spatial pattern

In recent decades, the occurrence of heat waves has been increasing and this can be caused by human effects.in this research, by presenting a specific definition of heat wave threshold, its spatial pattern were investigated in the Guilan province.Maximum temperature data was obtained from the ECMWF website with a spatial resolution of and dimensions of on a daily scale for 40 years (1981 to 2020).Then, 90th percentile threshold and a 3-day sequence on the daily maximum temperature, heat waves were identified and the frequency was counted with a sequence of 3, 6, 9 to 30 days. Spatial statistics such as global and local Moran's I and t-test were used to identify the pattern, temporal and spatial behavior and frequency-intensity of heat waves. The results showed that the main occurrencepattern of heat waves in all wavelengths is cluster type and non-random behavior dominates them. Also, the results of the local Moran's I indicate that the HH and LL patterns exist in most heat waves with sequences of 3 to n days, and the number of zones containing the above patterns in short-term waves is more than waves are long-term. In other words, the spatial pattern of heat waves in longer wavelengths is also homogeneous and the entire province has a random behavior in terms of the frequency of their occurrence. In this regard, the t-test of the heat waves frequencyalso confirms the predominant non-random and randombehavior in short-term and long-term sequences, alternatively.

One of the challenges of unbalanced population growth and activities in villages located at the regional level and urban peripheries is the formation of unplanned settlements or informal settlements and similar limited areas in encroached or unsuitable agricultural lands in rural areas.The Tehran region has also witnessed various and numerous transformations in population, social, economic, and physical-spatial fields in the surrounding rural areas and its urban peripheries over the past few decades. Due to natural population growth and migration from villages and cities to the Tehran urban area, the population in this region has significantly increased. As a result, due to economic factors influencing location selection, low-income populations have settled in informal settlements in villages located within the immediate vicinity of Tehran. Given these issues, the aim of this research is initially to investigate the trend of formation and expansion of informal settlements in villages located within peri-urban spaces and the urban periphery of Tehran over the past half-century. Furthermore, focusing on examining demographic changes that have occurred in these villages over the past three decades, this research aims to present a current picture of their situation and provide spatial patterns for rural settlements while predicting potential hotspots for informal settlement formation.

This research is classified as applied research based on its objective, descriptive-analytical in terms of content, and qualitative-quantitative in terms of methodology. The necessary data was collected through document reviews, library research, official information, and statistics. To identify, map out, and present a current picture of demographic changes occurring in rural areas during the period between1996-2016 (the Iranian calendar), data from 283 villages with populations were analyzed using SPSS software. In order to identify spatial patterns of rural settlements and predict population density hotspots for potential informal settlement formation within these areas, interpolation methods and kernel density estimation were utilized within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The study area covers an area of 5920 square kilometers centered around Tehran city.

The analysis of the trend of formation and expansion of informal settlements in rural spaces within Tehran's region shows that since the mid- 1940 s apart from land reforms that transformed Iran's land system freeing up labor force along with rapid urbanization due to industrial development led to widespread rural-to-urban migration resulting in the emergence of informal settlements in surrounding towns and villages during this decade. During 1975-1985 two significant events; Islamic Revolution(1979) followed by Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988) played a crucial role in demographic changes leading to informal settlement formation. In subsequent years after 1996 until 2006 migration intensified towards suburban areas from major cities. People unable to afford housing especially in Tehran city moved towards creating new settlements in surrounding villages near Tehran. From 2016 on wards generally there has been a much stronger tendency towards rural populations moving towards larger villages mainly located in semi-southern plains near major cities' suburbs close to other economic centers.Examining population density levels within densely populated rural areas located within Tehran's periphery during 1996-2016 census period revealed that by 2016 population density was at 50 individuals per hectare which increased to 61 individuals per hectare by 2016 reaching close to 85 individuals per hectare by 2016 with a projected increase exceeding 168 individuals per hectare by 2026.Investigating the makeup and spatial patterns of population density in the settlement areas of villages located within the vicinity of Tehran also shows that, in general, the rural population tends to move towards larger villages more intensively on the outskirts of economic centers around Tehran and other urban centers in the region. The highest population density is observed first in villages surrounding urban areas located southwest of Tehran, then in villages southeast of Tehran, and with less intensity in south Tehran.

