naghadeh

Wheat thrips, Haplothrips tritici (Kurdjumov) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) is one of the most important sucking pests in wheat fields. In this study, in order to select different sampling patterns as well as the most suitable method for estimating wheat thrips population, regularly sampling was done during wheat growing period in the wheat fields in Eyvan city (Ilam province, west of Iran) during years 2017-2018.After the start of wheat growth, wheat thrips was sampled once in a week by using four sampling methods i.e. X- shaped movement, zig-zag, U and S shape.In each sampling, 100 wheat plants were selected randomly in each field and wheat thrips was counted and recorded.Relative variation (RV) and relative net precision (RNP) were compared to determine the best sampling methods.Comparison of the four sampling methods showed that the X- shaped movement was more precise than the other three patterns.Also, the analysis of variance and comparing the average of the density of wheat thrips between different shaped and growth stages of wheat were used to determine the best sampling space.The results showed that there was a significant difference between the sampling patterns and growth stages and based on these results, the highest density of wheat thrips was observed in X- shaped pattern in the flowering stage. Therefore, according to the results, the flowering stage was determined as the most suitable space for wheat thrips.

Cobalt is an essential nutrient for ruminants which is required for the synthesis of vitamin B12 by the ruminal microflora. Cobalt deficiency can lead to a deficiency of vitamin B12, which plays a major role in many metabolic reactions in the body.

This study was conducted to evaluate cobalt status in the serum and liver of cattle.

In different seasons, the blood serum and liver concentration of cobalt in slaughtered cattle in Urmia city were measured by atomic absorption in 151 and 196 cattle, respectively.  

The results of cobalt measurement indicated that in 12.6% of serum and 21.4% of liver samples the concentration of cobalt was less than normal range with the Mean ± SD value of 0.64 ± 0.25 µg/dl and 0.15 ± 0.04 µg/gDM, respectively. The seasonal variations of cobalt values were assessed in serum and liver samples and following results were obtained: spring (2.18 ± 1.64 µg/dl, 0.23 ± 0.13 µg/gDM), summer (3.42 ± 1.04 µg/dl, 0.42 ± 0.27 µg/gDM), autumn (3.45 ± 0.37 µg/dl, 0.47 ± 0.38 µg/gDM) and winter (2.75 ± 0.59 µg/dl, 0.35 ± 0.09 µg/gDM).

According to the results of this study, it seems that there is a subclinical deficiency of cobalt in cattle of this region and it is recommended that preventive measures be considered to prevent the complications and disorders caused by its clinical deficiency.

A 4-year-old male one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) was referred to Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Urmia University, Iran in 2017 with anorexia, weakness, depression and pale mucosa. Decreased red blood cell count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration were detected by complete blood cell count. In Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears Trypanosoma spp. trypomastigotes scattered between erythrocytic spaces and Mycoplasma-like organisms were observed attached to the surface of erythrocytes. Species-specific PCR assay confirmed T. evansi and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae (CMhl) co-infection. Administration of diminazene aceturate, oxytetracycline 20%, flunixin meglumine and phosphorus-vitamin B12 were not effective in treatment. Hemoplasmosis should be considered as an important differential diagnosis of conditions associated with hemolytic anemia in camel.

The Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. is one of the main pests of wheat and one of the most important plant protection problems in Iran. Multiple linear regression models have been used to predict the fluctuation of various pest populations by using environmental variables. Using intelligent systems to better estimate insect population fluctuations can lead to better results. Therefore, the current study was conducted to predict population fluctuation of the Sunn pest by using a neuro adaptive fuzzy inference system, a response surface method and multiple linear regression. This study was done during in 2015 and 2016 on two wheat farms each one with an area of one hectare in the Chadegan county. In these models, average temperature, average relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and direction, sampling date, degree- day and altitude from sea level were used as response variables. The collected data randomly divided in two categories of training (70%) and testing (30%) and they used for train and test of ANFIS and response surface methodology. The accuracy of the prediction was evaluated by R2 and RMSE. The higher performance of the ANFIS model (R2= 0.93, RMSE= 0.0614) and RSM (R2 = 0.88, RMSE= 0.0836) resulted comparing to the multiple linear regression (R2 = 0.23, RMSE= 0.34). Also the results of sensitivity analysis indicated that the average of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and date of sampling were the most important parameters for predicting density of adult Sunn pest.

