a field study in terms of data collection, a non-experimental study in terms of the control over the variables, and an applied study in terms of the objective. Methodologically, it adopted an exploratory mixed-methods design with an emphasis on quantitative instrument development. Data were collected from 15 experts using a methodology similar to the Delphi conference approach. The research was conducted in two main stages. In the first phase, 33 mechanisms were identified and ranked using the focus group method. Some of these mechanisms can be traced at the enterprise level and others at the ecosystem level. In the second phase, the identified mechanisms were categorized using interpretive structural modeling (ISM).

Based on the findings, the mechanisms were identified at 11 levels. The first level (highest level) included the mechanisms that were most effective and important (e.g., the integration of special considerations for the protection of immigrant labor in the relevant laws and regulations). The last (eleventh) level nested mechanisms that would serve as the cornerstone of immigrants' social integration, including local community tours, special counseling services, periodic events for immigrants and their families, financial aid and facilities, timely payment of salaries, the timely announcement of work termination, and encouraging coordination and cooperation of institutions for the exchange and relocation of immigrant labor. Given that the social integration of migrant labor occurs at multiple levels to enhance resilience, adaptability, and productivity, the results indicate that the identified mechanisms need to be categorized and articulated according to the relevant levels. It should be noted that this hierarchical classification does not imply a distinction or separation of actions, but rather supports the coordination between different levels to achieve the integration and social cohesion of immigrant labor.

Conclusion/ Implication:

 The findings of this research may be valuable for governmental organizations, particularly provincial labor offices in regions experiencing an influx of immigrant labor, to inform better policy-making aimed at the effective integration of immigrant labor into the business environment.

This research utilized a mixed methodology approach consisting of two phases. In the first phase, a serial focus group method was employed to gather information through semi-structured interviews and open-ended questionnaires. The participants included stakeholders and beneficiaries from the university ecosystem of entrepreneurship and innovation (n=22). Through this phase, 33 decisive factors for establishing and developing the student entrepreneurship ecosystem were identified and categorized into three groups based on common themes. Utilizing qualitative content analysis and Nvivo10 QSR software, a conceptual model of the determinants of the student entrepreneurship ecosystem was constructed. The second phase employed a future study approach, utilizing MicMac software and a 31x31 matrix to analyze the mutual effects of the identified components in the student entrepreneurship ecosystem. The study findings revealed eight crucial components that shape the student entrepreneurship ecosystem. These components include: market entry facilitation, streamlined access to grants and funding, advancement of student-led teams into technology business incubators, provision of seed capital, availability of technical and laboratory services, ongoing mentorship and monitoring, integration with the regional innovation ecosystem, and collaboration with the provisional Science and Technology Park. By utilizing the scenario drawing method, a comprehensive analysis led to the identification of 6561 potential scenarios for the development of the student entrepreneurship ecosystem. Subsequently, the ScenarioWizard software was employed to highlight three distinct and plausible scenarios. The first scenario, known as the "green corridor," represents an ideal and desirable path forward. The second scenario, termed the "uneven road," reflects a continuation of the current status quo. Lastly, the third scenario, referred to as the "dark tunnel," portrays a highly challenging and critical situation. These three scenarios provide valuable insights and serve as a foundation for further exploration and decision-making in the realm of student entrepreneurship ecosystem development.

This study aimed to identify challenges and enhance the student entrepreneurship ecosystem through a dual-method research approach in a sequential design. Initially, a focus group comprising stakeholders from Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (N=22) was formed to explore issues surrounding student entrepreneurship. Subsequently, the Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA) approach, a problem-structuring and soft operational research method, was employed in the analytical phase to map the dimensions of the student entrepreneurship ecosystem. The overarching goal of this strategic analysis was to enhance the student entrepreneurship ecosystem. Through cognitive mapping and analyses using Decision Explorer, three strategic maps were developed for each dimension: content enrichment, process structuring, and fostering an enabling environment for student entrepreneurship. The cognitive mapping exercise unveiled pivotal issues within the student entrepreneurship landscape. Notably, deficiencies in business plan content and structure based on new business models/canvas were underscored as crucial, with a domain score of 10 and a central score of 21.15. Inadequate performance of entrepreneurship mentors was identified as a significant challenge in improving the process structure of student entrepreneurship, scoring 15 in the domain and 18.18 centrally. Furthermore, the lack of alignment between university education, research, and entrepreneurship missions was highlighted as a key concern in creating an enabling environment for student entrepreneurship, scoring 13 in the domain and 16.22 centrally. Drawing upon these insights, tailored strategies were proposed to enhance the student entrepreneurship ecosystem, addressing critical areas identified in each cognitive map.

