implementation

One of the important aspects of investigating social participation is to explain the type of view and approach of national policies to this concept and its various dimensions. Different institutions in Iran adopt policies at different levels. Focusing on the Meta policies of Iran in various fields, this research aims to investigate the dimensions, considerations and approach of these policies towards the issue of public participation. For this purpose, in the first step, the Meta policies of the Islamic Republic were selected at two levels: the general policies approved by the leader of the revolution and the development program laws approved by the parleman. In the second step, the text of each of the related policies, involved in 52 general policies announced by the leadership (45 thematic general policies and 7 general policies of the development program) and 6 economic, social and cultural development programs approved by parleman were examined. In this review; All dimensions and considerations related to the categories of "People's participation", "Cooperative sector participation", "Private sector participation" and "Non-governmental sector participation" were identified and extracted. The results show that the biggest dimension of people's participation is "implementation of policies" and there is more capacity for people's participation in economic sectors. Some weaknesses are also seen, such as low attention to the role of people's participation in agenda setting, design, evaluation and providing feedback on policies, on the one hand, and low capacity building on the fields and platforms of creating people's participation in the policies under review.

It can be stated that at least in the three recent development programs in Iran (fourth, fifth, and sixth), there is a consensus among experts regarding the lack of full enforcement- or the expected enforcement- of legal provisions. It appears that one of the most crucial reasons for the nonenforcement of the program rules is ignoring or not paying enough attention to the enforcement requirements in the process of drafting and approving the legal provisions. The excessive increase of laws is based on the questionable and criticizable belief or assumption that the law represents reality and that the law's approval is a prelude to enforcement. While merely approving the law cannot change the relationships and balances of real relationships; Rather, the law must be approved in accordance with reality and be compatible with the capacities and capabilities of the law enforcers. On the other hand, the expected and definite role of the law is merely to give enforceable character to a document that is prepared on the basis of previous deep and detailed reviews and evaluations, not necessarily changing the behavior of the audience or related relationships. In this article, the requirements of law enforcement were discussed first. Then, taking advantage of Kaushik Basu's comments and within the framework of game theory, some points about the role and contribution of law in reforming the economic spheres are proposed. The success of any law requires taking into account considerations that cannot be provided and available in the traditional theory of the rule of law, as well as the theory of law and economics. In this invitation to rethink the role and contribution of the law with the focus on "research enforcement", several instances of the program laws’ provisions are mentioned, emphasizing on the law of the sixth development program. There are serious doubts about the necessity of approving many legal decrees and the effectiveness of using legal tools to achieve development goals in Iran, and in this sense, a fundamental revision should be made in the formulation and approval of the Future Development Plan (Seventh) Law.

We employed the top-down policy implementation model of  Horn and Meter, from policymaking to the implementation stage we need to consider six components including standards and objectives, resources, inter-organizational communication and enforcement activities, characteristics of implementing agencies, economic, social and political conditions and the disposition of implementers.  In this research, we used a directed qualitative content analysis method based on semi-structured interviews with  elites in the field of anti-narcotics policy implementation. Then, we compared the results with the model of our research. According to the results of our study, 13 deviances are identified as follows: executors not prioritising anti-narcotic actions, confliction and multiplicity of policy objectives, lack of an index for success evaluation, the disproportion between objectives and standards, resources mismanagement, Structural inconsistencies in the implementation stage, Systematic disregard for science and practice, Institutional and social turmoil, Polyphony and lack of strong organizational authority, implementers disbelief, lack of monitoring and accountability, insistence on quick-response measures and inability in prioritisation.

Governments play a significant role in building a constructive environment for the emergence and development of entrepreneurship, which can be achieved through the implementation of entrepreneurship policy. Policy implementation is a link between the formulation and the results of the expected policies. This applied research has been conducted with the aim of designing a model for implementing entrepreneurial policies in Iran. The statistical population of the study consists of experts in the field of entrepreneurship policy, who have been selected by judgmental sampling. The data collection tool is an interview and in order to design this model, we first interviewed 14 experts and implementers of entrepreneurship policies, in order to achieve in-depth theoretical saturation. After collecting and summarizing the interview information, using the theme analysis technique, and open and central coding, 32 indicators to measure 7 factors of standardization, participation in the performance, presenters, performance environment, performance conditions, performance evaluation, and Feedback was identified. Then, in another interview with the same experts who were present in the previous stage of the interview, the pair relationship and two factors were identified and analyzed using the interpretive-structural modeling (ISM) technique, and finally, the relationship and sequence of factors were extracted in a model including 7 dimensions in 5 levels. The obtained results demonstrated that standardization is the basis of the model of implementation of entrepreneurial policies in Iran, which should receive much attention. Moreover, according to the results of this section, the factors of participation in implementation, conditions of implementation, and evaluation in implementation are among the dependent factors, which have a weak influence but high dependence. The feedback factor is the link variable and the standardization factors, executives and implementation environment are independent variables that have high influence and low dependence and are named key variables. According to the factors identified in the research, it is suggested that a national entrepreneurship document and its implementation roadmap be compiled, and in this regard, the opinions and suggestions of executives and beneficiaries should be used both in the actual identification of issues and in providing successful implementation solutions for entrepreneurship programs.