The Sunn-pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put., is the most important insect pest of wheat and barley in Chadegan city, in Isfahan province. This study was conducted on a farm with an area of one hectare in 2015 and 2016 in Chadegan county. In this research with sampling regular population fluctuation and spatial distribution nymphal stage different by using Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression was calculated. Based on the results of Taylor’s power law in 2015 (except 5 nymphal stage) and 2016 the spatial distribution of nymphal instars different, was determined aggregated. In Iwao’s patchiness regression, the spatial distribution of nymphal stages different in 2015, was determined aggregated and in 2016 the spatial distribution except 3 and 4 nymphal instars, was determined aggregated. Upon the results of this research, appearance date 1st to 5th nymphal instars in 2015 were observed in 10th, 16th, 16th, 19th and 26th May respectively. appearance date 1st to 5th nymphal instars in 2016 were observed in 18th, 21th, 23th, 31th May and 4th Jun respectively. Maximum density population 2nd nymphal instar that is the best time for control sunn pest was observed in 2015 and 2016, 30th may (2.43±0.65) and 4th Jun, respectively

Common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae, is a key pest of pistachio trees in Iran. Sampling was done from three pistachio orchards including Sefid, Akbari and Kale-Ghochi varieties. Sample units for nymphs and adults were leaf and a yellow sticky trap, respectively. The number of nymphs on leaf and adult the number captured by traps was recorded weekly. The densities of nymphs and adults were significantly affected by pistachio varieties. The spatial distribution pattern of A. pistaciae nymphs was determined by indices of variance to mean ratio and regression methods of Taylor and Iwao. Indices of variance to mean ratio showed that spatial distribution of common pistachio psyllid in 2015 on three pistachio varieties was a random distribution. In 2016 and pooled two years, on Sefid variety random distribution and on Akbari and Kalle-Ghuchi varieties aggregated distributions were indicated. The aggregation indices in Taylor's model and Iwao's patchiness regression on the three pistachio varieties and during two years were both significantly greater than one. The spatial distribution of nymphs at Taylor’s model on Sefid pistachio and aggregated on other varieties in 2015. In Iwao's patchiness regression, spatial distribution in 2015 and 2016 was random on Sefid variety and aggregate in other cases. However, the data obtained showed that Iwao's patchiness regression gave a better fitness with all data in comparison with Taylor's power law. The results can be used to improve the sampling program and implementation of pest management programs of this important pest.

Zinc, as an essential trace element and antioxidant, plays a significant role in the glucose and insulin metabolism and altered zinc content seems to be one of the contributing factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM). The altered levels of serum zinc content has been observed in diabetic patients and it was reported that low serum Zinc concentration is one of the major factors in inducing cardiovascular diseases in patients with DM. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of zinc oxide nanoparticles instead of zinc sulfate supplementation on cardiomyopathy indexes (Troponin I and CK-MB activity) in rats with T1DM. In this study, 120 male Wistar rats were divided into two major intact and diabetic groups. DM was induced by single dose of STZ (45 mg/kg as i.p.). Oral administration of ZnO nanoparticles and zinc sulfate were gavaged respectively at doses 1, 3 and 10 and 30 mg/kg for 56 days. Blood samples were taken from heart at 7, 28, and 56 days and concentration of serum glucose, Insulin, zinc, troponin I and the activity of the CK-MB were determined. The results of this study revealed that in diabetic rats, serum glucose concentration significantly increased (P<0.001) and insulin and zinc levels significantly decreased (P<0.001). Rats with DM showed increased level of troponin I and induced activity of CK-MB (P<0.001). Oral administration of ZnO nanoparticles at dose 3 mg/kg significantly lowered serum glucose level and induced zinc and insulin concentration (P<0.001). It also showed cardioprotective properties by reducing troponin I and CK-MB activity significantly (P<0.01). In contrast, ZnO nanoparticles at dose 10 mg/kg induced cardiomyopathy and revealed high concentration of troponin I and CK-MB (P<0.01). Zinc sulfate administration at dose 30 mg/kg has similar effects as ZnO nanoparticles (3 mg/kg) but not as exactly as seen on the ZnO nanoparticles. Oral administration of ZnO reduced troponin I content and CK-MB activity in serum of diabetic rats, though this findings revealed cardioprotective effects of ZnO nanoparticles.