The issue of green economy and green products is one of the new challenges of entrepreneurs and business owners, whose roots lie in the concept of sustainable development. Paying attention to the environmental dimensions along with the economic dimensions has expanded the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship, and based on this, the production of sustainable products and services relying on environmental innovations is the cornerstone of advanced planning systems. The purpose of this research is to identify the obstacles to the development of green entrepreneurship during processing the products of Iran's stone industry. The research was a descriptive-survey type which was conducted using exploratory mixed methods in qualitative and quantitative phases. In qualitative phase, with the benefit of library studies and interviews with experts, 28 obstacles were identified and classified into seven main categories. In quantitative part of the research, the statistical sample included 180 experts and entrepreneurs in Iran's stone industry. And the main factors and dependent variables of each factor were analyzed by using a questionnaire and benefiting from the method of factor analysis and variance analysis. The results showed that educational barriers accounted for 21.261% of the total variance of the variables and had the greatest impact and importance in the development of green entrepreneurship in processing the products of Iranian stone industry. After that, support and encouragement barriers with 12.052, technological barriers with 11.615 and infrastructural barriers with 9.822, legal barriers with 4.023, promotional and advertising barriers with 3.712 and managerial barriers with 3.684% of the total variance of the variables were ranked next. At the end of the research, suggestions were presented according to the research results.

Applying green management in government organizations, in addition to creating a model for other sectors, will reduce energy consumption and generate less waste and move towards sustainable development. This study was conducted to investigate the status of green management in the governorate and its affiliated units. The research methodology is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study included Ilam Governor's Office and 11 organizational units under it. The data collection tool in this study was a questionnaire based on the "Green Office Checklist" and Based on article 38 of the Sixth Economic and Social Development Plan of the country, it was compiled in 9 sections of energy management, water, waste, purchase, procurement, paper, transportation, sound and air. The apparent and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the panel of experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by retesting method. Examination of the general status of each of the green management checklists in the organizational units affiliated to Ilam Governorate showed that Status of procurement, paper and air management components are at the highest level of green management (excellent level) and energy, waste, water, transportation, sound and purchasing components are at the good level of green management. The study of the general situation of green management in the organizational units of the Ilam governorate also showed that the governorates of Malekshahi, Abdanan and Ilam are in the highest status of green management. Because the governorate of Ilam at the provincial level and the governorates at the city level have a governing position and how they deal with the components of green management can be modeled for other organizations and enforcement agencies, It is suggested that considering the results of this research, the necessary planning be done for the optimal establishment of green management in all units of the governorate.

Currently, there is a pressing need to develop entrepreneurship education approaches that foster experiential learning in higher agricultural education. In this study, our primary objective was to construct a comprehensive conceptual framework for student entrepreneurship using interpretive phenomenology. To gather data, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 30 participants. The findings resulted in the formation of four conceptual layers. The innermost layer aims to enhance and foster students' learning through entrepreneurship. It comprises seven conceptual propositions (conceptual identifiers) and ten conceptual labels (core themes). The second conceptual layer reflects the improvement in agricultural students' educational quality through their involvement in the entrepreneurial cycle during their education. It consists of 20 conceptual propositions and their corresponding conceptual labels. The third layer pertains to the individual achievements of student enterprise development. It includes 12 conceptual propositions and 19 conceptual labels. The final conceptual layer focuses on the academic development resulting from supporting student entrepreneurship. It emerged from the convergence of 19 conceptual propositions and 22 conceptual labels. Based on the conceptual model derived from the research findings, facilitating students' involvement in entrepreneurial and business activities within the university ecosystem has a positive impact on their learning outcomes. This improvement not only enhances the quality of education but also enriches their educational experience by providing them with diverse and valuable experiences. Enhancing teaching and promoting learning has significant benefits for both students (personal development) and the broader university community and society.

many countries have currently put waste management as a priority on the agenda and are seeking to enhance its effectiveness by encouraging public participation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the willingness of rural residents to participate in waste management processes in Jajarm County, North Khorasan Province.