By conducting a semi-structured interview based on the literature on whistle-blowing in Iran and based on a specific protocol, 16 of the country's scientific and executive experts were interviewed. Descriptive analysis of the findings of the interviews using the method of thematic analysis has led to the identification of 6 overarching themes out of 32 organizing themes in the analysis of 246 basic themes. Theme analysis is one of the simple and efficient methods of qualitative analysis used in this research. The relationships of the overarching themes identified as the main factors influencing the implementation of the disclosure policy in Iran were determined by preparing a questionnaire and collecting the opinions of 12 experts in the structural self-interaction matrix (SSIM). Finally, by using the valid models introduced as organizational policy implementation models (Van Horn and Van Meter and Edwards model), the model of whistle-blowing policy implementation against corruption in Iran's government organizations has been designed. Is.

There are complex calculations in calculating the different levels of audit risk and this has led to the risk-based audit process not being fully implemented by auditing firms and different levels of auditors, and typically most firms only do the first part of the process. It is related to audit planning. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the possibility of establishing risk-based auditing in the VAT system in Iran. Thus, after forming the pairwise comparison matrix using fuzzy numbers, a questionnaire was designed and provided to the experts and then the s matrix was calculated for each row of the pairwise comparison matrix. In the next step, the degree of magnitude of S relative to each other was calculated; At this point, the Sis were compared to each other in terms of magnitude. Using Expert choice software, the contrast between the two matrices was measured. The observed compatibility rate was less than 0.1, which indicates that the obtained matrix is ​​compatible. The final results show that the knowledge of the auditor has the most desirability (with a weight value of 0.278), audit knowledge in the second priority (with a weight value of 0.268), audit independence in the third priority (with a weight value of 0.238) and finally Customer composition (with a weight value of 0.216) is the last priority.

In the statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution, the supreme leader emphasizes on improvement of science and passing the current borders of knowledge. Gaining this important goal requires the achievement of a model that, with a systemic approach, explains the effective infrastructure in the implementation of knowledge management and the relationship between them.The present study has been written with the aim of achieving a model for implementing knowledge management in the universities of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study is applied and it is collected by structural equation modeling.In this study, first the Delphi method was used from the opinions of 16 experts and specialists about the model. Then, to confirm the model, a questionnaire was distributed among 130 faculty members of AJA universities with the rank of instructor and above.The data collection tool was a questionnaire and the data were analyzed through SMART PLS software using descriptive tests and structural equation modeling. Based on the research findings, the knowledge management implementation model of 66 indicators in the form of 13 factors include; Organizational culture (culture of trust, culture of cooperation, culture of learning, culture of knowledge), organizational structure (formality, decentralization) and human resources (motivation, retention) Infrastructural factors; And knowledge production, knowledge storage, knowledge sharing, knowledge application and knowledge preservation. According to the ranking, maintaining the most important and knowledge culture has been the least important from the perspective of AJA universities experts in implementing knowledge management.

The most important goals of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran are stated in the 20-year vision document (Horizon 1404) of the country so that the foreign policy apparatus is obliged to act in accordance with these goals and policies. Given the proximity of the horizon in this policy and the need to evaluate the performance of the last 8 years of Hassan Rouhani's government, this study was conducted to evaluate the foreign policy of the eleventh and twelfth governments in accordance with the vision document of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1404. By adopting a descriptive-analytical method, this research seeks to present an evaluation model, while explaining the foreign policy goals of the 20-year vision document of Iran, the performance of the country's foreign policy apparatus during the years 1392-1400 in relation to the nuclear case and the rise of ISIL. Corona pandemic to examine and evaluate relations with the West and the East and the countries of the region, etc. The results and findings of the study indicate that in the discussion of compliance of the performance of the eleventh and twelfth governments with the 20-year vision document 1404, it can not be conclusively claimed compliance or non-compliance. However, cases of compliance compliance can include: "Relations with the East", "Relations and Confrontation with the United States", "Measures related to the rise of ISIS and international terrorism" and cases of non-compliance include: "Nuclear issue and BRICS",

