mohammad yazdi

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the lethal malignancies with a poor prognosis due to metastatic complications. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), have an important role in metastasis. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is significantly overexpressed in nearly all types of human cancers, including HCC. Targeting miR-21 pharmacologically could be a promising therapeutic approach for HCC. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (DHPE), a phenolic phytochemical compound found in olive, has potent antioxidant and anticancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DHPE on the expression of miR-21 with genes associated with metastasis (MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2) and their correlation with miR-21 in HepG2 cells.

This experimental study had four groups, including a control, and three groups of treatment with different concentrations of DHPE (50, 100, and 150 µM) for 24 hours. The expression levels of genes were determined by RT-qPCR.

The results showed that the treatment of cells with DHPE significantly reduced the expression of miR-21, MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 but increased TIMP-2 compared to the control group; additionally, there was a negative correlation between miR-21 and TIMP-2 but a positive correlation between miR-21 with MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1.

The results showed that DHPE, likely by reducing the expression of miR-21, can increase TIMP-2 and reduce MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 gene expression and may play a role in inhibiting cell migration in HepG2 cells.

Saghand Anomaly 2 is located in 180 km NE of Yazd, 40 km east of Saghand village and east of Tashk mountain. This area is part of the Bafgh-Saghand metallogenic zone in the Central Iran Zone. The early Cambrian volcano-sedimentary unit consisting of intermediate- acidic volcanics, dolomitic limestone and small amounts of gypsum layers hosts iron-uranium mineralization in Sagand region. Uraninite is the main host of uranium associated with magnetite and pyrite. Molybdenite is rarely present in some parts f mineralization zones. Fe and U mineralizations occurr in two separate stages. coarse-grained Magnetite and pyrite are related to the Fe-mineralization stage while their fine-grained types form in the U-mineralization stage. The U content varies between 1365 and 4764 ppm in the analysed samples. As well as, Ce, Fe, Hf, Nb, S, Sc, Ta, W, Yb and Zr show enrichment, and Fe and S have the largest ranges of changes. The major and rare earth elements can be divided into two groups according to their association with U. The first group includes S, Fe, Ce, Dy, Er and Gd that show positive correlation with U and form in the same condition. The second group including Ti, Hf and Nb, have negative correlation with U and probabely form in the different condition. The rare-earth elements diagram show depletion in Eu and Pr and enrichment in Ce and Sm. The chemical composition of uraninite and the similarity of the distribution pattern of rare earth elements in uraninite of Saghand Anomaly 2 with metasomatic deposits show that the uranium mineralization in Saghand Anomaly 2 is metasomatic type and based on the chemical composition and distribution pattern of rare earth elements in the uraninite its formation temperature is between 200 and 350 ̊C.

The ​​Karat iron deposit is located in the vicinity of Sangan mining district, in the Northeast of Iran. The basement rocks of the Karat area include hornfels, metamorphosed limestone, marble, sandstone, siltstone and red shale with interlayers of marl, shale and marl, thick-layered red conglomerate and alluvial deposits. The intrusion of a granite batholith in the sedimentary units of the Karat iron deposit has led to the formation of iron deposits in the margin of this batholith. The most important ore minerals include magnetite, hematite, goethite, limonite and a small amount of sulfide minerals such as pyrite and chalcopyrite. Geochemical data indicate a strong correlation between the Ni, Mg, and V to Fe in mineralization zone, which indicates the magmatic origin of the Karat iron deposit. In order to investigate the characteristics of the ore-forming fluid of the skarn Karat iron deposit fluid inclusions of quartz veins were analyzed. The results show that fluids are mainly (L+V) type, low to medium salinity (4.48 to 16.42% NaCl) and the homogenization temperature of 200 to 390 degrees Celsius. Mineralogical, geochemical, and fluid-inclusion data show that the magmatics, meteoric and metamorphic fluids are responsible for Fe-mineralization in the skarn and Isothermal mixing and surface fluid dilution are main evolution factors in mineralization fluids. It seems that the main phase of mineralization has been occurred during the retrograde stage skarn.

Uranium is the main raw material for the production of nuclear energy. The development of nuclear energy significantly increases the extraction of uranium, therefore it is very important to pay attention to this metal and the environmental effects of its mining in our country.Iran's uranium deposits are mostly located in central Iran. Several deposits have been identified in this zone, one of which is the anomaly located 170 kilometers northeast of Yazd city. Chah Juleh area is located in the northeast of Yazd city and in the east of the 1:100,000 map of Ariz. It is bounded from the north by the Saghand desert, from the west by the Khashumi mountains, from the east by the Chadormello iron ore mine, and from the south by the Zarigan region (Figure 1).
The general morphology of the area is rocky and rough. This area was identified for the first time by aerial flights, during which two anomalies were identified in the north and south of the area. The anomaly in the south of the region was not followed due to the lack of surface outcrop.The development of nuclear energy will reach its peak in the next few decades. Since uranium is the main raw material of nuclear energy, the environmental problems caused by mining must be taken seriously by government agencies.