The survey research method was used. The target population consisted of 4031 households from 37 villages in Jajarm County. The dependent variable of willingness to participate in waste management was measured with 5 variables, including willingness to pay for waste disposal, willingness to use special containers, eagerness to separate waste at source, eagerness to deliver separated waste, and tendency to cooperate with rural development. The impact of independent variables on the five dependent variables was evaluated by running five logit functions.

The results of the models showed that age, education, regular waste collection by village councils, cooperation with rural cooperatives and organizations, payment for waste collection, familiarity with waste management methods, health effects of waste, familiarity with the harmful effects of waste, communication with extension agents and rural health liaisons, participation in waste management training classes, and satisfaction with the village council have a positive and significant (p≤0.05) impact on the willingness to participate in waste management.

Providing educational programs and introducing the consequences of non-separation of waste on human health and the environment is effective in attracting the participation of people in waste management plans and should be prioritized in waste management programs.

For efficient flood risk management, the participation of local people is needed. The present study aims to identify the factors affecting the participation of people in flood risk management in the flood-prone rural areas of Golestan Province, Iran. 

This is a descriptive survey study. The study population includes all heads of households living in villages flooded in 2019 in Golestan Province. Of these, 395 were randomly selected from 22 villages, proportional to the population of each village. A research-made questionnaire was used to collect data, whose validity was confirmed based on the opinions of three experts and had acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s α=0.79). The collected data were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis in SPSS software, version, 26. 

Participants had more participation in measures such as safety control of energy networks, collection of weather information, and protection of valuable furniture. The results of the regression analysis showed that the variables of literacy, annual income, distance of the house from the nearest river, perception of the accuracy of flood warnings, familiarity with the principles and methods of dealing with floods, belief in the possibility of flood control and management, and receiving flood warnings had a significant role in predicting the public participation in flood risk management.

Knowledge of flood risk management is very important for the participation of local people in flood risk management. Therefore, increasing knowledge and awareness of flood preparedness, sharing knowledge of flood management among local residents, and increasing awareness about how to obtain and use meteorological data should be included in educational courses provided by regional and local organizations.

Entrepreneurship does not take place in a closed environment but is a phenomenon based on cause and effect relationships between different economic, social, cultural and political dimensions. The purpose of this research is to identify and evaluate the factors affecting the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Iran's stone industry, which was carried out using a mixed exploratory method in two phases: qualitative (with the aim of identifying factors) and quantitative (with the aim of evaluating and screening factors by experts). became. Research experts included 26 managers in the field of entrepreneurship, professors and researchers in the fields of economics, management and entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurs in Iran's stone industry who were selected by purposeful sampling. In the qualitative phase of the research, semi-structured interviews were used to collect information, and in the quantitative phase, a questionnaire was used. The interviews were analyzed in the qualitative section using the content analysis method and led to the identification of 60 factors. Then, to screen the factors, the fuzzy Delphi method was carried out during three rounds, and finally 38 factors were identified as the most important factors affecting the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Iran's stone industry, for example, it is possible to use the capacities Socialization of the industry, legitimacy and acceptability of entrepreneurs in the society, providing incentives and legal, financial and technical support in the stone industry, creating sufficient motivation for entrepreneurship in this industry, creating communication networks of entrepreneurs in the stone industry, developing international cooperation, He pointed out the development of the infrastructure of this industry, and the recognition and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the stone industry.

The impact of climate change on societies depends on their resilience. The economic resilience approach, due to its dynamic and foresight nature, can be more effective in increasing the economic adaptability of farmers against disasters. This study was conducted with the aim of obtaining suitable indicators for evaluating the economic resilience of farmers in dealing with climate disasters. The current research was conducted in two stages using systematic review and Delphi techniques. In the first stage of the study, based on a systematic review of the theoretical literature on resilience, a model of resilience that is adapted from Jantao's economic resilience model was selected as a suitable model for farmers' economic resilience studies, which consists of three main dimensions of stability, adaptation and change. THEN 44 primary indicators were extracted based on a systematic review of the theoretical literature of resilience studies. The second stage was done using the Delphi technique. According to the results, out of the 44 investigated indicators, 19 indicators were selected as suitable indicators for evaluation, and based on the opinions of experts and elites, 6 indicators in the dimension of stability, 9 indicators in adaptability and 4 indicators in change were the most frequent, and the indicators of the ability to adapt Relative economic conditions of the family at the time of crisis, having diverse job and livelihood capacity, ability to create and develop business through diversification of non-agricultural activities were of the greatest importance and emphasis.

