جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Islamic Fundamentalism » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

A long time has passed since the forced separation of the neighbors from Iran's civilized territory; This civilizational center, with its position as a crossroads in the geography of West Asia, has always had a legacy of hidden and open threats from its neighbors. Among Iran's 15 neighbors, Afghanistan is the unic among others; Because in the past few decades, Iran has been at the forefront of threats of Afghanistan. With the Rushing out of America from Afghanistan, the balance of power once again changed in favor of the Taliban, and the security puzzle of Afghanistan took on new dimensions. Therefore, the authors were looking for an answer to the question: "What are the ideal strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran to regulate the neighborhood relations with the Afghanistan?" The research inputs have been collected in the library method and analyzed in the framework of components of security, neighborhood policy and economic diplomacy; The methodology of the text has a descriptive-analytical. The findings of the research show that the Islamic Republic of Iran should adjust its relations with its eastern neighbor with a strategic approach in such a way that through active economic diplomacy and gaining the support of the international community, it can deal with the triple threats reproduced in Turn the Afghanistan field of the Taliban into economic and security opportunities for yourself. The result of the research showed that it is possible to solve the security mystery of Afghanistan with the effectiveness of Iran's economic diplomacy and the cooperation of effective regional and extra-regional actors.

What happened in the Middle East, from Western countries’perspe-ctive, was a rebellion of unemployed youth and graduated persons, who are familiar with the requirements of information era, seeking freedom, quality and order of power’s new patterns. This perspective called Middle East developments Arab Spring and predicted the events by using theories of patrimonialism and democracy. Some experts would analyze the Middle East developments according to Islam and relations between theology and politics. They believe that thedevel-opments are a kind of Islamic awakening against the patterns of traditional despotism and western dictatorship. It seems none of perspectives happened and the Middle East is experiencingfundam-entalism.

The exit of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 was made by the government of Joe Biden, which was preceded by the Doha Agreement on February 29, 2020 between Donald Trump and the Taliban with the official title of "Peace Agreement to Afghanistan." The end of the 20-years US military presence in Afghanistan has challenged international relations researchers with the crucial question of what consequences the military pullout of the United States and its allies will have for other actors active in the Middle East, Central and West Asia? And what aspects of their national interests will be affected? Amongst these players is the Russian Federation, that Afghanistan's proximity to Central Asia, as Moscow's traditional sphere of influence, could lead to new crises, including the expansion of Islamic fundamentalism to the national interests of this country. Therefore, the main question of this present paper is that what are the negative consequences of the US withdrawal from Afghanistan on Russia's national interests in Central Asia? The main assumption of this paper is that the central Asian region should be considered the center of the world crisis in the future as the most prone region for the growth of Islamic fundamentalism, which will destroy the region's security dynamics and confront Russia to new security threats. The authors try to prove their hypothesis in this paper by applying Regional security complex theory.

Xinjiang Muslims can be considered one of the most important considerations of the Chinese government's internal security, which has also affected the country's foreign and security policy. Although this issue is influenced by the social identity of the Muslims in the region and the Chinese government's policy of "assimilation and integration", the security and political priority of this issue in China is not only affected by its internal conditions but also by regional conditions. International also plays a prominent role in prioritizing it. In this regard, the situation in the Central Asian region after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 has had a direct impact on China's security priorities in the Xinjiang region. In fact, although Beijing was the second emerging power after Moscow to put the full development of its relations with these newly independent republics primarily on the political and security fronts and secondarily on economic and cultural issues. But at the same time, it was affected by the internal challenges and harms of these countries. The findings of this descriptive-analytical study show the proximity of Xinjiang region and the identity and cultural closeness of its inhabitants with the Central Asian tribes, separatist movements, religious extremism, terrorism and drug trafficking in the field of sensitivity and Beijing has been strict about the political and security issues of the region and its Muslims.

This article seeks to address the socio-political situation of French Muslims and the different political, social and cultural perspectives of the three generations of Muslims in this country, as well as to evaluate the French government's policies towards them, due to the escalation of identity crisis among French Muslims. This interaction has created the ground for the growth of terrorism and the intensification of Islamophobia in France.