5-day-old female Holstein calf was necropsied because of lethargy, recumbency and anorexia. At necropsy, multiple gross defects were evident in several organs, including unclosed sutures of skull bones, asymmetrical orbits, doming of the skull bones, hydrocephalus, hydranencephaly, cleft palate, brachygnathia, ventricular septal defect, mitral valve dysplasia and rudimentary lungs. On microscopic examination, pulmonary hypoplasia was characterized by reduced number of alveoli, replacement of peri-bronchiolar smooth muscles with connective tissue and small masses of undeveloped cartilage around the small airways. The present report is the first description of the congenital pulmonary hypoplasia accompanied by numerous malformations in Holstein breed.

A one-day-old male Holstein calf was presented with a palpable subcutaneous mass، extending from the parotid to the orbital region، involving the entire right side of the face and a large flabby mass without any evidence of inflammation or edema on the tongue. Macroscopically، the cut surface of the lingual mass appeared slightly lobulated، pink، with a mucoid appearance and gelatinous consistency. Histopathological examination confirmed the infiltrative subcutaneous lipoma and lingual myxoma evidenced by low cellularity and abundant basophilic، mucinous stroma. In this report، clinical and detailed histhopathological findings of congenital infiltrative myxoma and its coincidence with infiltrative facial lipoma is reported in a newborn calf.

Small ruminants’ babesiosis caused by Babesia ovis, is transmitted during blood feeding by infected ticks and is the most economically important tick-borne disease in tropical and subtropical areas. This study was car­ried out to to estimate the infection rate of B. ovis in sheep and goats by PCR. We have analysed risk factors that might influence infection of sheep and goats with B. ovis. A total 402 blood samples were examined microscopically for the presence of Babesia infection. All sam­ples were tested by PCR. During sampling, whole body of each animal and farm dogs was examined for the presence of ticks. Forty-two animals (10.4%) were positive for Babesia spp. upon microscopic examination, whereas 67 ani­mals (16.7%) yielded the specific DNA for B. ovis of which 52 animals were sheep and 15 animals were goats. Twenty-nine farms (72.5%) were found positive for B. ovis. The percentage of positive animals in each location varied from 13 % to 20 %. The relative risk of the presence of ticks in sheep and goats (P< 0.01) and farm dogs (P< 0.01) for PCR­positive results for B. ovis in sheep and goats was found 3.8 and 2.9, respectively. A total of 747 ticks identified as Rhipicephalus bursa, R. sanguineus and R. turanicus on the basis of morphological features. Other animal species besides dogs may also be risk factors for babesiosis in sheep and goats. Also, R. bursa may play an important role as a vector of the parasite in Iran.

Numerous abnormalities and clinical syndromes have been associated with vitamin A and zinc deficiency in large animals. In addition, zinc status influences several aspects of vitamin A metabolism including its mobilization from liver to other tissues. The purpose of the present study is to determine the vitamin A and zinc status and their relationship in cattle. Vitamin A and zinc concentrations in blood plasma and liver samples of 114 to 130 male slaughtered cattle (under 18 months old) in Urmia were assessed and their status and correlations were analyzed. In 15.6, 25.4, 5.4 and 3.8% of samples, the concentrations of vitamin A and zinc in plasma and liver were less than minimum recommended concentration, respectively. In 24.8% of samples vitamin A in liver was more than maximum recommended concentration. The mean concentrations (±standard error) of vitamin A and zinc in plasma and vitamin A and zinc in liver were 59.7±4.5 µg/dL, 99.1±4.7 µg/dL, 161.9±6.2 µg/g wet weight and 103.2±4.7 µg/g wet weight, respectively. In cattle with zinc levels lower than minimum reference value, vitamin A in plasma and zinc concentration in liver were significantly (p<0.0005) less than those of cattle with normal plasma zinc levels. In cattle with inadequate zinc status a direct significant correlation (p<0.01, r=0.481) between plasma and liver vitamin A levels was observed. However, in cattle with adequate zinc status, the plasma zinc had a positive significant correlation with plasma vitamin A (p<0.01, r=0.466), liver vitamin A (p<0.01, r=0.411) and liver zinc (p<0.01, r=372). Deficiency of vitamin A and zinc are relatively common in Urmia and the deficiency probably leads to subclinical and clinical abnormalities. Furthermore, zinc had significant effects on plasma and liver vitamin A status.