In order to carry out lithology, mineralogy and geochemical studies, about 125 rock samples (35 samples for preparing thin sections, 23 polished sections, 10 samples for X-ray diffraction analysis and about 60 samples for X-ray fluorescence analysis from the Different areas of the region, especially the mineralized points, were collected and studied .Among the alterations in the region, we can mention hematitization, chloritization, epidoteization, silicification, carbonateization, and kaolinization.Zarigan leucogranite in the studied area has been affected by Sodic metasomatism in some parts and has turned into albitite, these parts, which are seen in red color (Figure 2-b, p), have radioactivity and sometimes with a scintillometer device show the radiation intensity of 2500 cps and their radiation is related to the opaque minerals in them. These opaque minerals form a dark red halo around the opaque mineral as a result of the radioactive decay, which can be seen in the hand sample and is one of the evidences of the radioactivity of these minerals (Figure 2-P). Of course, white albitites can also be seen in the region, which do not show any special radioactivity.According to petrographic studies, Zarigan leucogranite has a porphyry to granular texture, and the samples that have been affected by metasomatism have a coarse-grained granular texture. Its main minerals include: quartz, alkaline feldspar andplagioclase. Alkaline feldspar in Zarigan leucogranite includes perthite and microcline. In the samplesaffected by metasomatism, albite mineral was formed as a result of substitution instead of alkaline feldspar and calcic plagioclase. Albit with a checkerboard pattern is one of the specialties of Sodic's metasomatism.According to mineralogical studies, the opaque minerals of albitites include titanomagnetite-dividite (Figure 2-e), which are named as U-Ti oxide phases, and their red color is due to the presence of iron oxide in the microfractures of the albite mineral.Among the secondary minerals found in leucogranite and albitites, we can mention zircon, monazite, sphene and rutile, which sphene and rutile are the result of alteration of opaque minerals.At present, the main methods of remediation of decommissioned uranium mines are to ensure the non-proliferation of pollution (Gasem Shirazi, 1401). Physical methods are used to isolate the contaminated area to prevent further damage to the surrounding environment. Conventional physical removal and chemical washing are usually expensive and can easily cause secondary damage to the environment. Phytoremediation is economical and environmentally friendly, but inefficient and limited inenrichment capacity (Gavrilescu et al., 2009). These factors make it difficult to commercialize such methods on a large scale. Uranium contamination is mainly concentrated in underground water. Considering the difficult treatment of groundwater after pollution, it is necessary to strengthen the protection of groundwater during the extraction process (Zheng et al., 2023).According to the results of the analysis of about 60 samples by X-ray fluorescence method, Zarigan leucogranite is a siliceous leucocratic rock (SiO2 W%: 76.944-78.936), peraluminous (A>CNK) and sodic (Figure 3-a) and according to the Rb diagram in Its tectonic environment is related to volcanic arcs (VAG) (Figure 3-b).Environmental solution can be done in three steps. Before extraction, the hydrogeological characteristics and chemical indicators of underground water in the mining area are carefully examined and based on this, the mine construction plan and revitalization goals are established. In the mine drilling design, the direction of underground water flow and arrangement of wells from upstream to downstream should be considered, which can reduce the halo on both sides. During the operation, the extraction volume of the leaching solution should be considered larger than the solvent injection. This can lead to negative pressure in the area and prevent the release of pollutants. After completion, a monitoring system should be set up in the vicinity, especially downstream. A periodic monitoring program should be modified to determine the range of halo emissions (Zheng et al., 2023).

Chah- Juleh area is located in the northeast of Yazd city and in the central Iran zone. The local geological setting consists up Zarigan leucogranite, quartz diorite and diabasic dykes. The Zarigan leucogranite has pervasively influenced by Na- metasomatism and has converted to albitite. These albitites are main hosted of U mineralization. U mineralization consists of U- Ti Oxide phases (Dividite- Titanomagnetite). According to geochemical studies, albitites are enriched in alcalies, Al2O3, U, Th, Nb, and REE. Also spider diagrams are shown enrichment in Ba, Th, U, Zr, Sr, Nb, Ce and depletion in zn, Cr, Ni, Rb, Pb, This enrichment reflect communion of continental crust in genesis of productive magma. Acording to field observations, petrography and geochemistry studies U- mineralization is supposed to be associated with late magmatic albitites. Uranium extraction, especially in dry weather conditions and poor drainage, can have environmental consequences, and environmental measures must be taken to prevent pollution.

Lipid accumulation in the liver is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with obesity and insulin resistance being the main contributing factors. The AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in addressing lipid metabolism issues. Recent studies have demonstrated that the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling axis is involved in preventing and reducing liver damage. Upregulation of AMPK/SIRT1 can regulate lipid metabolism and oxidation in liver cells. In NAFLD, increased activity of AMPK/SIRT1 can inhibit the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol by down-regulating adipogenesis genes (FAS, SREBP-1c, ACC, and HMGCR). Therefore, activation of the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway represents a potential therapeutic target for liver disorders. This review summarizes the most recent studies on the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway signaling axis and the mechanisms of herbal activators of the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway in non-alcoholic fatty liver

Cinnamic acid, a phenylpropanoid acid, has been investigated as a potential alternative therapy for diabetes and its complications in some studies. 

In the first stage, the viability of HepG2 cells at different concentrations of glucose and CA was assessed by MTT assay. Oxidative stress markers) CAT, GPx, GSH, and MDA) were measured spectrophotometrically. After RNA extraction, the effect of different concentrations of CA on the expression of DPP4 and inflammatory factors (IL-6, NF- κB) in HepG2 cells was assessed using real-time PCR.