In the informal spaces around cities due to lower land and housing prices in rural areas, weaknesses in rural management control over construction, land speculation, proximity to the main city, and availability of minimum living facilities in villages have led to an increasing trend towards informal settlement patterns in villages. The housing system in these areas is heavily influenced by the main city and has been affected by various changes and functions.Neglecting and ignoring this settlement pattern in villages will not only have significant consequences for the villages but also pose a serious threat to the city and its residents. In other words, these villages cannot be considered separate from metropolitan areas and should be taken into account in planning processes (redevelopment or empowerment plans related to informal settlement areas) because these villages are constantly connected to the main city and are considered part of the urban area.Keywords: peri-urban villages, informal settlement, spatial pattern, Tehran.

One of the most important solutions in the direction of sustainable rural development is the growth and development of entrepreneurship in rural areas. This research, using the descriptive-analytical method along with documentary, library and field studies, deals with the spatial modeling of entrepreneurial solutions in rural areas of Foman city and aims to This study is to identify and introduce entrepreneurial villages, identifyentrepre neurial potentials, investigate and analyze the factors influencing entrepreneurship and provide suggestions in the field of actualizing entrepreneurial potentials in Fuman city. The statistical population of the current study is all rural households in Foman city.The population is a sample of entrepreneurial villages and other villages of the city,and all entrepreneurial households were evaluated using a questionnaire to be compared with other villages.There were 156 inhabited villages, which were conducted using questionnaires and interviews with local managers in full. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure reliability,and the reliability of the above questionnaire was 0.87, which indicates very good reliability. In order to analyze the findings, spss software and Moran's local statistics method I have been used. The results of field studies and investigation of the situation in the rural areas of the city show that out of the 156 inhabited villages of Foman city,42villages have registered their type of entrepreneurship and the number of 116 people They are entrepreneurs in different jobs. Alsoin a survey of 156 people of the statistical population, more than 80 percent of the respondents believe that the identification of potential villages in the rural areas of Foman city and the creation of entrepreneurial potentials and capabilities in the city,the suitable atmosphere of the village and the presence of tourists in creating business New has a moderate, high and very large impact. Finally spatial modeling of entrepreneurship in the villages of Foman city from the perspective of entrepreneurial solutions(cultural-educational,financial and social) showed that the prevailing pattern is random and non-random behavior in some rural areas is It has been limited that these behaviors with local Moran's I statistic in various clustered and non-clustered forms, i.e. high-high (HH), low-low(LL), high-low(HL)and low-high(LH).

In recent years, the significance of focusing on the concept of sustainable rural development and its role in national development and planning frameworks has grown substantially. Hence, the primary goal of this study is to examine the relationship and impact of social capital components on the sustainable development of rural settlements in Ardal County. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical and survey-based, utilizing a survey and field data collection approach. Twenty-six out of the inhabited villages in Ardal County, representing 30% of the total, were selected as sample villages for this study. Data analysis was carried out using the statistical method of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Smart-PLS software. The findings indicate a low level of social capital within the studied villages, with an average value of 2.3. The Kendall correlation test demonstrated a significant relationship between the independent variables (social awareness, social participation, social trust, and social network) and sustainable rural development, with Azizabad and Alikoh villages showing the highest correlation. The bootstrap test results based on t-values confirmed the significance of the relationships between the research variables. Notably, social network and social cohesion exhibited the highest t-values and correlations. The social dimension, with a statistic of 30.466, displayed a stronger connection to sustainable development compared to other dimensions. Through investigation and assessment of direct and indirect relationships within the model, it was revealed that, according to the villagers, the social networks variable had the most substantial impact on sustainable development with an effect coefficient of 0.360, while social awareness had the least influence. Path analysis further indicated that the components of social capital could predict 0.90% of the variations in sustainable development within the region.

Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world. The air pollution is caused by different factors such as centralization, increased traffic and incorrect location of the spatial pattern, consumption of fossil fuels, lack of rules and regulations for limiting industrial areas and nonobservance to the environmental guidelines. Sometimes, these factors are intensified because of the climatic factors. The aim of this study is to identify the relationships between the residential urban factors and Tehran's air pollution and to determine the extent of their importance. The intended techniques found through radar data showed that the physical pattern and the consequences of the urban planning system are considered some of the effective structures in increasing the air pollution in Tehran. Hence, the correlation coefficient between the height environment of urban buildings and constructions (the third dimension of the city) and Tehran's air pollution was calculated to be 0.86. In other words, in the case of proper planning or with the possibility of modifying the structure of the height environment in city up to 86%, it is possible to adjust and control the air pollution. The results were in line with the spatial pattern of PM2.5 particles and carbon monoxide regarding urban land use, industries, commercial centers, transportation, organizations and health centers and had the highest coefficient of determination with the spatial pattern of Tehran' air pollution. Considering the traffic, the index had the highest correlation with the spatial pattern of PM2.5 particles. Meanwhile, in the dangerous and unhealthy parts of the spatial pattern, a large number of nodal points with little distances formed traffic channels. Thus, by identifying these channels and managing urban traffic, the air pollution can be controlled to a larger extent. It should be mentioned that because of the impossibility of decreasing or eliminating driving forces in the creation or intensification of the air pollution, the residential environment of Tehran can be directed toward an appropriate environmental pattern by changing or maintaining the structures and functions through a change in the patterns of macro-urban management and the urban planning models consistent with the human functions and spatial pattern.

In this research, the physical resilience of the rural settlements of Amlash County against landslides was investigated using hierarchical analysis, weighted summation, and overlap index. Then, the spatial pattern of the resilience of the villages was determined using spatial statistics indicators. For this purpose, ten criteria of slope, distance from fault, building quality, materials and materials, building life, seismicity, geology, the direction of slope, width of passages, and height were used in order of importance. Also, two methods of local Moran's I statistic and hot spot analysis (G* Gettys-Ord) were used to identify patterns. The results showed that the physical resilience of rural settlements against landslides varies from very low to very high. Villages with very high resilience are in the northeastern region, and towns with very low resilience are in the northwestern region and the plains. They are located in the foothills of Amlash County. In the mountainous area of the County, villages with low and medium resilience were also visible in all three investigated models. In this regard, the results of the local population statistics show the presence of high-high (HH) and low-low (LL) clusters in the northeast and northwest of the studied area, and these patterns have also appeared in the villages of the plains and foothills. Also, the existence of hot and cold hot spots in the northeast and northwest of the County has been proven, and with three positive and negative standard deviations at the 99% confidence level, they have been shown in the plains and foothills. Most of the counties' villages have moderate resilience to landslides, and their random behavior was confirmed by local Moran's I statistics and hot spot analysis. In total, the points of villages with high and low resilience with high-high and low-low cluster patterns of local Moran's I and hot and cold spots of G* Gettys-Ord in all three models of hierarchical analysis, weighted summation, and matching overlap index were.

Statement of the Problem: Floods are a devastating natural disaster that can cause soil erosion, soil wastage, and damage to human infrastructure in flood-prone areas of watersheds. Therefore, it is crucial to predict and determine the amount of runoff production processes and its safe transfer to the outlet of the watershed. Various factors, including climatic and physiographic parameters, affect the conversion of precipitation into runoff. Climatic factors involve the intensity and duration of rainfall as well as the distribution of rainfall locations. Physiographic parameters include land use type, soil type, watershed area, basin shape, height, slope, direction, and type of drainage network. Therefore, several methods can be used to estimate the runoff generated by rainfall, and one of the commonly used methods in hydrology is the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method. Furthermore, determining the spatial changes and correlation between the factors of runoff production and flooding can identify flood-prone areas. Therefore, this research utilized geographic information systems (GIS) to provide essential and fundamental information for obtaining direct runoff using the curve number (CN) method. The study aimed to estimate the height of excess rainfall runoff and analyze the spatial variations of runoff height and volume in the Sharganj watershed, Birjand. To achieve this goal, the SCS method was employed to estimate the amount of runoff generated by the maximum 24-hour rainfall in different return periods in the aforementioned watershed. Subsequently, the changes and spatial correlation of the values of the height and volume of the runoff were evaluated in the Sharganj watershed, Birjand.

