input-output

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors of differences in employment in two regions including Sistan ‎and Baluchestan province and the average of the country and to decompose it into four factors including ‎differences in direct coefficients, sectoral technology structure, final demand level and composition or structure of ‎final demand. For this purpose, the spatial structural decomposition technique has been used in the input-output ‎model between two regions. The results of this study showed that the difference in the composition of the final ‎demand in Sistan and Baluchestan province compared to the country's average has caused the employment of ‎‎50674 people in the province to be higher than the country's average, but the low level of final demand compared ‎to the country's average, has caused the employment of the province to be low by 687993 people compared to the ‎country's average. Also, the higher direct employment coefficients in the province compared to the average of the ‎country has caused the higher employment of the province by 539,805 people. Finally, the difference in the ‎structure of technology or inter-sectoral relations has caused the low employment of 51521 people in the province ‎compared to the average of the country.

One of the factors affecting production and employment in one economy is investment. In economic literature, capital formation is the driving force of economic activities and economic growth patterns are based on the use of capital and labor. Despite the importance of investment in production and subsequent employment in the economy, unfortunately, in recent years, capital formation and the level of investment in the country have been very low due to several reasons such as economic instability. Therefore, it has created major problems in the field of production and employment in the country and its different regions, and it is necessary to make a codified and coherent planning to increase production and employment in the country. On the other hand, the first step for planning and making policies for the growth of production and employment is to identify the factors affecting them and to examine the effectiveness of each of these factors. The point that exists in relation to investment at the sector level (different economic sectors) is that the potential of creating production and employment (direct and indirect) of different economic sectors is different from each other. For this reason, investment in different economic sectors can have different effects on production and employment at the level of the sector as well as the whole economy. Among the reasons for the difference in the production potential and direct employment generation of the sectors, we can mention the difference in technology used in different sectors. In this way, some economic sectors have a high direct employment generation coefficient and some others have lower direct employment generation. Among the reasons for the difference in production potential and indirect employment generation of the sectors, we can also mention the difference in the communication and links between the sectors of each of the sectors with each other. Sectors that have more links with other sectors have a high potential in production and creating employment due to a certain amount of investment. Therefore, it can be said that in addition to the total amount of investment in the economy, the relative share of the sectors in the total investment, or in other words, the structure and composition of the investment is also effective in the production and employment of the entire economy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of investment expenditure change on changes in output and employment in different economic sectors in Iran. In this study, structural decomposition Analysis (SDA) in the input-output model between 2011 and 2016 have been used. To do this, first, the investment demand matrix in the economy was divided into two matrices, one is the investment composition (structure) matrix and the other is the total investment matrix. The investment composition matrix represents the share of each sector in the total investment in the economy and the second matrix represents the total investment in different sectors of the economy. For the calculations of this study, the input-output tables of the years 2011 and 2016 are needed. The statistical table of 2011 and 2016 was obtained from Iran Statistics Center. In the next step, both input-output tables were aggregated based on the availability of employment statistics in 18 sectors. After that, to remove price effects in research calculations, input-output tables should be converted to constant price. In this study, to eliminate the effect of price changes between 2011 and 2016, the table of 2016 was converted to the constant price of 2011 with the double deflation method. For this purpose, the price adjustment index of eighteen sectors has been used. Finally, this adjustment index was used to convert the 2016 table to the 2011 price. The results of this study showed that the increase in the level of investment (with a constant composition) has increased the total production of sectors of the economy by 2361599.59 billion rials, but the change in the structure of investment (with a constant volume) has reduced the total production 5224865 billion Rials. Changing the composition of investment has decreased 509620 people and changing the volume of investment has increased 3021509 people in the total employment of the economy. Considering the negative impact of the change in investment composition on production and employment in Iran's economy, it is suggested to prioritize investment in sectors that have higher production and employment coefficients in the economy.

Today, most of the environmental issues and risks can be considered a local, regional, national and even global issue due to its dependence on macro-social issues such as economy, culture, development, politics and material and spiritual aspects of human life. Unfortunately, it can be said that the world has witnessed the destruction of its environment in recent years. Examining the interaction and relationship between economic and environmental activities is also one of the essential issues. In order to achieve the above goal in this study, the role and position of the carbon tax on economic sectors, especially the energy sector, was investigated based on the linkage indicators based on the extended iput output method based on the input output tables of 2015. According to the results of the general linkage indices, with the effect of carbon tax on the energy sector, this sector has a suitable link with Iran's economy, but it does not have a suitable position in comparison with other economic sectors. Regarding the forward links, it has shown a weak link in relation to the whole economy, and its diffusion and sensitivity indicators, as a whole, have not had the ability to create movement and economic development in the national economy. The impact and effectiveness of the energy sector in Iran's economy has been practically insignificant.