This article is based on descriptive-analytical method by using library and internet resources.

Environmental and psychological contexts of identification among the second and third generations of French Muslims and the competition between ethnic and national traditionalism with integration in European Islam or the third option, extremism and fundamentalism, are the most important causes of the identity crisis among the Muslims. This issue has led to the deepening of the identity gap based on their secularism and Islamic values.

French Muslims are one of the largest Muslim communities in Europe, whose socio-political status reflects the limitations and problems they face. In this context, the failure of the French government's assimilation policy in the reconstruction of European Islam and the recent terrorist attacks in this country challenge the identification of Muslim youth among generations and the triple Islamic reading from ethnic traditionalism to secular Islam and Islamic fundamentalism. These conditions, in a social and identity context, lead to the reproduction of radical policies and actions by the government, French citizens and Muslims of this country.

With the purpose of reviewing the policy of Russia towards the state-nation building crisis in Iraq, the present study seeks to answer what were the impacts of the state-nation building crisis in modern Iraq on the perception of Russian elites about the transformations in this country and consequently Russian policy. The method of study is descriptive analysis and it relies on the hypothesis that state-nation building transformations in modern Iraq such as the emergence of Takfiri extremism, threatening the interests of Russian allies, and concerns over spreading instabilities to Eurasia, have led to changing the perception of Russians and as a result, adopting the policy of expanding the presence and penetration of Russia in Iraq.

Although violence based on religious teachings, which is typically based on mere words, is not entirely new and has a long history in religions, but what we see today as violent fundamentalism with all its features is new, is less unprecedented in the history of religions and sects. Thus, Islamic fundamentalism in this article is a reading of Islam that has not existed in any of the past historical periods except the present age; and its hallmark is violence. Islamic fundamentalism is a reading of Islam that has not existed in any of the past historical periods except the present age. Therefore, finding a way out of this religious reading requires that we first understand the logic of its emergence and reproduction. Therefore, in this article, we sought the logic of the emergence and reproduction of Islamic fundamentalism and finding a way out of it. Achieving it also requires mastering how it emerges and reproduces. In this regard, in the present descriptive-analytical article, we used the ideas of Alireza Shojaeezand, Mostafa Malekian and Sara Shariati in this field. On this basis, we found the emergence of Islamic fundamentalism in the contemporary tension between Islamic collectivist ideology and individualistic and globalized liberal ideology. Also, the adoption of a populist mechanism is the basis of its reproduction. Therefore, we believe that strengthening civil society is a sufficient condition for overcoming Islamic Fundamentalism.

The end of the Cold War lifted the umbrella of the superpowers from Europe and many other regions. The pattern of influence of the superpowers changed. The regional powers took the initiative, and the literature on regional powers became popular. The Islamic Revolution, the Islamic State, Shiite ideology, and the challenge to liberal discourse, along with other components of national power such as geopolitics, established Iran as a regional power. Given the importance of this position, what scenarios for the future of Iran's regional power can be explored and evaluated. Future visualization, discovery and evaluation of possible and probable futures of regional power in Iran were followed by futures research method. Using the scenario-making method, optimistic, pessimistic and combined images of the future power of Iran's regions were drawn. By explaining the parts of the scenario and their evidences, the combined scenario; The continuation of the ideology of resistance and while emphasizing the case interaction with the West as a picture closer to the future reality of the position of power in the regions of Iran is more likely. Drawing scenarios of Iranian power in the form of a theoretical basis of a set of scenarios (relatively specific elements, driving forces and uncertainties) and a combined scenario showing the continuation of Iranian power and re-creating a revolutionary identity, adherence to resistance, fundamentalism and realistic idealism. Case interaction with the West and the continuation of the 2021 negotiations.