Social capital plays a Determinant role in the implementation of public policies. Implementation is a step of the policy-making process that is the place of operational realization of policy objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the functions and dysfunctions of social capital in the implementation of population policies. The research philosophy is "interpretive" and the approach is "inductive". The research strategy is "case study" and the way of collecting information is "interview". The content analysis technique is used to analyze the interview data. By analyzing data, 47 primary themes, 6 organizing themes and 2 comprehensive themes were calculated and the theoretical model of the research was formed, according to which social harmony, constructive social interactions and collective conscience are in the category of social capital functions. And the weakness of social harmony, destructive social interactions and the weakness of collective conscience are the dysfunctions of social capital.

Providing a context that leads to rectification as well as elimination of threats is one of the most notable human concerns in the developing and changing atmosphere of global power. Types of threats are subject to trends which are formed globally as a result of ever-growing fields of science and technology. The supreme leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, has also summoned stakeholders to reinforce and amass different efficient opinions. For this purpose, general policies of science and technology for the implementation, execution and resolution of issues in this area have been issued. Therefore, considering the need for a local model of implementation of general science and technology policies at AJA universities at a strategic and developmental level, this research aims to “achieve dimensions, components and indicators of the abovementioned model in a mixed way”. With respect to the purpose of this study, it is done in a descriptive-analytical method (applied-development) which is categorized as an exploratory research which leads to exploration of the object structures, dimensions, components and indicators. The data in this qualitative study is gathered through library studies, interviewing experts and phishing. In the next stage, a researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity and reliability were checked using the split-half method and the Gutman test, with coefficient of 0.5 and 0.81, was used. Using structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis, the research hypotheses were investigated and the final model of the research, including 4 dimensions, 14 components and 72 indices was proposed.

The Strategic Military Guide refers to the basic rules and systematic framework and principles that result from knowledge, experience, study, analysis and testing, and the way to use capabilities to achieve military objectives and in general the way the armed forces fight on the battlefield. By examining the various processes of internal and comparative studies, the formation pattern of the military doctrine of the Islamic Republic of Iran, includes five basic stages: Gathering information, planning, manufacturing, implementation and feedback provided. The dimension (stage) of implementation is very important among these five stages. The aim of this research is to explain the implementation stage of the formation pattern of the military guide of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research is an applied-developmental one and it has used a mixed and case-contextual approach. The research data were analyzed by content analysis. The spatial territory of this research is Islamic Republic of Iran and its thematic territory is at the strategic level. The size of the sample population is consistent with the statistical population and a sample of 30 individuals have been selected. The results indicate that the most important factors regarding the dimension (stage) of the implementation of the guideline include five factors (the required organizational structure, required technology, training, formulation/ improvement of strategy and tactics, and preparation of plans) and 12 sub-factors (organization, sections (Strategic, operational and strategic), equipment, processes, methods, individual training, unit training, deterrence, offensive, defense, operational and development).

This research aims to identify and categorize the criteria for successful implementation of public policies. The Implementation stage is one of the most important stages of public policy process. Importance of Implementation is due to the fact that it is a test for the accuracy and precision of formulation of public policies. Given the different models of implementation analysis and the complexities of this policy making stage, identifying a set of criteria for successful implementation of public policies can lead to more successful implementation and help policymakers and relevant organization to prevent public policy failures. In this regard, in this research by using of thematic analysis, and reviewing scientific texts of public policy tried to identify a set of criteria for successful implementation of public policies. This criteria categorized in in five themes: 1-criteria related to the policy, 2- policy enforcers, 3- Executive organizations and structures, 4- Conditions and environment of implementation, 5- resources and tools of policy implementation.