In HepG2 cells, CA increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity and GSH production in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of high glucose concentrations, with the greatest effect seen at a concentration of 75 mg/ml. Also, it reduced the amount of MDA in high-glucose HepG2 cells. Furthermore, CA decreased the expression of DPP4, NF- κB, and IL-6 genes in HepG2 cells in the presence of high glucose levels.

The results of our study indicated that CA reduced hyperglycemia-induced complications in HepG2 cells by decreasing inflammatory gene expression, including IL-6 and NF- κB and inhibiting the expression of DPP4, and limiting oxidative stress.

The Kahdelan area in the SW of Sarab is situated in the northern part of the Urumieh–Dokhtar geotectonic zone and Tarom-Hashtjin metallogenic zone. Some of the most important porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au mineralizations in Iran occur along the NW–SE trending Urumieh–Dokhtar volcano-plutonic belt, lying between the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone and Central Iran. The Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc, extends over a strike length of about 2000 km from northwest to southeast and is characterized by subduction-related calc-alkaline rocks. Due to extensive Tertiary magmatism and extensive alterations, this zone is one of the remarkable Cu-bearing regions in Iran. Therefore, many studies, regarding different aspects of the area, have been carried out by the Geological Survey of Iran as well as some private companies. Differentiating fertile and barren intrusive bodies could be important factors in reducing exploration expenses, and it is possible to identify susceptible areas by using geochemical data. Thus, the main purpose of the present study is to evaluate the granitoid rocks of the Kahdelan area as the possible potential for Cu-mineralization based on mineralogical and geochemical evidence.

Regional Geology:

The main intrusions of the Kahdelan area are Oligocene granitoid bodies composed of syenite, quartz syenite, and monzosyenite with light color and granular texture. Syenites are the most dominant plutonic rocks and quartz-syenites are the main host of Cu-mineralization. These intrusive bodies intruded the Upper Eocene pyroclastic and volcanic rocks which gave rise to alteration and mineralization occurrences in the area. Volcanic rocks are composed of basalt, basaltic-andesite, andesite, and trachyte mainly with porphyritic texture.

The present study evaluates the copper mineralization potential of the Kahdelan area for the first time. The represented information can be divided into three parts: 1) ore mineralogy and mineralogy of the Kahdelan’s rocks; 2) the investigating data related to I-type and magnetite series, and 3) the relationship between the obtained mineralogical and geochemical data with Cu-mineralization in the area to compare with porphyry copper deposits along the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc.

The dominant alteration zones in the area under study are argillic, phyllic, carbonatization, silicification, and hematitization. The primary ore minerals are magnetite, chalcopyrite, and bornite which are generally replaced by secondary minerals including chalcocite, covellite, and malachite. The ore textures are predominantly disseminated, open space-filling, replacement, and brecciated. Gangues (carbonate and quartz minerals) textures are crystalline, open space-filling, cementation of brecciated zones, and colloform.The volcanic rocks of the Kahdelan area are calk-alkaline to shoshonitic and the granitoids are shoshonitic affinity and I-Type nature (magnetite series). In the area of study, sinking solutions washed away most of the pyrites and left behind empty pyrite molds and iron oxides and hydroxides along with different amounts of malachite and neotocite. As the chondrite-normalized REE diagrams display the studied granitoids are enriched in LREEs and fairly depleted in LREEs relative to HREEs The enrichment of LILE elements and depletion of HFSE elements are features similar to those of the fertile granitoids. The rate of decline of the slope in the diagram is similar to that of the copper porphyry deposits also slightly negative Eu anomalies of these granitoids are similar to fertile granitoids (Karimpour et al., 2021). The (La/Yb)n and Eu/Eu* are used in evaluating the oxidation state and investigating the depth changes of parent magma of granitoids. The (La/Yb)n anomalies vary from 4.05-23.17, and Eu/Eu* anomalies vary from 0.32-2.65 with an average of 0.8 that are different from copper porphyry deposits.Based on spider diagrams, the depletion of titanium could be related to the low oxygen fugacity in subduction zones. The Pb and U enrichment point to the role of the earth’s crust in the petrogenesis of these rocks. P depletion could be the consequence of apatite crystallization from the parent magma.Based on the relationship between geochemical data as well as mineralization, three diagrams have been used to distinguish fertile granitoids. The Eu/Eu* versus (La/Yb)n diagram (Karimpour et al., 2021) shows that Kahdelan’s granitoids have a reduced nature. The SiO2-K2O diagram (Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976) points out that the intrusive and the volcanic rocks of Kahdalan are characterized by the much less SiO2 amount compared to fertile granitoids in SNJMB (Saveh-Nain-Jiroft Magmatic Belt) (Karimpour et al., 2021). On A/NK versus A/CNK diagram (Meinert, 1995) the granitoids under study are close to fertile copper porphyry deposits.

On the basis of mineralogical and geochemical data, Kahdelan’s intrusive rocks are I-type and magnetite series. The tectonomagmatic setting of the rocks under study lies within Volcanic Arc Granites (VAG), active continental margins, and arc systems. On A/NK versus A/CNK diagram, these granitoids are close to fertile copper porphyry deposits. Quartz syenites are the main mineralization hosts. Based on geochemical data, the average Cu content is 3492.76 ppm in a total of 170 samples collected all over the area and up to 230534 ppm Cu in mineralized Quartz syenites veinlets. Mineralogical, geochemical, and alteration data in combination with fertile–barren discrimination diagrams indicate that the granitoids of the Kahdelan area can be evaluated as the possible potential for Cu mineralization.