Abu Ala'ali Modudi is one of the prominent thinkers of the Islamic world who believed in the achievement of Islamic idealism and in his ideas, concepts such as "the sovereignty of God", "Islamic political system", "confrontation with the West", "Islamic education", "jihad" and Islamic concepts Have a special place. With the formation of Pakistan in 1947, and the feedback on Modudi's ideas, Islamic fundamentalism was shown in this country and it became effective in its cultivation. This article, by analytical-descriptive method, whose sources are based on a library methodology, seeks to answer the question of how did the Modudi’s thought have an impact on Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan? In response, Modudi's thoughts have contributed to the rise of Islamism in Pakistan and to various Islamic fundamentalist groups in the country. Such an impact can be found in the process of Islamic identification of the Pakistani political system, the development of Islamic parties, religious schools, and fundamentalist organizations and groups.

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of the Middle East geopolitical crisis on Russia's policy in the region, especially towards countries such as Iraq and Syria. The research is based on the assumption that Changes in the doctrine of Russian foreign policy, the emergence of extremism, the threat to Russia's interests, as well as concerns over the escalation of uprisings in Eurasia since 2011 and political and social unrest in the Arab Middle East , has led to policy of expansion of influence and presence in the Middle East by Moscow due to change in perception of the Russian elite.  The results of this descriptive-analytical study showed that Russia, by changing its regional approach, increased its role in the region and by promoting security and stability, playing an important role in managing crisis and turning threats into opportunities.

The nature and roots of European integration as one of the most successful models of post-integration after World War II, Due to its role in reducing conflict and the spread of peace between European countries, and because of the importance and role of the European Union in the current international system, It has always been a matter of interest from scholars and political theorists. Although various national, regional, and international variables were effective in the post-war European integration, the variable that we referred to in this article was the role of identity components in expanding cooperation and integration between European countries. The main question of this study is how does European integration create a European identity and promote peace in post-war Europe? The research hypothesis is that the European Union has been a project to save European countries based on Mythology and antagonism. The findings of the research show that European identity is a political and discursive and the result of the deconstruction of the discourse of national identity and its nodal point, Mythologies such as unity in diversity, cosmopolitan Europe and exceptionalism, as well as antagonism In order to reduce internal conflicts among European countries.

Undoubtedly ,developments in the last two decades of the twentieth century and the events of September11 ,are a milestone point in growing Islamic fundamentalism .The Middle East is the most strategic area in world .Unfortunately ,The Middle East is faced with the challenge of Islamic fundamentalism .Nowadays ,Islamic fundamentalism is not only a regional threat but an international one .For this reason ,it is more important than past .Therefore ,this study seeks to answer the question that which social and economic factors do affect the formation of Islamic fundamentalism ?On the other hand ,what are the effects of Islamic fundamentalism on regional developments after September11 ?The result of this study suggest that ,the analysis of Islamic fundamentalism requires holistic view and we can’t study it with reducing it to one or two factors .Therefore ,this study is based on the hypothesis that a set of pivotal social and economic factors had formed Islamic fundamentalism .Afterward ,this study looks into the influence of Islamic fundamentalism and especially ISIS with emphasis on recent developments in the Middle East .Finding of this study shows that Islamic fundamentalism is the main cause of tumult and disturbance in the region and prevented the unity of Islamic states .Theoretical frameworks of this study are constructivism to analyze the effects of social factors and Amartya Sen’s theory to analyze the impact of economic factors in the formation of Islamic fundamentalism. Research’s method is descriptive – analytical and the needed data has been collected by using library and internet sources.