This study was conducted to determine the electrophoretic pattern of serum protein in goats infected with Babesia ovis. Serum total protein was calculated and serum electrophoresis from 15 goats naturally infected with B. ovis as well as same number of healthy goats was performed. Microscopic examination of Giemsastained peripheral blood smears revealed B. ovis infection. The parasitological diagnosis was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay by using a pair of B. ovis-specific primers. Mean values total protein and α and γ globulin fractions in infected goats were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those observed in the healthy group.

Reticulorumen hypomotility leads to the impaired physiologic functions of the digestive tract. Prokinetic action of ginger has been demonstrated in the laboratory animals and human. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger on contraction and motility of reticulum and rumen of ruminants. Collected samples of reticulum and rumen from eight sheep were investigated in vitro. The extract at the concentration of 0.1 and 1.0 mg L-1 had no effect on any preparations. Contraction of reticulum and rumen preparations was occurred at 10.0 and 100 mg L-1 concentrations (p < 0.05). Concentration of 1000 mg L-1 caused a relaxation in preparations contracted with 10.0 and 100 mg L-1. Likewise, the concentration of 1000 mg L-1 significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited ACh-induced contraction in both tissues. Six sheep were involved in electromyographic study. Administration of 40 mg kg-1 of the extract increased the overall frequency of contractions of the reticulum and rumen at the subsequent three days with the prominent increase at the second day (p < 0.05). Results of in vitro study indicated that hydroalcoholic extract of ginger contained spasmogenic and spasmolytic constituents. The results in vivo study represented evidences that the extract may have stimulant effect on reticulorumen motility in 40 mg kg-1 concentration.

Auto-reactive cells-mediated immune responses are responsible for the current tissue damages during autoimmunity. Accordingly، functional modulation of auto-reactive cells has been a pivotal aim in many of recent studies. In the current study، we investigated the possibility for insertion of regulatory molecules onto auto-reactive cells through exosomal nano-shuttles as a novel approach for phenotype modification of auto-reactive cells. The exosomes were isolated from supernatant of mesenchymal stem cells culture. Resultant exosomes co-cultured with lymphocytes were harvested from established EAE mice in the presence of antigenic MOG35-55 peptide. After 24 hr، insertion of exosomal tolerogenic molecules (PD-L1، TGF-β، galectin-1) onto auto-reactive cells were explored through flow cytometry. The potency of exosomal inserted membrane molecules to modulate phenotype of auto-reactive lymphocytes was assessed upon ELISA test for their-derived cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17. Incorporation of exosomal molecules into lymohocytes’ membrane was confirmed by flow cytometric analyses for surface levels of mentioned molecules. Additionally، the decreased secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17 were detected in exosome pre-treated lymphocytes upon stimulation with MOG peptide. Mesenchymal stem cells -derived exosomes showed to be efficient organelles for insertion of bioactive tolerogenic molecules onto auto-reactive cells and modulation of their phenotypes

To evaluate the potential effects of uncultured adipose derived stromal vascular fraction on tendon healing.Design: Prospective descriptive study.Animals: Twenty five adult male New Zealand white rabbits, weighing 2.5-3.0 kg were used. Five rabbits were used as donors of adipose tissue and the rest were divided into control and treatment groups.Procedures: The injury model was unilateral complete tenotomy through the middle one third of deep digital flexor tendon. Immediately after suture repair, either fresh stromal vascular fraction from enzymatic digestion of adipose tissue or placebo was intratendinously injected at tendon stumps in treatments and controls, respectively.Immobilization with cast was continued for two weeks after surgery. Animals were sacrificed at three and eight weeks after surgery and tendons underwent histological and immunohistochemical evaluations. By histology, superior fibrillar organization and remodeling of neotendon were observed in response to the treatment at both time points. As the main finding of immunohistochemistry, treatment at the later time point resulted in significant increase in collagen I and decrease in collagen III expression compared to controls.Conclusions and clinical Relevance: The present study showed that intratendinous injection of uncultured adipose derived stromal vascular fraction resulted in improved structural properties of tendon repairs and it could be an effective modality for treating tendon injury.