In the current era, one of the main challenges facing policymakers is the sustainable development of rural areas. Rural areas' development depends more than ever on entrepreneurship because these regions have enormous capacities. Researchers consider rural entrepreneurship as the main lever for rural areas' development. Despite the existence of opportunities and potential of the stone industry, few actions have been taken to establish and run rural entrepreneurial businesses. Therefore, this study aims to identify and rank factors affecting the development of stone industry businesses in rural areas with an approach to sustainable development.

A mixed-method research involving qualitative and quantitative methods were used for this study. The library and expert interviews were used. Factors affecting the development of rural industry businesses were identified in the qualitative part. A pairwise comparison questionnaire was used to prioritize factors in the quantitative part. The survey data were collected from 26 key informants and experts and were analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process technique in the Expert Choice software.

The results identified 20 factors affecting the development of rural businesses in the stone industry. These factors can be ranked into five key categories: financial factors with a weight of 0.379, ecosystem management factors with a weight of 0.263, cultural factors with a weight of 0.142, social factors with a weight of 0.112, and strategic factors with a weight of 0.104 respectively.

The results indicated that the sustainability of the ecosystem and village resources deserve attention for stone industry business development in rural areas with an approach to sustainable development. Accordingly, the principal recommendations are improving the entrepreneurial ecosystem and rural business environment, providing financial support for rural businesses, imposing laws related to improving entrepreneurial activity and the process of establishing a business in the stone industry, human capital enhancement, establishing business counseling offices, and investment support in rural areas.

Improving the livelihoods of local people has received growing attention during last two decades and is one of the main goals of national government. This research aimed to investigate the effect of migration on the sustainable livelihood of Sistanian immigrant households in the rural area of Golestan province. The research method is a descriptive survey based on a questionnaire. The target population includes 25,000 heads of migrant households from Sistan and Baluchestan province to Golestan province. Using Cochran's formula, 250 persons were selected as the research sample. Samples were selected from 12 counties of Golestan province by multi-stage cluster sampling. Validity of the questionnaire was verified based on expert's view and reliability was confirmed based on the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the one sample t-test showed that the natural and financial capital were less than average (inappropriate). The results of investigating livelihood strategies showed that, the most important livelihood strategies are farming, livestock, horticulture, stockpiling forestry resources and being worker. The results of assessing vulnerability trends showed that items such coherence and solidarity of households, income-earning job opportunities, numbers of livestock and poultry, income level and household purchasing power were more important in reducing vulnerability. While items such as inflation and high pollution of air and water were more important in increasing vulnerability. The results of assessing the immigration impacts showed that the economic, natural, cultural-social and service-welfare impacts of immigration were more than average. These results indicate that immigration has led to changes and improvements in the households' life, and expected positive effects such as improved welfare and access to services and employment have been achieved.