The Central Asian region, with a significant population of Muslims, has, as part of the Islamic world, embraced various Islamic currents and movements that have always been of particular importance to the political and social developments in the region. Today in this region, some Islamic groups and movements act as an opposition to their current governments, and while challenging their legitimacy, are demanding a fundamental change in the status quo; although they have different ways of achieving this goal. The spread of the ideology of secularism, liberalism, and Western culture, and the lack of social justice as well as the obvious political and economic discrimination in Central Asia are all among the key factors that have led to issues such as a crisis of legitimacy and an efficiency crisis in these countries, and provides grounds for popular uprisings and radical actions, based on Islamic ideas. The existence of some political and economic problems and the ineffectiveness of political systems in these areas and also the emergence of many problems among Islamic parties and groups that often have extremist and terrorist practices, shows the prospect that the ground for the infiltration and expansion of the activities of fundamentalist and radical groups such as ISIS in these areas has been provided. Also by exploiting the situation in the area, ISIS seeks to expand its presence in Central Asia, which will have important strategic implications for the region and neighboring countries.
There are two hotspots with a high-tension capacity in the Central Asian region for the exploitation of extreme groups: First, the Fergana Valley, a region between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, which will be most damaging to the interests of Western countries in the event of unrest and destabilization. The second point of instability is the northern border of Afghanistan with Central Asian countries, especially Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, where the crisis threatens the security of the region. In addition to these issues, it should be emphasized that ISIS's main strategy is to recruit from among Islamic countries, especially among radical Muslims, and they have designed special programs to achieve this goal. Hence, the main question of the present study is: what are the preconditions that have made Central Asia the focal point for the Takfiri terrorists of ISIS? To find the appropriate answer to this question, the research will test the following hypothesis: The diversity of ethnic groups and radical Islamist parties that engage in historical and ideological conflicts, and in particular the political ineffectiveness of the governorates of this region, has led to the growth of radicalism and the exploitation of the ISIS Takfiri terrorist group, and strengthening and expansion of its presence and influence in the five Central Asian countries.
This paper examines multiple Islamist parties, radicalism and extremism, the ISIS group, as well as the political ineffectiveness of the governments in Central Asia. It should be noted that the method of research in this paper is descriptive-analytical and the research is an applied one. The main emphasis of this research is that the existence of suitable fields such as ethnic-religious tensions and the structural weakness of the state in Central Asian countries have led to the gradual emergence and evolution of numerous fundamentalist streams in this region. From this perspective, the existence of extremist thoughts and currents leads to the emergence and attraction of other new radical groups and parties in these areas, including the Takfiri terrorist group of ISIS, which is currently active in Syria and Iraq. In a futuristic view based on the available reasons and evidences, it can be said that due to the availability of suitable platforms for the growth and influence of this group in the Central Asian region, the near future will see the consolidation of ISIS presence in the countries of the region, in a way that will raise security threats, especially for the countries of the region, and particularly for China, Russia and Iran. Because of the many internal problems in the governments and societies of Central Asian countries (such as disadvantages and Social Problems, tension between the elites, the weakness and inefficiency of the state structure and the lack of proper mechanisms for gaining power), the realm for crisis and tensions have been provided to extremist groups such as ISIS, and the ground has been prepared for crises. These groups have tried to achieve their goals by exploiting these issues and by recruiting forces from these communities, as a result creating the ground for gaining political power and social influence in Central Asia. Thus, in a long-term perspective, it can be induced that these issues have contributed to the spread of tensions within these areas, the rise of religious extremism and the growth of militarization in Central Asia, and even the intensification of rivalry between major powers in these regions.
Studies of this research as well as current trends show that the five Central Asian countries, (due to ethno-religious variations and the existence of fundamentalist parties such as Hizb ut-Tahrir, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, the Al-Nusra Party, and other parties of this kind, which have a terrorist nature and are essentially a promoter of violence and extremism and have close and effective relations with other fundamentalist organizations such as al-Qaeda in neighboring countries, Afghanistan and Pakistan,) can be a good place to carry out ISIS terrorist activities. In addition, the weakness of the political structure of the governments, the inability to provide social justice, and the distribution of resources and equal economic opportunities between community members, are the basis for promoting extremist thoughts and handling violent acts by terrorist groups such as ISIS in the five countries of Central Asia. More importantly, the existence of evidences of the presence of Central Asian nationals among ISIS terrorist troops has provided a conductive platform for the formation of an Islamic caliphate government in these countries. Therefore, the anticipation of this study is that, in the near future, ISIS, with the help of citizens from Central Asian countries, will first consolidate the foundations of its thinking in these countries and then turn Central Asia into the focus of its terrorist activities. Because of this, there will be considerable security and geopolitical threats in this region, as well as for neighboring countries, especially for Iran, due to its common borders.