This study estimated the amount of runoff produced from the maximum 24-hour rainfall in different return periods in the Sharganj watershed using the SCS method. To achieve this, the maximum 24-hour rainfall from surrounding stations was averaged using the IDW method. Next, the SCS method was utilized to estimate the runoff by combining land use maps and soil hydrological groups to prepare the curve number map. The basin runoff volume was then calculated for different return periods. Additionally, the spatial autocorrelation of the runoff height and volume in the 25-year return period was analyzed using the general Moran's index, and their clustering pattern was determined using Anselin Local Moran's Index.

The Sharganj watershed is primarily used for pastures and agricultural lands, with the former being located in hydrological group C. Despite this, rainfed and irrigated garden lands, mainly located in hydrological group B, have better permeability. Using ArcGIS software, land use maps and soil hydrological groups were combined to prepare a curve number map of the watershed. The results showed that the curve numbers of the sub-watersheds ranged from 68 to 79, with sub-watershed number 9 having the lowest curve number value (68) and sub-watersheds 22, 25, and 29 having the highest (79). The Global Moran's index values presented in Table 3 and Figure 10 showed that the spatial correlation of runoff height and volume had values of 0.1828 and -0.2694, respectively. The curve number decreased from west to east due to the presence of barberry gardens and irrigated agricultural lands. The spatial correlation map of runoff height values showed high-high (HL) clusters forming in the upstream parts of the basin, while low-low clusters (LL) were present in the downstream areas. These patterns were related to the amount of precipitation in the upstream part and the high slope of the upstream sub-watersheds. Meanwhile, the spatial correlation values of runoff volume indicated that the accumulation of runoff volume was higher in the sub-watersheds located downstream of the study area, with low formation of high-low (HL) clusters. This increase in flood volume occurred in the downstream sub-watersheds and adjacent to the outlet of the area. In general, the difference in the cluster pattern of runoff height and volume did not follow the same pattern, which depended on various factors affecting runoff production, such as the amount of precipitation in different parts and the difference in topography. It should be noted that the analysis was based on height and volume values in the 25-year return period, and the results can be expected to be similar for other return periods based on the curve number method.

The research findings suggest that the spatial changes in runoff height and volume components, which impact watershed response and flood producing procedures, are determined by various factors such as slope, land use, curve number, and soil hydrological group. Areas with high amounts of runoff are more susceptible to damages caused by floods and can be prioritized for management measures. Furthermore, the results indicate that the type of surface runoff control measures or flood volume control required will vary, providing valuable guidance for determining the appropriate damage reduction operations. Further studies analyzing the spatial correlation of height and runoff volume variables with other basin features and climatic factors could enhance the understanding of spatial changes. The formation of surface runoff is influenced by various factors related to rainfall and ground conditions, which could be considered in future research.

Urban public services take a structure to the physical, social and spatial nature of the city, and therefore their unbalanced distribution pattern will have an irreparable impact on the structure of urban neighborhoods.

In this research, the availability and spatial distribution patterns of public services have been analyzed in the neighborhoods of district 15 of Tehran Municipality.

The research method is descriptive-analytical, which was carried out by using documentary and observational data and using Geographican Information Ststem and Vicor model for the analysis.
Studied Area: The area of this research is District 15 of Tehran Municipality. It has an area of 27.8 km2 and a population of about 66000 people.

The studied neighborhoods can be classified into four categories according to the number and weight of services. In the top category, there are 3 neighborhoods of Abzar, Moshiriyeh and Masoudiyeh, which have been developed in recent decades. In the lowest category, there are 3 neighborhoods of Mesgarabad, Shoosh and Manzarieh. The first is a marginal neighborhood, and the other two neighborhoods are part of Tehran's old fabric. 4 neighborhoods are in the intermediate category, close to the top category, and 9 neighborhoods are in the intermediate category, close to the lower category. The pattern of service distribution is clustered, except for religious service which shows a random patthern.