Economic prosperity (recession) means that the GDP increases (decreases) between two consecutive periods. One of the important approaches in examining economic prosperity and recession is the use of the capital matrix. This matrix is a suitable solution for providing the analysis of calculable general equilibrium patterns such as the dynamic input-output model. However, the main problem in the country is the lack of regional capital matrix statistical data. Therefore, it is practically impossible to check economic prosperity and recession at the regional level. The aim of the current research is to provide a non-statistical solution based on the theoretical foundations of the data to estimate the regional capital matrix from the national capital matrix. The results show that as the time interval increases, the estimated capital formation value of the region will be closer to the real capital formation value of the sector. This is truer in sectors that are inherently more disruptive. On the other hand, the results show that the most capital productions are related to industry, construction and agriculture sectors. Also, most capital purchases are related to industry, services and real estate sectors. On the other hand, the analysis of the regional capital matrix shows economic prosperity in 2015 for Isfahan province.

The lack of statistical data at the regional level has led to the expansion of non-statistical methods for the regionalization of national input-output tables. The main idea of the current research is the regionalization of national dynamic input-output tables using the extension of the Charm method. This research using this non-statistical method provides an estimate of the sectoral capital matrix in the regional level, and finally, with the help of the numerical index of capital productivity and the Williamson’ capital index and comparing it with the relative advantage index, it measures the capacity of capital formation. Part of it is in Isfahan province. The results show that the industry sector with the largest share of output from the total output of the province has the lowest numerical index of capital productivity and the highest balanced diffusion effects of capital and the highest comparative advantage in 2015.

One of the most efficient methods for examining intra-regional economic capacities is the use of intra-regional and inter-regional capital matrix. In Iran, due to the lack of sufficient statistical data, no attempt has been made to estimate the sectoral capital matrix in the regional level. The purpose of the current research is to regionalize the national dynamic input-output table with the help of expanding the CHARM non-statistical method and estimating the intra-regional and inter-regional capital matrix; to provide an analysis of the capital capacity of different economic sectors in the region with the help of these matrices. In the current research, among all the non-statistical regionalization methods of the national input-output tables, the Charm approach has been selected in accordance with the regional data. The reason for choosing Charm method is the existence of Cross Hauling in Isfahan province. One of the problems of Charm's method is the placement of national and regional technology coefficients. This simplifying assumption causes the intermediate demand within the region to increase and therefore the added value, which is estimated as a residual; it will be very small or even negative. For this purpose, the current research will regionalize the matrix of national technology coefficients with the help of spatial coefficients; to solve the problem. By estimating the regional capital matrix, an analysis of the final productivity of the sector's capital factor and inter-sector capital distribution will be presented, and the results of these sectors will be compared with the indicators of comparative advantage of the sector. Finally, the research questions will be answered:
Which effect will the adjustment of the national technology coefficients have on the added value of the province?
What is the capital matrix of the sector in Isfahan province?
Which sector in Isfahan province has the highest numerical index of capital productivity?
Which economic sectors in Isfahan province have more distribution of capital formation?
What are the economic sectors with the greatest comparative advantage in Isfahan province?

At first, it is necessary to estimate the national capital matrix with the help of available data and simplifying assumptions. By estimating the national dynamic input-output table, we will have an estimate of the regional dynamic input-output table with the help of the extension of Charm method. To solve the problem of equality of national and regional technology coefficients, by multiplying the diagonal matrix of spatial coefficients in the matrix of national technology coefficients, we will obtain the spatial technology matrix of the region, and by multiplying this estimated matrix in the resulting diagonal matrix, we will obtain the regional technology matrix. Therefore, smaller regional coefficients will be estimated.
On the other hand, to estimate the intra-regional capital matrix, the difference ratio of the region's output in two periods is used to the same amount at the national level. In this case, the intra-regional capital matrix is estimated. A time interval of one year is considered. The reason for choosing this time interval is that the country's budget is one year and a huge part of the inter-sectoral investment in the region is done by the central government. To estimate the intra-regional capital matrix, the spatial ratio of the region's capital asset ownership to the entire country is used. Finally, by subtracting the national capital matrix from the intra-regional capital matrix, we will get an estimate of the correct inter-regional capital matrix. Finally, with the estimation of the capital matrix, the assessment of the capital formation capacity of the intra-regional sector of Isfahan province is carried out with the help of single-factor productivity analysis of capital and the Williamson index of capital and the estimation of the relative advantage index.