One of the strategies for diversification of livelihood in nomad society has been the settlement of nomads and the establishment of permanent nomad settlements while, its impact has not yet been accurately assessed on the sustainable livelihood of nomad housholds. This research aimed to investigate the impact of nomads’ settlement on sustainable livelihoods in Semirom County. The research design was semi-experiment and carried out based on survey strategy. The target population of study included two groups of nomadic tribes (N=4845) and settled nomads (N=350). Through Cochran formula 150 households from each group were selected as research samples. The sample was selected by stratified appropriate sampling technique within 2 settlement sites and 5 nomad tribes. Results showed that natural and financial capitals and total assets were lesser than average and in inappropriate position among both nomads groups. Results of Independent t-test indicated that there are significant difference between two groups of households regarding physical, natural, financial capital and total assets. Assessing vulnerable trends indicated that some items such increased employment opportunities, enhanced income and family purchase power have more importance to decrease vulnerability among nomad households. While some items such increased in construction and development, enhanced local security and increased family solidarity and union have more importance to decrease vulnerability among settled households. Moreover items such inflation and increased prices and variation in meat price have more importance to increase vulnerability among two group of households.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the absorption and integration of rural migrant workers in urban enterprises. This qualitative research was done by descriptive phenomenological method. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews. The statistical population of the research included rural migrant workers as well as employers and labor market participants in Gorgan. The participants were selected purposefully using convenience and snowball sampling techniques (n=24). The data collection process continued to the level of theoretical saturation and the usefulness threshold of the available information. In addition to content analysis and coding of the findings, Nvivo10 QSR software was used to classify qualitative data and codify the themes that emerged in the interviews. As a result, six conceptual clusters were drawn. A set of indicators related to the absorption of rural migrant workers in urban enterprises was identified at two levels of work environment (30 indicators) and host community (32 indicators). Also, the findings of this research showed that a set of factors at three levels: individual (20 factors), organizational or business environment (24 factors) and social or host community (18 factors) affect the absorption of rural migrant labor in urban enterprises. Therefore, it can be concluded that in addition to individual characteristics, the provision of a favorable working atmosphere as well as integration in the host community is effective in attracting rural migrant workers in urban work environments.

The study of livelihood strategies plays an important role in the analysis of poverty reduction policies and the development of livelihood assets. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the choice of livelihood strategies in rural areas of Zharai District, Kandahar province, Afghanistan. The required data were gathered from 384 heads of household within 11 villages. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that included questions to measure the types of livelihood assets and livelihood strategies. The results of the one-sample t-test showed only social capital is in a favorable condition. The results of factor analysis lead to the classification of livelihood strategies and the extraction of four livelihood groups including "livelihood strategy based on agriculture and natural resources", "livelihood strategy based on self-employment", "wage-based livelihood strategy" and "external aid-based livelihood strategy". The multinominal logit model was estimated in three models. In the first model, the results showed that the likelihood of choosing livelihood based on agriculture and natural resources (as opposed to livelihoods based on external aid) increases with the improvement in natural capital. In the second model, the results indicated that the likelihood of choosing self-employed livelihood (as opposed to external aid-based livelihoods) increases with improvement in human, social and physical capitals. In the third model, the results showed that the likelihood of choosing a wage-based livelihood (as opposed to livelihood based on external aid) increases with the improvement in social capital. The development of various agricultural processing industries is proposed as alternative livelihood strategies.

 it is predicted that education that provides students with access to deeper learning opportunities can lead to their personal and professional growth and development. Regarding this issue, the purpose of this research was to assess the impact of access to deeper learning opportunities on the development of entrepreneurial capabilities of students in the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The statistical population of this study was 1000 active students in the university. Using stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment according to the table of Bartlett et al. (2001), 213 students were selected as the research sample. The research tool for data collection was a researcher–made questionnaire. The formal validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by an expert panel (including faculty members of agricultural education and entrepreneurship).Reliability of the main indexes of the questionnaire was determined based on Theta (θ) reliability coefficient (0.83, 0.87). Data analysis was analyzed using SPSS26 and SAS software. The research findings based on the correlation matrix showed that a significant positive relationship between access to deeper learning opportunities and entrepreneurial capabilities of the students. Also, the canonical correlation analysis between 8 dimensions of access to deeper learning opportunities and 11 dimensions of entrepreneurial capabilities of agricultural students led to two pairs of important canonical variables of individual development based on self-awareness and learning approach with correlation rates of 0.67 and 0.37, respectively. The results showed that providing deeper learning conditions and contexts for students increases or strengthens their entrepreneurial capabilities.