In large cities, including in Tehran, in the neighborhoods of the central part of the cities, where the buildings and space has been formed in accordance with the needs of the time when the neighborhood was created, compared to the new neighborhoods, using land for public service, except for trade, shows more weaknesses. Also, since the establishment of services has been more focused on places where it is possible to access land, the spatial distribution of services in the neighbourhoods does not show a balanced pattern, except in the case of religious use, all of them have a cluster form.

Development after the end of World War II has been one of the most important issues in academic and planning circles. The main goal of development is to eliminate inequalities. Therefore, one of the important obstacles on the path of development is the existence of inequality and lack of economic and social balance at the level of the country or region. Iran also has inequality and imbalance in terms of different development indicators, so this regional inequality and imbalance is one of the prominent features of Iran's spatial development. Knowing the development levels of different regions of the country is the first step in the regional development planning process. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of spatial analysis of the development levels of Iran's provinces. Based on this, the specific objectives of the research are:Determining the importance of economic, social, cultural and infrastructure indicators;Determining the level of development of Iran's provinces;Determining the spatial distribution of development among Iran's provinces. 

The method used in this research is based on the analysis of a set of indicators to create a composite index of development by using different statistical techniques. In this research, based on the statistics available in the results of the general population and housing census of the country in 2018 and the results of the country's statistical yearbooks in 2018, 84 indicators related to the analysis of regional development in four groups: a) economic (30 indicators), b) social 24 indicators), c) cultural (10 indicators) and d) infrastructure (20 indicators) were developed. In order to solve the difference in the scale of the indicators, dividing by the mean was used in the factor analysis method, the standardization method was used in the taxonomy method, and the soft linear method was used in TOPSIS. The principal component analysis method was used to weigh the individual indicators of each regional development dimension, and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was also used to weigh the four dimensions of development. Then, the combined index of the four subgroups was calculated. For this purpose, the methods of factor analysis, numerical taxonomy and TOPSIS method were used to create a composite index of the development of the provinces. These four composite indices were combined, and the final composite index was calculated. Finally, geographic information systems and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to classify the development level of the provinces. 

The final results of determining the relative weight of the four dimensions of determining the degree of development of the provinces indicated that the economic dimension, with a relative weight of 0.536, is the most important in determining the degree of development of the provinces. After that, the infrastructure dimension, with a relative weight of 0.219, the social dimension, with a relative weight of 0.162, and finally, the cultural dimension, with a relative weight of 0.083, are located. Based on the findings of the overall composite index, the provinces of Tehran, Isfahan, Bushehr, Khuzestan and Razavi Khorasan are the best with TOPSIS composite indexes of 0.9524, 0.5428, 0.4941, 0.3449 and 0.2922 respectively. The provinces of Sistan and Balochistan, Kahgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, South Khorasan, Lorestan, and Kurdistan were ranked the lowest with TOPSIS composite indices of 0.0113, 0.0861, 0.0886, 0.0914 and 0.0961, respectively. The results of the ranking of the provinces based on the composite index show that Tehran, Isfahan, and Bushehr provinces are in the first level of development with a composite index between 0.95-0.344. Most central provinces and some northern, southern, western and eastern provinces are in the second category, i.e. medium development level with a composite index between 0.15-0.34. In the group of provinces with a low level of development, the composite index is between 0.15-0.011. It includes eastern, southeastern and southern provinces (South Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchistan and Hormozgan), northeastern and northwestern provinces (North Khorasan, Golestan, Gilan, Ardabil, West Azerbaijan), western provinces (Kermanshah, Ilam, Kurdistan, Zanjan, Hamadan, Lorestan, and Qom) and central Zagros (Kohgiluyeh, Boyerahmad, Chaharmahal, and Bakhtiari). The result of the hierarchical cluster analysis also shows three different levels of development among the provinces of Iran, which was also confirmed in the form of GIS maps. 