Mazraeh deposit is located at 20 Km north of Ahar, Eastern Azerbaijan, North-West of Iran. The area is situated in the Western Alborz – Azerbaijan geotectonic zone. Intrusion of the Oligocene – Miocene Sheyvardaagh batholith in to the older carbonate and volcanoclastic rocks is responsible for contact metamorphism, contact metasomatic mineralization, and formation of schist, hornfels, marble and epidote - garnet Skarn. This batholith is a subduction-related calc to sub alkaline, peralominous and S-type granitoids. Due to the extensive Tertiary magmatism, skarnization and extensive alterations, this zone is one of the remarkable Fe, Au, Cu-mineralization in Iran. Therefore, a lots of research and investigations have been done by the Geological Survey of Iran and different government and private companies. The following paper is results of our research about Cu -Fe- Au skran mineralization in the Mazreh area, NW of Iran.

This research was conducted in two parts, field and laboratory analysises. In the field section, after carrying out geological surveys and detailed examination of 6800 meters of drilling cores from 61 boreholes, a total of 60 samples were chosen from 21 selected typical boreholes of different sizes. About 36 samples from intrusive rocks choosed to preparing thin sections for petrographic studies and major chemical analysis by XRF. Also, 24 samples from mineralized zones were selected for preparation of polished sections, mineralographical study and geochemical analysis by ICP-OES.

Major alterations are chloritic, propilitic and sericitic which have close genetic relationship to mineralization zone. The main mineralization stage occurs as exoskarn in garnet-epidote skarn type. The major rock forming minerals in the skarn are garnet (adradite and grossularite), epidote, actinolite, chlorite, biotite, sericite and amphibole. Mineralogical paragenesis consists of magnetite, pyrite and copper sulfides such as chalcopyrite, bornite and covellite, hematite (especularite), goethite and malachite. The mineralization is vein, veinlet and disseminated type. The main mineralization stage occurs in retrograde skarn. Average value of Cu is 16284 ppm, FeOt 35.05 percent, Au 3380 ppb and Ag 9.94 ppm. There is no correlation between the values of Au and Cu as well as Ag and Au with S. It seems that Au mineralization is not simultaneous with Cu skarn mineralization but Ag mineralization is simultaneous with skarn phase. The geological, mineralogical and geochemical data show that the granitoid batholith of Mazraeh area is a fertile pluton with Cu – Fe-Au skarn mineralization.

The mineralogical and geochemical data show that Sheyvardaagh batholith intrusive rocks are S-type and inlmenite series. Tectonomagmatic setting of these granitoid batholith lies within subduction-related calc to sub alkaline, peralominous and S-type granitoids. A/NK and A/CNK diagram shows these granitoids are close to fertile Fe-Cu-Au granitoid batholith and related skarn. The geological, mineralogical and geochemical data show that the granitoid batholith of Mazraeh area is a fertile pluton with Cu – Fe-Au skarn mineralization.

We would like to express our gratitude to the management and respected staff of research and development affairs of the National Copper Industries of Iran (Sarchshme) for supporting of this research and to the staff of the National Copper Company located in Ahar and Warzghan cities for their cooperation in the field visit and sampling.

In recent decades, natural ecosystems have undergone fundamental changes due to the increasing population and increasing demand to provide the facilities needed by humans, with the destruction of the environment, so we must always be concerned about the damage to the ecosystem. The purpose of this study is the economic evaluation of the Qeshm Island Persian Gulf ecosystem with emphasis on support and cultural services. In this study, a questionnaire was used to interview and extract the amount paid by tourists and visitors from the natural resources of Qeshm Island. Sampling was done randomly and among the visitors of the recreational complexes of Qeshm Island in two periods of March and May, which has the most tourists. In this study, the number of samples was determined based on the mean and variance of the statistical population of visitors to Qeshm Island with the help of a questionnaire. Finally, the willingness to pay and the fee was checked by the visitors. The willingness to pay was assessed with the logit model. Due to the negative coefficients of the proposed variable in the Logit model, the probability of acceptance decreases with increasing cost. The statistical value of the likelihood ratio obtained in the results is 73.211. The percentage of correct prediction in the estimated pattern is 73%. Considering that the acceptable value for the logit and probit pattern is higher than 70%, the value of the obtained percentage of prediction seems desirable, so this pattern is reliable. It seems necessary to conduct studies to improve the economic situation of the natives of the region. Providing a platform for private sector entry to invest in nature and tourism is another measure that can be taken. Finally, establishing relationships with regional tourism industry investors to develop the city's facilities, including airlines, hotels, tour operators, travel agencies, and other necessary investments, can be prioritized.