One of the important steps in the implementation of overall  policies of passive defense in Govermental  Organizations is the recognition of barriers.This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection method, it is descriptive / survey and in terms of mixed method (quantitative and qualitative).
The issue was not the knowledge of obstacles to the implementation of general policies of passive defense. Two research questions are: What are the main obstacles to implementing the general policy of over-protective defenses in government agencies?And what is the priority of the effective factors.
Using the theoretical bases of experts' opinions and using the Delphi technique, 22 variables were identified as factors influencing implementation of these policies. Then a questionnaire was designed and implemented with a targeted sample of 43 people.
Binomial and Variantsifreadman tests were used to identify the barriers of implementation. The findings show the existence of 17 factors as barriers Including: Weakness in threatening, The poor attitude of managers to passive defense , Weakness in commitment and commitment to policies, Weakness in legal requirements, Disproportionate organizational structure, Lack of resources and resources, Not Priority.

Among the important issues in the field of social damages are the addiction and drugs. This study carried out with the aim of identifying the obstacles of the execution of public policies in the filled of fighting against drugs, declared by supreme leader in the course of the pathology to implement public policies. Therefore 18 experts were interviewed applying case study strategy. Based on the thematic analysis, a thematic network of the obstacles to implement the meta-policies in fighting against drugs emerged. Findings of this research indicate that actors, process, structure, and the context of making policies had played the main role in implementations of the policies. In the next step, the elements of the thematic network were arranged in the framework of CIPP and the relations between them. In this pattern, meta-policies on fighting against drugs in inputs, actors, processes, and the structure of making policies within processing and the context of making policies were placed. Eventually, the nonefficient performance of meta-policies in fighting against drugs is regarded as an outcome of this pattern

The purpose of this Study is to present a Model of policy Obstacles using the Meta Synthesis method. This research is descriptive -applied. The statistical population of this study consists of 140 articles policy related publications published between 2000 and 2017. 49 Articles were selected as samples via non-random-purposeful Sampling Method. Kappa Coefficient was used to Calculate the Reliability .The Amount of which was 0.798. Also The Waltz and Basel Methods was used to Measure the content validity, that Its value was Calculated 0.85 . By Analyzing the contents of these Articles, the Dimensions and patterns of the Model were Extracted and the Significance of each one was Determined by the Shannon Entropy Method. The Results of the Data Analysis Showed that the Barriers to Policy formulation, Policy Implementers, Managerial, Structural, Financial, Informational and Technological Resources and Environmental are the most important obstacles to Policy Implementation in Government Organization. Inadequate interaction and performance indicators, lack of the appropriate theoretical basis for policy, weak information technology, personal characteristics of executives, inadequate implementation tools, inadequate monitoring system, inadequate coordination of implementation are the most important factor .

Civil society¡ its organizations and elements is one of interested subjects of social and political analysts. Civil society¡ especially in democratic societies has a significant role in the public policy process. Political process is the main process is the public policy process that includes power and influence in the society in which actors struggle to achieve certain goals. Public policy in its various stages is affected by new forces that the extent of their presence and the level of their power are growing. Understanding these effects can provide a Proper guide in defining and analyzing the public policy process in a country. In this Article¡ the public policy process has segregated into five stages: formation of referential¡ agenda setting¡ decision making¡ implementation and evaluation And then the role of civil society in the policy process have been analyzed.

Iran's Comprehensive Scientific Map is an inclusive, harmonized, and dynamic set of foundations, goals, policies, strategies, structures, and necessities of science and technology strategic change based on Islamic and futuristic values for achieving the goals of Iran's 20-year vision plan. Rereading the recent years words of Iran's Supreme Leader, the macro plans and goals of the Islamic Republic, including implementation of the country's comprehensive scientific map, is only accomplished by translating it to a national discourse. This research is intended to study dimensions and factors based on grounded theory for the implementation discourse of the country's comprehensive map according to Supreme Leader's viewpoint. The computer data analysis software MAXQDA12 has been aided in data analysis, all the speeches of Supreme Leader's since 1988 coded line by line, and reviewed and reexamined multiple times to achieve theoretical saturation on key concepts and Categories. Eventually, 6 Categories and 62 key concepts extracted from 405 codes were identified out of His Excellency's remarks. Ultimately, the discourse pattern for implementation of the country's comprehensive scientific map has been presented based on Supreme Leader's viewpoints.

In Jurisprudential discourses, the issue of worships is a discussion that although its personal aspect dominates its other traits, it is in relation and interaction with a series of social and governmental issues. Thus, the government has a duty and as a result, an authority in its implementation, realization, supporting and supervising its implementation in the society. This article tries to analyze the jurisprudential arguments on the government’s obligation towards the triple aspects of realization, supporting and supervising the implementation of worships. Relying on the jurisprudential arguments, the author tries to specify the mentioned duties of the Islamic government in the sphere of worships.