This research was conducted with the aim of spatial analysis of the development levels of Iran's provinces. The weighting results of the development dimensions were obtained in the order of the relative weight of the economic dimension, the infrastructure dimension, the social dimension and the cultural dimension. The leveling of different provinces based on the composite index of total development showed that. The identified spatial pattern included developed areas (including 3 provinces), areas with an average level of development (including 11 provinces) and undeveloped areas (including 17 provinces). As a result of hierarchical cluster analysis to classify the overall development level of the provinces, three clusters were identified, and it was indicative of the existence of three different levels of development among the provinces of Iran, which was also confirmed in the form of GIS maps. Moreover, it indicated the existence of a development gap between the provinces of Iran. The results of this research and the pattern of development obtained from GIS techniques and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the center-periphery model is established in Iran. Therefore, based on the research results, it is necessary to prioritize less developed provinces with a low level of development in any budget allocation for the development program. 

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Theoretically, methodologically and empirically, the process of regional development in Iran shows that most top-down planning and policy theories have not been able to guide regional development as it should be. Adopting such approaches not only did not reduce the inequality, but also destroyed the internal natural-ecological and socio-economic structures of the regions. The reflection of these attitudes in the framework of the functions of the planning and policy-making system has caused spatial inequality and imbalance at the regional and national levels in the past few decades. Such conditions can be seen in the entire spatial extent of the country, including in the central part of Tunkabon township. The present study has analyzed the level of spatial integration of the settlement system in the central part of Tunkabon using the network analysis method. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the method. The statistical population includes all urban and rural settlements in the central part. The data on the flow of people, goods and services, products and capital have been collected by documentary and field methods (questionnaire) and analyzed with Nodexl, Usinet and GIS tools. The results of the quantitative and qualitative investigations of the flows of people, goods and services, capital and products show that the settlement network and its spatial pattern have moved away from its initial state, which was concentrated in one or two settlements, towards the pattern of decentralized development. In this process, the functional complementarity relations of cities and villages are emerging in the settlement pattern of the studied geographical territory.

Apart from the economic aspect and the exchange of goods, Iranian markets were considered as one of the most important centers of communication and social relations in every city. The reason for the successful presence of people in this place is the existence of the market structure and its constituent organs, each of which has an independent identity and a meaningful link for the presence of people and human activities. In fact, patterns and proper spatial arrangement in Iranian markets have created a direct link with physical layers and a meaning to create continuity in the architecture of the market so that the spaces can be used independently and in connection with each other at the same time. Understanding the effect of spatial arrangement in the market and the effect of existing patterns that create experience in the individual is one of the goals of the research. Based on this, this research examines the shoe market of Tehran. This applied research is of a descriptive analytical type with a qualitative approach, which collects information with the method of document review, ethnography and field work techniques, non-interventional observation and analyzes the information with the method of reasoning and graphic analysis. The present study examines how the objective characteristics of the spatial patterns of Tehran shoe market adapt to the subjective perception and experience of the individual and the characteristics of the resulting outputs. According to the studies conducted based on the findings of the research, the result obtained is the synchronicity and connection of the spatial arrangement and the mutual connection of the physical and perceptual functional systems in the shoes market leads to the creation of meaning in the space and its effect on the experience of the people present in the market.

Today's cities are facing all kinds of urban problems and damages in parallel with the increase and expansion of the population and physical spaces. The city of Chalus is not an exception to this rule, somehow the occurrence of all kinds of thefts of second homes in this city is much higher than other cities.

The current research is applied in terms of type and purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The information required for the research has been prepared by documentary method. For this purpose, the crimes of second house theft registered as a statistical population have been studied. Using statistical tests in the ARCGIS environment, the centers of thefts in Chalus city have been identified and spatially analyzed.

The findings show that the seasonal distribution of thefts from second homes in Chalus city was in the summer season, 84 thefts in the fall season, 79 thefts in the winter season, and 58 thefts in the spring season. Based on this, the most theft occurred in the summer season, so that the oval of standard deviation in the city of Chalus is located in the direction of northwest to southeast with an average elongation, but it has differences in different seasons.

The pattern of distribution and dispersion of crimes also depends on the time, place and seasons of the year, which means that the number of thefts has also changed with the change of hours during the day and night.