In the case that the coefficients of national technology are equal to regional technology, the added value is negatively estimated in four sectors, agriculture, mining, water and electricity, gas and construction. This is despite the fact that in the proposed method of the current research, these positive values are estimated. According to the capital matrix, the most productions were related to the industry, construction and agriculture sectors. Also, the most capital purchases were related to industry, services and real estate sectors. The highest level of sector productivity is related to the communication, mining and transportation sectors. One of the reasons for the increase in user productivity((L↑)/K ) of the sector is compared to other economic sectors. According to Wilsamson's index, the industrial sector, as a supply sector, has distributed its produced capital goods in a more balanced way among the demand sectors. Three sectors, industry, transportation and real estate, have the greatest comparative advantage according to both indicators. But none of the sectors has a high relative advantage.

In summary, the results show that the industry sector with the largest share of output from the total output of the province had low productivity in 2015. Meanwhile, according to Williamson's index, this sector has the most balanced emission effects with other economic sectors, and the results of the previous link also confirm this. Also, based on the RCA and SRCA indices, this sector has a comparative advantage. Therefore, paying attention to new investment in this sector and improving production technology can have good effects on the sector itself and ultimately on other economic sectors in the region.

The structure of production networks determines the macroeconomic responses to sectorial shocks. Accordingly, key sectors are instrumental in transmitting supply and demand-side shocks. This article applies the methodology proposed by Savoie (2017) and network theory and implements the input-output tables of the Central Bank of Iran in 1988, 1993, 1999, 2004, 2010, and 2016 to examine the output multipliers of Iran's economic sectors. This article also compares the results based on Savoie's (2017) method with the driven results according to Friedkin's (1991) and Monize et al.'s (2008) methodology. The latter identifies key sectors using three centrality measures: total effect, immediate effect, and mediate effect. The results show that the "industry", "water, electricity, gas", and the "transportation and inventory" sectors have always had the highest connections with other sectors, and also have had the highest output multiplier. Besides, the "industry" and the "ICT" sectors are detected as the key and the developing sectors in Iran's economy, respectively. In addition, based on Friedkin's (1991) and Monize et al.'s (2008) methodology, the "construction" and "other services" sectors can foster Iran's economic growth; even though based on Savoie's (2017) methodology, these sectors relatively had a lower output multiplier.

The topic of energy resilience has been noticed a lot in recent decades. Resilience refers to ability of the system to face intense disturbances with a low probability of occurrence. A system is resilient, where it can de facto absorb the temporary or permanent risks and adjust itself with rapidly changing positions of the economy without losing its efficiency factor. In this study we propose a multi- region input–output model to study the energy resilience of several multi-country economies in the year of 2014 with accounts for the inter-sectoral and inter-regional dependencies in the economic structure. The model computes the impacts of random energy production disruptions on the entire multi-regional input–output system in the form of final demand deficits. The results show that when the supply of electricity decreases, the sector's demand for other energy carriers increases, it means, it substitutes these energy carriers with electricity. But Generally Other energy carriers are not suitable substitutes for all economic sectors. We also observed that in the case of trade between countries, the occurrence of a shock in one region is covered by other regions therefore cooperation among regions can improve the individual and collective energy resilience significantly.

Financial intermediation plays a significant role in the economic growth and development of a country. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of the financial intermediation sector in production and employment, considering Iran's double-digit unemployment rate and negative economic growth rate, using the country's latest data-output table. Hence, the expanding extraction method of Diazenbacher and Lehr (2013) is used.The results of the study demonstrate that if 10% of the output of the financial intermediation sector is removed, the total output of the economy will decrease by 31188388 million Rials (31.1%). In addition, this elimination has the greatest impact on the financial intermediation and transportation sectors. Also, the 10% reduction in the supply of the financial intermediation sector will have the highest reduction in the value-added percentage on the agriculture, industry and construction sectors. In addition, the removal of 10% of the financial intermediation sector will reduce the employment of the entire economy by 49,972 people (12.3%). Considering that the agricultural and fishing sectors, industry, construction and wholesale and retail services are considered key from the perspective of production and employment, and also there is a high correlation coefficient between the decrease in output and the decrease in employment between economic sectors, it can be said that growth-oriented policies and job-creating policies are in the same direction in Iran's economy are in the same direction. Therefore, it is suggested that economic policy makers should improve employment by adopting a growth-oriented policy. In this article, the 99-sector data-output table of 2011 (which was published by the Central Bank in March 2017) has been used as a section by section. Then, the above table is aggregated into 15 sections and it has been used after separating imports