The Godar Sorkh area is located in the central part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, 20 km southwest of the Muteh region. Gold mineralization at Godar Sorkh occurs in quartz-sulfide veins that hosted in metasedimentary rocks. Veins of mineralization typically formed along normal faults.  Rock sequences are affected by several deformation phase, gold mineralization occurs in ductile to ductile-brittle shear zones and had been under poly-phase metamorphism.  The main alterations are Sulfidation, carbonization, silicification, chloritization, and sericitization. Ore-mineral assemblages include pyrite and chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and Fe-oxide.  Mean homogenization temperature in gold-bearing quartz range between 275oC and 300oC. Fluid inclusions in quartz veins are dominated by CO2-H2O-NaCl fluid. Salinity ranges from 9 to 17 wt. % NaCl equivalent. Corresponding to a depth of <2 km, Godar Sorkh deposit is formed in epizonal environment.  Measured δ18O values for the gold-bearing quartz range between 12.7 to 14.3 permil, estimated δ18Ofluid values range from +6.4 to +7.3 permil, δ34S values range from –16 to +5 permil, and estimated δ34Sfluid values range from +4.2 to -17.3 permil.  Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies on ore-bearing quartz-sulfide veins indicating the major role of metamorphic fluids. Gold derived from metasedimentary rocks. Gold mineralization in the Godar sorkh deposit classified as an orogenic gold deposit.

Epithermal deposits are usually found in association with near-surface magmatic-hydrothermal environments with volcanic rocks. According to studies, their formation depth is less than 1.5 km and the temperature for their formation is less than 300 ° C. Epithermal deposits are usually rich in gold to gold-silver and rich in silver and include low sulfide, medium sulfide and high sulfide types. One of the anomalous areas for mineralization of epithermal type gold is located in the area of Zavarian in Qom, central Iran. The following article is about some results of our research about origin of Quaternery placer in the area of Zavarian.

The collected samples were chosen from samples which are associated with mineralization and host rock for geochemical studies. Samples were selected after field and petrographic studies. ICP-OES and Fired-Assay analize measurements were made on 120 samples and ICP-MS analize were made on 8 samples. Aster images were analized with ENVI for remotesinsing study.

Petrographic studies show that the basement rocks of the area include volcanic units of Miocene- Pliocene (MPb), volcanic andesite units of Miocene- Pliocene (MPan), volcanic- pyroclastic units of Miocene- Pliocene (MPVP), pyroclastic units of Miocene- Pliocene and recent alluvium. The plutonic rocks of the area are granodiorite-tonalite. The intruded dykes are subdivided to andesite dykes (DY1) and dacite dyke (DY2). The main alterations are advanced argillic, alunitization, propylitic, sericitic and silicification. Gold mineralization has been occurred in andesite and dacite dykes. Au-mineralization are mostly vein, breccia and replacement type. Ore minerals include magnetite, hematite, Fe-hydro-oxides, chalcopyrite, purite and bornite which are host of Au. The results of remote sensing and geochemical investigation suggest that the origin of hematite, magnetite, Purite, chalcopyrite and galena are volcanic- pyroclastic units of Miocene- Pliocene in quaternary placers. The results of ICP-OES and ICP-MS show that the average grade of gold in the study area is 1.36 ppm, which is 194 times richer than the average of earth crust (0.007 ppm). The maximum gold grade in the mineralization zone is 10.76 ppm. The average grade of silver is 2.69 ppm, which is 44.8 times richer than the average of earth crust (0.06 ppm). The average grade of copper is 1236 ppm and it is 40.19 times richer than the average of earth crust (30 ppm). The average grade of iron is 175707.9 ppm and it is 3.51 times richer than the average of earth crust.

Zavarian gold deposit is located 60 km SW of Qom and in Central Iran geotectonic zone. Gold mineralization has been occurred in andesite and dacite dykes which are associated with advanced argillic, alunitization, propylitic, sericitic and silicification. Au-mineralization are mostly vein, breccia and replacement type. Ore minerals include magnetite, hematite, Fe-hydro-oxides, chalcopyrite, purite and bornite which are host of Au. Geochemical data show that the average content of Au is 1.98ppm. Mineralogical, geochemical, alteration data show that gold mineralization in the area is epithermal high sulfide type. Also, the presence of chalcopyrite, bornite, Au-Cu-As- Ag- Pb, advanced argillic-alunitization, vague quartz texture, vein-veinlet-breccia and replacmente mineralization type support this idea too. The results of remote sensing and geochemical investigation suggest that the origin of hematite, magnetite, Purite, chalcopyrite and galena are volcanic- pyroclastic units of Miocene- Pliocene in quaternary placers.

The COVID-19 started from Wuhan, China by the end of 2019 and spread rapidlyaround the world. Since December 2019, COVID-19 disease has spread rapidly inall regions of the world, from cold and dry to hot and humid climates. The virusresulted in about 4.2 million infections and 280,000 deaths around the world (as of10th May, 2020). But it has resulted in about 154.4 million infections and 3.3million deaths around the world (as of 10th May, 2021). It means that infectioncases have grown about 37 time and death cases about 12 times during the saidinterval. The virus resulted about 108,000 infections and 6,700 deaths in Iran (as of10th May, 2020). But it has grown to about 2.6 million infections and about 73,300deaths one year later (as of 10th May, 2021). It means that infection cases in Iranare about 24 times and death cases are about 11 times as compared to the globaldata. The ratios are relatively not far from to average data in the other parts of theworld. The world has not experienced such catastrophic phenomena after WorldWar I (1914-1918). The catastrophe is affecting not only our health, economy,culture and life style but also our environment. After one year, ideas about role ofthis crisis in ecosystem and environment are quite different. Optimists believe thatthis crisis is the best opportunity to reduce pressure on natural resources andprovides time for self-reconstruction of the ecosystems and environment. The mostpositive impacts of this crisis are reduced pressure on natural resources, decrease inair pollution and climate change, deeper understanding of the ecosystems andenvironment saving. The significant negative impacts of the COVID-19 are humaninfection, economic losses, increase in household consumption, medicine, facemasks, medical gloves, challenge for burial of household and medical waste,reduction in environmental diplomacy, reduction in accuracy of weather forecastsand treat for wildlife infection. Several impacts have been reported on the humanand natural environment of Iran. The impacts on the ecosystems and environmentof Iran are similar to that reported in other parts of the world.