The ecological security of the watershed depends on the land capacity and the level of demand expected to ensure the survival of the population living in it and and its regional assessment is necessary to advance the strategic planning and poliy-making. Towards this, the aim of this study was to analyze the heterogeneity of ecological security of the Samian Watershed located in the center of Ardabil Province. Accordingly, a comprehensive evaluation method based on the analysis of various dimensions of supply and demand of material and spiritual security for 27 sub-watersheds was conceptualized and implemented. It was found that the mean value of both supply and demand indicators of ecological security in the whole watershed are equal to 0.53. In general, this watershed has marginal security. However, in terms of spatial heterogeneity, the maximum value of the ecological security index (0.49) was allocated to sub-watershed 22 located in the central part of the watershed. One of the general features of this sub-watershed is the existence of the irrigated agriculture, which has caused the region to be at a high level in terms of ecological security and supplied the demands of region population. Also, the minimum value of this index (-0.43) is related to sub-watershed 27 located in the northwest. The Ardabil City, the capital of Ardabil Province, is located in this sub-watershed, and the urban nature and lack of agriculture, forest, and garden land use are among the characteristics of this sub-watershed, which has led to the sub-watershed being in an unsafe situation. The spatial distribution of the ecological security index showed that 12, 51, 33, and 4% of the region, respectively characterized by security, marginal security, marginal insecurity, and insecurity states cover.

The study of the pattern of spatial justice in rural areas is one of the important scientific topics that has attracted the attention of the scientific community, policy makers and planners. Rural areas have different levels of achievement affected by spatial processes. Some of them have a good level of achievement and the others have a more inappropriate level of achievement. This feature has embodied different spatial distribution patterns of (distributive) justice. Therefore, the present article has been prepared to study and discover this model (distributive justice model) in rural areas of the south of West Azerbaijan province. the purpose of this study is Investigating and analyzing the pattern of distributive justice in rural areas of south of West Azerbaijan province. In this research, quantitative methodologyhas been used, based on the Critical Positive Approach.the research method is descriptive-analytical and the purpose of this study is practical.The statistical population of the study is 1143 inhabited villages with a total population of 418948 in 9 cities of South West Azerbaijan. This study used 8 rural service indicators and 77 indicators. A library method was used to collect the data. “IDW method” was used to identify the spatial pattern of rural services distribution, the “Getis-. Ord-Gi” method was used for spatial clustering of rural areas based on hexagonal models, and the Moran's statistic was used for confirming the spatial clustering model.Also, geographic weight regression was used to assess rural areas' need for rural services.Based on the findings, the present study achieved the following The pattern of rural servicesdistribution follows a completely clustered pattern the region. This pattern has resulted inequality for the villages.Also, the pattern of need for rural services does not match the cluster pattern of spatial distribution of services, and the increase in rural services in many low-income villages will not affect their population size.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between land use changes in different time periods using landscape metrics in the KoozehTopraghi Watershed located in Ardabil Province. For this purpose, three Landsat satellite images from 2000, 2010, and 2021 were received from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) database. After preparing the land use maps of the watershed by supervised classification and converting it to a raster format, the landscape metrics of Fragstats 8.2 software were calculated and quantified in two levels of landscape (22 metrics) and class (13 metrics). The kappa coefficient for the land use maps of the three years under study (2000, 2010, and 2021) was equal to 58.2, 75.0, and 59.2 %, respectively. The results showed that at the level of class, rainfed agriculture had the maximum value in the edge density metric, and irrigated agriculture had the maximum values in the average distance of the nearest Euclidean neighbor, the number of patches, and the total edges in all three years. Furthermore, at the landscape level, the fragmentation index decreased slightly in 2010 compared to 2000 and then increased in 2021. The largest patch index also showed a significant decrease in 2021, so it has reached from 43.34 in 2000 to 34.81 in 2021.