The high exchange intensity of economic sectors is not desirable in specific conditions such as embargo, economic wars, and dependence of the economy on oil. In Iran, production depends on the currency obtained from oil. This problem may cause Dutch disease in the country's economy and various activities to cope with the recession.In addition, the importation of intermediate goods constitutes more than 60% of the imports of Iran. With this level of dependence, the vulnerability of Iran's economy to currency wars and commercial and financial sanctions is significant. Therefore, imports in Iran's economy need to be managed and optimized. Hence, in this article, the factors affecting the exchange intensity changes of Iran's economic sectors are calculated in order to provide the possibility of optimizing intermediate imports.

The methodology of this research consists of two parts. First, a table is prepared for the desired output, and then it is used for analysis. In order to use the symmetric input-output table of activities, first, some tables are extracted from the consumption and supply values in recent years. Since the exchange rate in production sectors depends on the imports of intermediate goods and services, it is measured by intermediate imports and their changes. To eliminate the effects of the price changes in the 2011-2016 period, the fixed price analysis is performed. The second step of the work is the use of Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) method to examine the factors affecting the change of the exchange rate in Iran's manufacturing sectors from 2011 to 2016. The required data are provided from the input-output tables of the Central Bank of Islamic Republic of Iran, the Statistical Center of Iran and the customs import statistics of the Islamic Republic of Iran in these years.

Symmetric input-output tables of Iran have been prepared for 87 activities from 2011 to 2016. These tables were the basis of research calculations. To compare the tables of each, the selected tables have been harmonized according to the International Standard of Industry Classification (ISIC). Finally, through  the Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA), the effect of each of the factors of the import structure of activities (R), the share of imports in the production of activities (), the structure of production (L), the degree of mobility of activities in the economy (Z), the structure of final product components (S), final product composition (T), and total final product (O) have been calculated based on the changes in the valuation of activities from 2011 to 2016. The total production of the country in 2011 was 21920 trillion Rials at the price of 2016. This figure reached 23262 trillion Rials in 2016, with a growth of 6%.The calculation results show that, among the factors of the study, the effect of the change in the structure and the effect on the change in the desire for the activities from 2011 to 2016 were very insignificant. However, the changes in the production of three productive factors, the degree of mobilizing activities in the economy, and the composition of the final product have reduced the economic value of the economy. On the contrary, the changes of the contribution factors in the production of activities, the structure of the final product, and the sum of the final products have increased the desire of the production activities. In the meantime, the change in the production structure is the most important factor in reducing the exchange rate, and the change in the share of production in the activities has been the main factor in the enhancement of Iran's production activities. Also, the findings of the research show that the increase of final products production from 2011 to 2016 has led to an increase in the value of all economic activities.

Conclusion and Policy Implications:

 According to the findings of the research, the exchange rate for the supply of intermediate goods has increased by 231.7 trillion Rials. In the meantime, the final products have the greatest role in increasing the exchange rate. In contrast to the share of imports in the production of the sectors, it has the greatest role in reducing the exchange rate of the production sectors. At the level of production sectors, the "Public Affairs Administration" sector, with 1.51 trillion Rials of exchange rate decrease, has had the largest decrease among 78 production sectors of Iran. Moreover, the "animal breeding" sector, with an increase of 2.54 trillion Rials, has had the largest increase in the exchange rate of 78 economic sectors of the country.

Tourism is one of the best sources of economic growth and job creation in every region. Khorasan Razavi province, especially Mashhad as the second-largest religious city of the world and the spiritual capital of the Shiite world, has tourism capabilities with very valuable religious and cultural functions. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the employment situation in each of the main province's tourism activities. another goal of the study is to analyze the effect of increasing investment in all and each of the main sectors of tourism on the rate of direct and indirect employment in the Province's tourism industry. For this purpose, the updated input-output table of Khorasan-Razavi province (2018) has been used in the framework of analytical scenarios. The results were analyzed by considering two scenarios (proportional investment in all economic sectors of the tourism industry together, and investment in each economic sector of the tourism industry separately).
The results of the study showed that if investment in all sectors of tourism increases by 100 billion rials simultaneously -equivalent to 800 billion rials in total- (as an analytical scenario), 2831 people will be employed at the province's economic activities. Of this amount, 97.5% of people will be directly employed in the eight sectors of the province's tourism industry. The most important suggestions of this study were, investment in the field of religious and political services, construction and development of ecotourism resorts and non-reduction of the share of investment in the tourism industry due to its role in direct and indirect employment in the province.