International and regional environmental conventions not only could be effective for environmental protection but also it could be a best opportunities and capacities for cooperation between Iran and neighboring countries. There are about 280 international and regional environmental conventions. About 70 conventions are global and the rest are regional. The following manuscript is going to explain about the most important environmental conventions that Iran is the member of. Environmental conventions have too many benefits not only for Iran but also to its neighbors. These conventions not only help to protect our regional ecosystem and natural resources but also those are the best opportunities and capacities for other cooperation such as eco-tourism, scientific, economical and even political cooperation. It seems that the establishment of regional environmental fund and headquarter office would be the first step of serious cooperation for environmental protection of our region between Iran and its neighbors. The inclusion of the environment in the category of public goods necessitates the need for government intervention in its protection. On the other hand, the integration of natural resources and the transmission of environmental impacts on a transnational and international scale reveals the need for conservation measures at levels beyond the geographical borders of a country. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with the development of environmental concerns and the emergence of cross-border aspects of its effects, the formation of international and regional treaties and conventions to protect the environment began. Therefore, each time, depending on the case, one of the issues related to the environment, from the pollution of common waters to the trade of endangered species and the transfer of hazardous waste, was the subject of this treaty. Among the special features of environmental treaties are their universality, non-political, non-security and their dynamism.   According to Article 9 of the Civil Code, ratified international treaties that are compatible with the Constitution are in accordance with the law in terms of implementation and validity and can create rights and obligations in the normative system and subject matter of the country. Regarding international, regional or bilateral environmental treaties, the provisions of these treaties force the parliament and the government to implement them. After the country joins an international treaty, the Cabinet issues ratifications, determines the national authority and executive regulations to interpret the obligation of the institution affiliated to the executive branch to comply with the treaties. In this regard, it is necessary to enact a national enforcement law, either independently or within other laws (such as the five-year economic-socio-cultural development laws). Therefore, within the country, a national authority is designated for each international treaty, which in international treaties related to environmental protection is definitely this authority in most cases, although in other cases, other organizations and institutions (such as Ports and Shipping Organization) are also responsible for this task. The existence of numerous international, regional and bilateral treaties and conventions can greatly reduce the damage to the common regional environment. A noteworthy point in this regard is the dispute over the determination of the country of the damage processor in the event of environmental damage. In this regard, the establishment of a regional compensation fund in the region is proposed. This fund can be effective in financing the necessary expenses for environmental protection based on the set principles. The principle of payment by the polluter, the imposition of duties and taxes on exporting countries or buyers of oil in the region, the tax on fishing, the collection of fines for the entry of pollutants into the sea from land and the receipt of assistance from international environmental funds can all be financial resources can provide the fund. The fund can help countries that have environmental problems or need to acquire new equipment or technologies to protect the environment, especially the marine environment, by providing loans and facilities. Selecting an appropriate national authority, establishing a permanent secretariat and holding periodic meetings can also be more effective in making these conventions more effective for Iran and its neighbors.

Green mining is a set of scientific and technical methods to reduce the harmful environmental effects of mining in different stages of exploration, extraction، processing, and exploitation and inactive mine. The main purpose of this research was to design a green mining management model by determining of the indicators affecting green mining. The research is basic and applied type. We used the questionnaire form to get expert comments about green mining indicators. DEMATEL and DPSIR methods were used to evaluate these data. Based on the data, 11 indicators are affecting green mining. The results show that the economic growth index and the minining environmental database index are the main indicators of a green mining model. The indexs of environmental regulations, globalization and acting to environmental conventions are the weak indicators of a green mining model. Environmental knowledge of organization, companies and employee index, role of mine owner's index and role of NGO Index are relatively independent indicators from each other's and with low impact. The index of continuous environmental evaluation and the index of application of modern technology in green minning are independent indicators and do not have effect on other indicators.

BET method is based on the absorption of some specific molecular species in a gaseous state based on their surface. This method is used to measure physical absorption which can be used for analyzing the structure of porous materials. BET data show the geometrical shape of porosity, absorption and porosity type, volume, and size of specific surface area. The instrumental methods show that the exact contents of fluids (gas or liquid) can be absorbed by the porous material surface, at different pressures, in different materials such as gemstones. BET method is used to measure physical absorption and analyzing the structure of low-grade Neyshabour turquoise as a base for their chemical treatment. The low-grade turquoises were deposited as gangue for centuries in the area. The treatment of low-grade turquoise provides a good economic opportunity to upgrade the gemological industry in the area. This research would provide a useful framework for further steps such as finding the best turquoise for treatment as well as identifying treated samples from other turquoise sources. The result of the analysis in this research shows that the geometrical shape of porosity is two sided and from an open cylindrical type. The porosity is mainly micro-pore type (p 0≤ 0.5) and the  absorption grade as high type. As a result, liquids could penetrate the low-grade turquoise rock pieces and make it possible to consider the low-grade types for further chemical treatment studies.