This prospective study aimed to compare the intraosseous (IO) and intravenous (IV) effects of propofol on selected blood parameters and physiological variables during general anesthesia in rabbits. Thirty New Zealand White rabbits were studied. Six rabbits received IV propofol (group 1) and another 6 rabbits, were injected propofol intraosseously (Group 2) for 30 minutes (experimental groups). Rabbits of the third and fourth groups received IV and IO normal saline at the same volume given to the experimental groups, respectively. In the fifth group IO cannulation was performed but neither propofol nor normal saline were administered. Blood profiles were assayed before induction and after recovery of anesthesia. Heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, saturation of peripheral oxygen and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded. Heart rate increased significantly 1 to 5 minutes after induction of anesthesia in experimental groups (P < 0.05). Although mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly from baseline, values remained above 60 mm Hg (P < 0.05). Respiratory rate decreased significantly in experimental groups, but remained higher in group 2 (P < 0.05). The lymphocyte count decreased significantly in group 1 (P < 0.05). The concentration of alkaline phosphatase in all rabbits, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase in the first group and gamma-glutamyl transferase in the third group increased significantly (P < 0.05). Total bilirubin decreased significantly in group 2 (P < 0.05). All measured values remained within normal limits. Based on the least significant physiological, hematological and biochemical effects, the IO injection of propofol appears to be safe and suitable method of anesthesia in rabbits with limited vascular access.

Oxygen is an essential part of the most important metabolic pathways in aerobic organisms. Oxygen delivery is merely dependent on blood, rendering blood loss a devastating event. Traumatic pre-hospital liver bleeding is a major cause of early trauma deaths in human and animals, with no established therapeutic method yet. Increasing intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) has been shown to reduce liver bleeding by half. Although reduction of blood loss could be in favor of blood oxygen delivery, however, the complex interaction between increased IAP and respiratory mechanics during severe hemorrhagic shock remained unclear. We used a novel model of liver trauma in 16 rabbits and randomly assigned them to either normotensive abdomen group or increased IAP by fluid infusion (HA) groups (n=8 each). Liver size and the amount of liver injury were evaluated. Various blood oxygenation parameters were recorded. Both groups were identical in terms of the liver size and injury. The HA group had significantly lower shock index. Arterial oxygen capacity and oxygen content were higher in the HA group. No significant statistical difference was seen between groups in terms of abdominal perfusion pressure; alveolar pressure of oxygen; dissolved oxygen in blood plasma; alveolar to arterial oxygen tension gradient; arterial to alveolar oxygen pressure ratio; the ratio between partial pressure of arterial oxygen and fraction of inspired oxygen; and respiratory index. In conclusion, the novel therapeutic method of increasing IAP by fluid infusion in a rabbit model of liver hemorrhage preserved blood oxygenation better than the classic therapeutic method.

Objective- To investigate the effect of intratendinous injection of bMSCs on the rate and extent of tendon healing after primary repair in a rabbit model. Design- Experimental study.Animals- Twenty seven skeletally mature New Zealand white rabbits weighing 1.8- 2.5 kg were used. Twenty rabbits were used as the experimental animals, and seven others were used as a source of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.Procedures- Under general anesthesia an experimental tenotomy was made through the midsubstance of the DDF tendon. The transected tendon was immediately repaired with use of a locking loop suture. No treatment was given to control group (n = 10). Rabbits in treatment group (n = 10) were subjected to receive bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Operated limbs were immobilized for two weeks post operatively. Samples from operated tendons were harvested at weeks of three and eight of operationfor histopathlogicalevaluation, which included evaluation of quantitative and qualitative assessment (twenty specimens). Results- Histological findings revealed that there were significant improvements in structural characteristics of granulation tissue.Neovascularization and cellular proliferation also increased at the synovial layer of the epitenon (increased thickness)in the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells intreatment group compared to the control group at the week three (P<0.05). At the week eight there were no differences between the groups with regard to histologic characteristics (P>0.05).Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- Intratendinous application of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells following primary tendon repair can significantly improve the histologicalparameters in the early stage of tendon healing. Early timeperiod during tendonhealing is crucial in the treatment of tendon injuries.