The purpose of this study was a hierarchical analysis process in ranking the components of intra-organizational entrepreneurship based on open innovation at Payame Noor University. The present research is of applied-developmental type and in terms of data collection method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) exploratory-confirmatory. First, exploratory interviews were conducted with several experts based on their expertise in the research topic. In the next stage, semi-structured interviews with experts were conducted based on the snowball method. In this study, based on theoretical saturation, 22 interviews were conducted. Initially, to ‌‌find themes, qualitative data from reviewing theoretical foundations and interviews with experts were coded and categorized. Finally, using a screening questionnaire and reuse from the experts' point of view, as well as using a hierarchical process method and performing pairwise comparisons using Expert Choice11 software, 7 main themes (dimensions) and 20 sub-themes (branches), as components of intra-organizational entrepreneurship based on open innovation, were identified. Based on the results, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, ranking the dimensions and components of entrepreneurship within the organization based on open innovation was determined. According to the results, the organizational dimension has more priority than the human dimension. Prioritization of components by dimensions for organizational dimension components were process components (0.287), organizational structure components (0.226), and content components (0.113), respectively. The components of the human dimension included motivational factors (0.152), leadership (0.103), and culture (0.072), respectively.

This research was carried out in rural areas of Golestan province. The target population of the research includes 7,950 cotton farmers in Golestan province. The sample size was 386 and was selected by multi-stage technique from 16 villages within four major cotton production Counties. The required data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. The face and content validity of the research questionnaire was confirmed based on the views of the Research Scientific Committee and experts from the Cotton Researches Center. Reliability was calculated and confirmed by calculating Alpha-Cronbach for different sections of the questionnaire between 0.70 and 0.81. The results showed that all the six components mentioned in the research conceptual model has been verified based on field data (appropriate fit of the model) and these components include: income/financial dependency on cotton cultivation, "occupational dependency (perceived the employability of cotton cultivation)", "social/spatial dependency on cotton cultivation", "formal and informal business network (social capital related to cotton cultivation)", "business capability (perceived the ease/feasibility of cotton cultivation)" and "positive perspective toward cotton business (long-term constructive approach to cotton cultivation)" which have a significant relationship with the main construct; dependency on cotton production as the main source of livelihood. The results of dependency classifying showed that 73.06% of farmers have a high dependency on cotton cultivation for their livelihood, while 18.13% have a moderate dependency and 8.81% have a low dependency.

The purpose of this research was to develop a framework for conceptual explanation and field assessing the ecosystem of green entrepreneurship in Golestan province based on the nexus of entrepreneurialism and environmentalism. This research was carried out using mixed-method approach in two phases. The first phase of this research was done using classic Delphi technique. The data and information were gathered through a semi-structured interview (early rounds) and questionnaire (last round) with a sample of informant stakeholders of the green enterprise and entrepreneurship ecosystem in the Golestan province. As a result of this phase, seven dimensions which composition of 50 indicators, as: (1) Motivation and institutional support for the development of green entrepreneurship(10 indicators), (2) Research and technology in the field of green entrepreneurship (3 indicators), (3) Development of the market of green goods and services (5 indicators), (4) Cultural promotion and extension of green entrepreneurship (9 indicators), (5) Training and empowerment of green manpower (8 indicators), (6) Strategic planning of green entrepreneurship development (5 indicators), and (7) Management and governance development of green entrepreneurship (10 indicators). In the second phase, a "foresight" approach using MICMAC software and scenarios development approach using Scenario Wizard Software led to extract 4 incredible scenarios, as very desirable scenario (Green Golestan), a midway Scenario based on the status quo (Gray Golestan), a very critical scenario (Yellow Golestan) and a Complete Crisis scenario (Red Golestan).

The current research has been done with the aim of investigating the process of outsourcing decisions and providing a model for decision-making regarding the outsourcing of agricultural extension services. This research is of a qualitative type and has been done using the grounded theory method. Data collection has been done using semi-structured in-depth interview. The statistical population of the research included academic experts, agricultural Jihad experts and non-governmental sector experts, 30 people were selected and examined using the purposeful sampling method and snowball technique. The process of collecting information continued until the level of theoretical saturation and the threshold of usefulness of available information. Based on the core classified codes (20 categories), the major issues of outsourcing include: development and expansion of IT, weakness and inefficiency of government promotion, strengthening of the non-governmental/private sector, demand-oriented production work, expansion of the pluralist promotion system, knowledge management of users and farmers, investing in agriculture, implementing incentive-support policies, decentralizing extension activities, strengthening interactions between farmers, scientific centers and research centers, identifying supply capacities, reforming the management structure, getting feedback from the types of services provided and using it in planning , risk management, commercialization of agriculture, organizational agility of promotion, coverage level of services in rural areas, productivity and food security, efficiency of the potentials and capacity of the non-governmental sector, readiness for competitiveness in the global market have been compiled.