The Oshvad skarn type deposit was formed during the intrusion of a felsic mass into the Permian and Triassic carbonate rocks and ion exchange occurred between the intrusion mass and these units. In order to determine the properties of the mineralizing fluid in this skarn, several fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite minerals of the mineralization zone were analyzed. The results show that these minerals have two types of fluids inclusion. The first group includes L+V type, low to medium salinity, and with homogenization temperature of 194 to 480°C. The second group includes V+L type, low to moderate salinity, and homogenization temperature of 338 to 448°C. The origin of L+V type fluid inclusions are magmatic-meteoric and metamorphic type and V+L fluid inclusions are metamorphic type. Mixing and dilution of fluids occurred during the mixing of meteoric waters with magmatic-metamorphic fluids. These processes are the main factors of mineralization in this deposit. Fluid inclusions data show that fluid pressure has been 50 to 150 bars during the ore-forming minerals. Also, the fluid temperature has been between 200 to 360°C. The data suggest that the ore minerals have been formed in depth of 650 meters lower than the old water table.

Gold deposits formed during mountain-building processes in Phanerozoic terranes that formed in metamorphic environment have a great dispensation in the world (Goldfarb et al., 2001). They constitute an economically important type of gold mineralization called orogenic gold deposits (Groves et al., 2003). The Sanandaj-Sirjan zone is one of the most important areas for orogenic gold exploration and it hosts several orogenic gold deposits (Aliyari et al., 2012).  This zone is characterized by regionally metamorphosed and deformed Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary, volcanic and volcanoclastic rocks under green schist and amphibolite facies conditions. (Rashidnejad-Omran, 2001; Abdollahi et al., 2009; Kouhestani et al., 2014(. The Godar Sorkh area is locatedin the central part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, 20km southwest of the Muteh region. The rocks sequence of the Godar Sorkh area comprise of the volcano-sedimentary rocks of the greenschist complex with Paleozoic age rock units intruded by basic and felsic dikes. These country rocks are affected by a NW-SE-trending shear zone and are highly deformed. Rock units illustrate ductile-brittle to brittle shear zones and had been under poly-phase metamorphism. In other words, Godar Sorkh has the most similarity with orogenic gold.

In this study after field observations, rock samples were collected from mineralized and altered zones that included 26 thin sections, 47 polished sections and 10 polished thin sections which were prepared for petrography, mineralization and alteration studies, 10 samples were prepared for XRD analyses, 21 samples were analyzed for Au  content by the Fire Assay method and 21 samples were analyzed by the ICP-MS method for REE and trace element amounts in the Iran Minerals Research and Processing Center, and 9 samples  were selected  for XRF analyses  in the Kansaran Binaloud laboratory.  According to the petrographic studies and the results of chemical analysis 7 polished double sections were selected to determine the amount of gold and other elements by electron-microprobe analysis.

The rocks sequence of the Godar Sorkh area comprise of greenschists complexes including limestone, dolomitic, marbles, micaschists, black schist, greenschist, intercalations of quartzite, calc schist, phyllites and slate, metamorphosed under greenschist facies grade. These units are considered to belong to the Paleozoic age. Rock unites have been intruded by basic and felsic dikes. Rock assemblages are characterized by several phases of deformation and generation of various fabrics and structures. Gold mineralization occurs in ductile and brittle shear zones, along N45W trending and controlled by structures. The main alterations are sericitization, carbonization, chloritization, silicification and sulphidization. Ore-mineralogical paragenesis mainly includes pyrite and locally chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, covellite, sphalerite, galena and Fe Oxide-Hydroxide secondary minerals such as goethite, hematite and limonite. The results show that the maximum grade of gold in the mineralization zone has been reported to be 9.9 ppm and the average value of gold in the area is about 0.3 ppm. The microscopic studies show native gold minerals in the range of 15 to 30 micrometers.  Also, electron-microprobe analysis indicates Au in the lattice of sulfide minerals. Based on geochemical studies, rocks have characteristics peraluminous range and the granodiorite intrusion belongs to S type granitoids. LREE are enriched. Controlling parameters for mineral concentration in Godar Sorkh area are shear zone. Therefore, regarding the development of Paleozoic metavolcanic-sedimentary sequences and the formation of multistage extensional structures including the normal faults, and fractures, texture and structure investigation, mineral paragenesis, alteration and geochemistry, gold mineralization in the Godar Sorkh area can be classified as orogenic gold mineralization.