Urban poverty is one of the biggest and most important challenges facing modern society. This phenomenon has negative physical, economic and social consequences for the city and its residents. Therefore, identifying the constituent factors and how they are distributed at the city level is an excellent help for urban management and planning. The research aims to analyze the spatial distribution of poverty indicators at the level of the statistical blocks of Hamadan City. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The poverty indicators were extracted based on the raw data of the statistical blocks of Hamadan City in 2015. The exploratory factor analysis method was used to better identify the effective indicators in urban poverty and form a new structure for it. The result was the reduction of 18 poverty indicators to 4 main factors, which explained 62.8% of the cumulative variance. To perform spatial analysis, the hot spots method was used in the ArcGIS software environment, according to which the most important areas of poverty are concentrated in the northeastern, eastern and western parts of Hamedan, and the prosperous area is concentrated in the central and southwestern parts. In total, the poverty zone occupies 27.36% of the room and 48.84% of the population, the prosperity zone occupies 20.47% of the site and 7.85% of the city's population, and the rest of the city space is located in the middle zone. Also, using Geoda software, the spatial autocorrelation of the city's poverty was investigated at the area level. Moran's statistic with a coefficient of 0.677 showed that the spatial pattern of poverty in Hamedan City has a cluster pattern with high concentration

The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the logistics spatial structure changes and to explain the objective factors affecting it in the Tehran metropolitan region during the period 1986-2011. The research method was descriptive-analytical, and in order to achieve the objectives of the research, three analytical methods – including indicators of number changes, growth rate, as well as the relative rate of changes in population density – employed in the logistics sector of each geographical area were used. On the other hand, analytical methods for measuring the degree of spatial concentration such as Gini coefficient and spatial autocorrelation as well as multiple regression analysis were used to estimate the correlation of effective factors with the spatial distribution of the employees working in the logistics sector (as the independent variable). The results of the analysis show that from 1986 to 2011, the spatial pattern of the logistics geographical distribution in the Tehran metropolitan region was centralized, consisting of the logistics cluster of Tehran metropolis. That is to say, tracking the process of spatial changes showed the decentralization of the population working in the logistics sector of Tehran metropolis and the concentration of this working population in the western and southwestern geographical areas surrounding the metropolis. From 1986 to 1996, among the objective factors affecting the logistics spatial patterns of metropolitan areas, the spatial distribution of the population working in the logistics sector had a higher correlation with the spatial distribution of population and labor force. That is to say, the higher the number and density of population and labor force in the geographical area, the higher the population working in the logistics sector. However, from 2006 to 2011, the spatial distribution of the population working in the logistics sector had a higher correlation with the spatial distribution of the population and the literacy rate.

The purpose of this study was to determine the spatial pattern of urban green space distribution applying the Network Analysis Process Model (ANP) and VIKOR (Case Study: District 5 of Tehran). After the Islamic Revolution, due to various reasons such as overflow of population to Tehran from the central and southern regions and the flood of refugees to Tehran, it has faced with the increase in population and development, which makes it important to study the distribution of green space in different parts of the city. Two types of questionnaires were used. The first questionnaire was completed by available sampling method from the participants in the parks of the area. The results were then analyzed using the VIKOR model. The second questionnaire was distributed among the relevant experts and analyzed using the ANP method. Considering the fact that the factors such as appropriate equipment, size and suitability for children had the highest weight, it is suggested that places for green space in the studied area should be determined in order to increase the number of green spaces. It is because, location was mentioned as an important factor. This can be achieved through the construction of parks in places close to residential areas away from military and arterial locations. Areas 5 and 2 suffered from the lack of green space and residents' dissatisfaction with the green space, thus being recommended; these are the first areas to increase green space and improve it by the municipality of the region.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the temperature limit indices in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, daily temperature data of 19 synoptic stations from its establishment until 2018 and extreme temperature indices have been used. Studies have shown that glacial indices (IC) and cold waves (CW) have the highest correlation with other indices. Therefore, the mentioned indicators were considered as representative indicators and the trend and also the pattern of spatial autocorrelation were studied for these indicators. The I - Kendall method was used to examine the trend and the spatial index G * was used for the spatial autocorrelation model. The results showed that the glacial index in the eastern highlands has a maximum frequency for 1 to 6 days and has an increasing trend in the lowlands of the southwest. The cold wave index is also the most frequent in the eastern regions in all continuities and shows an increasing trend in parts of the province. The results of spatial autocorrelation pattern of G * index showed that the positive spatial autocorrelation pattern of cold and ice waves has been observed more in the eastern highlands of the province. The pattern of negative spatial autocorrelation is mostly formed in the western half of the province, i.e., the border areas of Iraq, which indicates the role of the Zagros elevation distribution in the formation of the glacial autocorrelation pattern in the province.