One of the flood plain hazards is a change in the pattern of surface flows due to natural factors or human activities. Changes in the stream pattern are the changes that occur due to the surface stream patterns in terms of the shape of the drains, drainage form and quantitative morphological indices of the basin. These changes ,by formation of flood, submersibility, erosion, longitudinal and transverse displacements of rivers and streams, environmental degradation, etc., have a great deal of risk and harm to residents of the land adjacent to the watersheds, including the demolition of residential buildings,  valuable agriculture lands, facilities, river structures, buildings and relation routes, etc. There are several watersheds in the Musian Plain Basin that regularly change the direction of surface streams and, while displacing large volumes of sediments of erosion-sensitive structures, degrades crops, rural dwellings, connection paths, facilities, Irrigation canals obstruction, water supply and a lot of financial and physical damage to the residents of the region. Therefore, in order to solve these problems, in 1997, the Dehloran flood spreading plan was carried out at a level of 5000 hectares from the Basin of Musian Plain. Although some of the changes in the dynamics of the region, such as stream pattern, flood control, supllying groundwater aquifers, etc., have been caused by the implementation of this plan, but the problem of the concentration of watersheds behind the embankments composed of sensitive formations ,and the release of these areas will have many financial and even physical losses. Therefore, with the implementation of this research, it is attempted to identify the domain and risks that threaten the lowlands and to identify the appropriate measures to prevent them from happening with the zoning and inspection of the vulnerable areas of the Musain Plain.

This study was conducted in five stages to prepare a vulnerability map of the flood spreading area of ​​Mosian plain. First, the implementation phases of the flood distribution plan were separated. In the second stage, information layers of effective factors in changing the flow pattern and concentration of surface currents behind the flood spreading structures were prepared. These layers included elevation, slope, and direction classes, which were prepared based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) extracted from the 1: 50,000 topographic maps of the Armed Forces Geographical Organization, as well as the layers of geological formations and land use changes. The lands were prepared based on the maps of the Geological Survey of Iran and the processing of Landsat satellite images of eight OLI sensors in 2013, respectively, by the method of determining educational samples. In the third stage, each class of effective factors in changing the flow pattern (mentioned layers) was given a score based on the range of zero to 10. The basis of the scores of the classes of each factor was according to the number of classes and the average of the total classes of that factor. The fourth stage in the GIS environment was created by combining the weight layers created, the vulnerability layer of the study area (quantitative map of vulnerability areas) of the basin. Then, by analyzing the vulnerability layer (filtering), the pixels and small units were removed or merged into larger units. The last (fifth) step was to classify the quantitative layer and then extract the qualitative map of the vulnerability zoning according to the range of scores based on the five very low, low, medium, severe and very severe classes. A summary of the research steps is shown in the form of a diagram

The results showed that the most important threat and danger factor is the concentration of waterways behind erosion-sensitive embankments. Also, the study area in terms of vulnerability includes three classes with medium risk, high and very high and covers 16, 62 and 22% of the area, respectively. Flood and upland Spreading areas, risk areas and lowland lands are the most vulnerable parts of the basin in terms of floods and sedimentary deposits.

Based on the results obtained by combining the information layersof the factors influencing the stream pattern change, the zoning map of vulnerable areas of the region was created in 5 classes. Except for very few and very small classes that are not present in the region, there are other cases at the basin level:Medium class:Includes about 16% of the basin. The existing watersheds in this part are ranked 1th class, and some of them are entering the rivers of Dojraj and Chiqab in the eastern and western parts. The formations of this part are often Bakhtyari and limitedly Aghajari. The floors have a height of 100 to 400 meters and the gradient is from 0-2 percent to 20 percent.Medium class: About 62% of the basin level. The watersheds that flow in this section are in 1to 5 class. The formations of this part are often alluvial and bakhtiari of lahbori sections. It has a height of less than 100 meters to 300 meters and a gradient of 2-0 percent to 20 percent.very intense: it covers about 22% of the basinchr('39')s surface. The existing watersheds are of of class 2 and 3. The formations of this part are often alluvial and bakhtiari of lahbori sections. They have height classes of 100 to 300 meters and the gradient is 5-2 percent and is limited to 5 to 10 percent in the slopes.