This article studies the relationship among ISIS, modernity and State. Various factors affect the creation of socio-political phenomena. Apart from the effect of Islamic fundamentalism on the emergence of ISIS, this paper particularly considers the basic role of Middle Eastern states and the ISIS use of modern facilities. So it tries to answer the question that how have the contemporary Middle Eastern states affected the emergence of ISIS? For this purpose, the article studies modernity, modern state, Middle Eastern states and their effect on the emergence of ISIS. It concludes that there have been no requisites for the full growth of modern state in the Middle East and the region’s states have not completely accepted modernity. Since these states have not had some features of modern state, they have often been quasi-modern states with weaknesses in their performance. Along with the existence of Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle Eastern society, their functions have also had effect in the emergence of such organizations and states. Inappropriate operation of Middle Eastern quasi-modern states in comparison with the western modern states and the nonconformity of some modernization and modern aspects in one hand, and nonexistence of required social conditions for the acceptance of these aspects in the region, inconsistency of these states with their societies as well as lack of attention to the composite structure of the society on the other hand, have been the main factors for ISIS emergence.

What happened in the Middle East, from Western countries’perspe- ctive, was a rebellion of unemployed youth and graduated persons, who are familiar with the requirements of information era, seeking freedom, quality and order of power’s new patterns. This perspective called Middle East developments Arab Spring and predicted the events by using theories of patrimonialism and democracy. Some experts would analyze the Middle East developments according to Islam and relations between theology and politics. They believe that thedevel- opments are a kind of Islamic awakening against the patterns of traditional despotism and western dictatorship. It seems none of perspectives happened and the Middle East is experiencingfundam- entalism.

Two years after the creation ISIS, the group moved towards Central Asia. This advancement raised many questions and worried analysts. This paper tries to answer the question that: What are the causes for the advancement of ISIS in Central Asia? The hypothesis of this paper is that some regional factors such as poverty, underdevelopment, political and economic instability, spread of extremism among some Muslims, rich mineral resources of this area, the two fundamentalist Muslim communities (Pakistan and Afghanistan) as the neighboring countries, Russian influence, the presence of Muslims in the West China (Xinjiang province) and most importantly ISIS strategy for Internationalization led to the advancement of this group in the region.

Arab spring and its political, economic and cultural consequences fundamentally changed the political equations in the Middle East. The role of Islamic fundamental groups such as Isis, Islamic State of Iraq and Sham, and Al-Qaeda in the recent developments especially in Syria and Iraq changed the trend of political developments in the region. Isis and its growth and promotion in the shadow of Syria civil war and crisis in the Iraq becomes the focal point of academic discussions. Despite of ideological and structural similarities between of new waves of fundamentalism in the region with previous’, many of its dimensions changed and got Metamorphosis. Isis, as the most successful and powerful fundamental group, introduces a new style and method in governing. Dominating large parts of Iraq and Syria by this group and attraction tens of thousands of Jihadists from across the world are indications for the partly success of their mission. In this article, writers, according to Isis ideological and structural indexes, are after drawing an analogy between Isis and Al-Qaeda in the terms of Structural and ideological distinctions.

This article seeks to reveal the theoretical basics of Islabmic Fundamentalism. Precedence of religion over reason in epistemology, emphasize on human being duties in anthropology, Government on the base of jurisprudence in political approach, and criticizing the western civilization, are the theoretical indicators of Islamic Fundamentalism. The Devotees of Islam (Fadaiyan-e Islam) as an important Islamic Fundamentalist group in Iranian contemporary history has been considered as the case study. Theoretical description and hermeneutics has been used as methods of research in this regard.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 and inevitable independence of the Central Asian republics، the regional states faced many political-security challenges. One of the most significant challenges has been the growth and expansion of Islamic fundamentalism in the region. Particularly after 9/11، the issue has got a considerable importance. In this regard، different views and analyses have been provided by emphasizing domestic and foreign factors. Meanwhile the role of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its policy has been raised as one of main factors in the growth and expansion of Islamic fundamentalism in the region. The main question of this article is: What is the nature of Iran’s role in spreading Islamic fundamentalism? The authors examine the role if Iran in the growth and spread of Islamic fundamentalism by using a descriptive-analytical method.