The Ti- Fe mineralization in Bafq 15 anomaly located 35 Km NW of Bafq city, and is a part of Poshte Badam Block in the Central Iran. Mineralization including magnetite, titanomagnetite, ilmenite, and minor pyrite which hosted by gabbro and pyroxenite intrusions syngeneticly. Based on the whole rock chemistry, FeOt, TiO2, CaO, Ni, Cr and V show a positive correlation with MgO, whereas Al2O3, Na2O+K2O, and SiO2 display a negative correlation. These correlations are in agreement with the crystallization of clinopyroxene, amphibole, plagioclase, and oxide minerals in the intrusion. The positive correlation of V, Cr, and Ni with Fe indicates the concentration of these elements in Fe minerals. The chemical composition of ore minerals mostly plots in the solid solution of magnetite- ulvospinel (titanomagnetite) and magnetite- ilmenite fields. In QFM+1> conditions, the high Fe-Ti contents along high H2O content (>2 Wt. %) of parental magma are the most prominent factors controlling Fe- Ti mineralization. According to the proposed model for mineralization, as a new pulse of magma enters the chamber, the high H2O content sufficiently depressed the crystallization temperature of silicates in analogy to oxides, giving rise to early crystallization of Fe-Ti minerals. Increasing of H2O content and magmatic volatiles during magma fractionation consequently may induce immiscibility and separation of oxides from residual melt in late magmatic stage whereas this dense oxides melt flow through pre-crystalized silicates and solidified as intercumulus phase.

The Grouh area is located about 19 km north-east of Sarduyeh city in Kerman Province. The major lithological units in this area include Eocene andesite and andesitic basalt. Oligo-Miocene intrusive units include diorite, quartz diorite and granodiorite; while pyroclastic units include tuff and breccia. The alteration in the Grouh area is remarkable due to the penetration of the intrusive masses into the volcanic rocks. Propylitic, phyllic and  potassic alteration in the northern and southern parts of the range is widely spread. Copper ore deposits (chalcopyrite and malachite) are found in small outcrops in the microporous porphyry granodiorite in the northeastern region. Mineralization can be seen only in hypogen part, and evidence of supergene zone is very weak.. The presence of potassic alteration at the surface as well as the rough topography of the area indicates a high upsurge and severe erosion in the studied area, which possibly led to the transfer of copper to the downstream areas.

The Western Alborz - Lesser Caucasus metallogenic belt includes important Cu and Cu-Au skarn, porphyry and epithermal deposits of Tertiary age in Iran, Turkey and Armenia (Karimzadeh Somarin and Moayyed, 2002; Karimzadeh Somarin, 2004). Important deposits such as Sungun and Masjed Daghi have been situated in this zone in Iran (Ghorbani, 2011). Some researchers have called this zone in the north-western part of the Iranian Copper belt Arasbaran Copper belt (Hassanpour et al., 2010). The Mazraeh deposit is located 20 km north of Ahar city between geographical longitudes '47 ° 00 and 47 ° 08', and latitudes 38 ° 40 '. In addition, 38 ° 36' is a part of Arasbaran Copper Belt in the Kaleyber’s 1:100000 geological map. In recent years, it has become possible to study subsurface samples in this deposit to a depth of 300 meters and provide the opportunity for extensive study of mineralogy and geochemistry of this deposit by conducting systematic exploratory drillings by the National Copper Corporation. Considering the relatively high amounts of gold in cores obtained from drill holes, the study of relationship between gold mineralization and other metals in this deposit has become important for assessing the mineral potential of this deposit. Better understanding of the mechanisms of mineralization in this deposit is useful for its comparison with other similar deposits and better exploratory design for exploration of similar undiscovered deposits in this region. Nowadays, the origin of mineralizing fluids can be discussed with higher certainty with advances in experimental methods including isotopic analysis, fluid inclusion and REE studies (Bowman, 1998). We can obtain valuable information about the origin of fluids causing skarn ore deposits by studying the REE ratios in rock samples. The study of stable isotopes also provides valuable information on temperature of mineralization and physicochemical conditions of mineralizing fluids. Contrary to old beliefs that mineralizing fluids originated from magma in all deposits, the study of stable isotopes has shown that water from other sources can also play an important role in the formation of many deposits (Meinert, 1995). Previous studies have proved that both magmatic and meteoric water have been important in the formation and genesis of many skarn deposits (Taylor and Oneil, 1977). In this paper, we tried to use data from sulfur isotopic studies and the geochemistry of trace and rare earth elements to determine the source and type of fluids affecting mineralization in the Mazraeh skarn deposit.

In order to investigate and identify the fluids effective in the process of skarn mineralization, 22 samples (20 samples from the mineralized zone and 2 samples from the intrusive body) were sent to the Binaloud laboratory for ICP-MS analysis. The results were used in geochemical diagrams. For isotopic studies, samples were taken from different parts of the mineralized skarn. 10 samples of sulfides (pyrite and chalcopyrite) were selected to study sulfur stable isotopes. After crushing the samples, the sulfides were separated under a binocular microscope from waste gangue and they were powdered in agate pounder to obtain a concentrate of mineral sulfide. Purity of the sulfides as higher than 95% and weight of the samples was 100 to 150 mg. Isotopic measurements were performed by a mass spectrometer at Ottawa University, Canada. The type of sulfides and their isotope values based on isotopic standard of the CDT are reported in Table 2.

The results of geochemical studies of rare earth elements indicate the combined effects of magmatic and meteoric water in mineralized fluids in the Mazraeh deposit. Accordingly, magmatic fluids have influenced the mineralizing fluids in the early stages of mineralization. However, the effect of meteoric water on mineralizing fluid in the process of fluid dilution and precipitation of sulfide minerals during the retrograde alteration stage has been more effective in the main and final stages of mineralization. The results of sulfur isotope analysis indicated that sulfur in mineralized fluids has originated from magmatic sources. Also, isotopic thermometry shows temperature of 369 ° C for sulfide mineralization. This temperature indicates the beginning stage of sulfide mineralization in progressive alteration stage.