Considering the developing trend of starting-up greenhouse businesses in Golestan province, it is very important to study the effective factors of resilience in these businesses. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the resilience of greenhouse businesses in Golestan province. In this regard, a survey research method was used to collect the required information. The target population includes all 542 of greenhouse owners in Golestan Province. The samples were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method from 7 Counties, and the information was collected through 221 questionnaires. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated and confirmed based on the opinion of experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha. Exploratory factor analysis method was used to identify the factors affecting the resilience of greenhouse businesses. The results showed that the five factors titled decision-making and planning ability, hope for the future, institutional supports, job security and opportunism and competitiveness explain 76.47% of the total variance of the factors affecting the resilience of greenhouse businesses. The results of compare mean tests (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis) showed that the level of resilience is higher among male respondents, non-natives and respondents who depend on local market to purchase inputs. Overall, the extracted factors in this study provide a key framework that can combine the role of internal factors such as managerial and entrepreneurial skills with external factors such as institutional support and job security in improving resilience to be used in policy making of business resilience promotion.

pesticides are essential to protect plants from pests and diseases. Extensive and unsafe use of pesticides by farmers pose various risks to human health and the environment. Therefore, the present study evaluates farmerschr('39') knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding pesticides use and the health problems associated with their use.

In this human-research survey the target population consisted of 6170 farmers and fruit growers in Galogah County, Mazandaran province, were included. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select samples within 2 sub-districts and 13 villages, and the information was collected through 379 questionnaires. Statistical tests such as Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H, Spearman Correlation and Linear Regression were used to analyze the obtained data.

The respondents have no sufficient knowledge regarding the safe use of pesticides. Respondentschr('39') attitudes toward the impacts of pesticide use were positive. The safety measures were less considered by majority of respondents. Moreover, the results revealed that personal protective equipment (mask, gloves and, goggles) and safe disposal of pesticide residues are not fully taken into consideration. The dizziness, skin problems, headache and vomiting were the most common symptoms of pesticide-related illnesses. The findings of regression analysis showed that wide range of knowledge and proper attitudes about the safe use of pesticides are beneficial and can act as the promoting factor in farmerschr('39') safety behavior regarding pesticides use.

  In conclusion, providing pesticide users with sufficient knowledge, safety information and effective personal equipment such as wearing masks, goggles and gloves should be given highest priorities.

This research is qualitative-quantitative in nature and is applied according to the purpose of the research. First, through the literature and research background and 26 theoretical and experimental experts using non-random snowball sampling method, dimensions and components of economic entrepreneurship opportunities model with e-commerce approach in the field of banking were extracted. Then they were identified and determined by fuzzy Delphi technique in the form of 6 main dimensions and 23 sub-dimensions. In the next part, to determine the importance of each of the identified components, after designing the questionnaire in the form of fuzzy hierarchical analysis, they were ranked using fuzzy AHP method. In the next step, the current and optimal status of each of the dimensions and components of the research in the study areas were evaluated by t-test. Using ISM interpretive structural modeling technique, leveling the factors affecting economic entrepreneurship opportunities with the e-commerce approach in the field of banking at four levels, respectively; The first level is organizational factors (high dependence and low influence), the second level is opportunity recognition factor (high dependence and low influence), the third level is economic, environmental, technological factors (high influence and low influence) and the fourth level is institutional factors (influence). High and low impact). In the quantitative part of the research, the causal relationships between the components of entrepreneurial opportunities with the e-commerce approach and the fit of models were examined.

Due to the emergence of challenges of traditional employment patterns, including the global demand for professional work, the higher education sector is facing increasing demand for more efficient transfer of graduates from training to work. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the relationship between the university brand and the constructive career orientation of students of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The method of this research is descriptive-correlational survey. A total of 120 final year students were selected as a sample using Krejcie and Morgan table and random sampling method. The research data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was determined with the opinion of expert professors. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test of 0.96. Findings showed that most of the respondents, ie 66.1% described the university brand as a medium and weak brand and 48.6% were in a good position in terms of constructive job orientation. Also, there is a significant relationship between students' constructive career orientation and their perception of the university brand at the level of 0.01, so the credibility of the university and students' mental image of its brand can have an important effect on students' constructive career orientation.