Exports are one of the factors affecting production and employment in the economy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the composition and volume of exports on changes in employment in different economic sectors by different levels of education as well as urban and rural areas using the input-output model between 2011 and 2006. For this purpose, the export matrix of 14 sectors of the economy was divided into two matrices, export volume (exports of all sectors of the economy) and export composition (share of each sector in total exports). Then, the effect of these two factors on employment in urban and rural areas, as well as the labor force with a higher level of education and less than higher education in the economic sectors were studied. The results of this study showed that both the change in the composition of exports and the volume of exports has increased employment in urban and rural areas. Also, labor employment with higher education and less than higher education has increased due to changes in the composition and volume of exports in the study period. The increase in labor force employment in urban areas due to changes in the composition and volume of exports has been greater than the increase in labor force employment in rural areas.

One of the most important questions for economists is to explain the relationship between the real and financial sectors in economicsbecause understanding this link helps them to plan for economic growth. financial sector is one of the most critical factors in developing products and an essential link in creating different economic sectors, so it is necessary to understand the impact of changing this sector on other sectors. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to evaluate the position of financial intermediations in the country and explain its impact and effects on other economic sectors.

This article, using the Partial Extraction Method of Dietzenbacher & Lahr (2013) ,which is a modified version of Extraction Methods in evaluating economic sectors of the Input-Output table, studies the effects and consequences of 10% positive shock in the financial sub-sectors of Iran including bank, sub-sector insurance, and sub-sector financial intermediations. The table used in this research is the input-output table of 2017, which has been calculated through the semi-statistical method of RAS based on the input-output table of 2011. The input-output analytical table is an industry-industry symmetric table or a commodity-commodity one. The industry-industry table demonstrates what each economic sector has given to other sectors (supply of products) and what it has taken or received from them (demand for inputs).

Due to the positive shock in the field of banking services, 5 sectors will face the most added value; dwelling constructions, other constructions, compulsory social security activities and farming of animals. As a result of a positive shock to the financial intermediation services, 5 sectors will face the most added value;manufacturing iron and steel, manufacturing other basic metals and casting metal, the manufacture, repair and installation of computer, electronic and optical products, manufacturing motor vehicles, trailers, and semi-trailers. Due to the positive shock to the insurance services, the sectors that will create the most added value are: other constructions, coal and lignite mining, manufacturing, repair and installation of computer, electronic and optical products, stone, sand and clay mining and transportation.

The results of this study show that in case of a 10% increase in the supply of banking services (with codes 6411 and 6419 ISIC) in Iran economy, the "dwelling constructions" sector will face a 1.12% increase in value-added, which is equal to 2851589 million Rials. Its intermediate output has witnessed a growth of 1982931 million Rials, equivalent to 0.52%. After this sector, the activities of "other constructions," "compulsory social security activities," and "farming of animals" face 1.01, 0.85, and 0.79 percent increase in value-added. In case of a 10% increase in the supply of financial intermediations services (with codes 642, 643, 649, 661, 662, and 663 ISIC), the "manufacture of basic iron and steel" with a 0.6% increase in value-added equal to 751357 million Rials will face an intermediate output of 161748 million Rials, equivalent to 0.06% increase. After this section,there are the activities of "Manufacture of other basic metal and casting metals," "manufacture, repair, and installation of computer, electronic and optical products," and "manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers, and semi-trailers" with 0.52 and 0.48% and 0.47% increase in value-added. If the supply of insurance services (with codes 651, 652, and 653 ISIC) in the Iran economy increases by 10%, the "other constructions" sector will face a 0.53% increase in value-added, which is equal to 1940166 million Rials as its intermediate output is 1224203 million. Rials have witnessed a rise of 0.26%. After this sector, the activities of "coal and lignite mining," "manufacturing, repair and installation of computer, electronic and optical products," and "stone, sand and clay mining" activities will face 0.46%, 0.39%, and 0.30% increase in value-added. Finally, all types of financial services were aggregated, and a 10% increase in the supply of the financial sector in Iran economy was studied. The results showed that "other constructions" sector faces a 1.69% increase in value-added, equivalent to 614627 million Rials, as its intermediate output will increase by 3878263 million Rials (0.82%). After that, the sectors "Construction, repair, and installation of computer, electronic and optical products," "dwelling constructions," and "farming of animals" face 1.57, 1.50, and 1.40 percent will increase in  added value.

One of the factors affecting production and subsequent labor demand in different sectors is the change in the final demand of the sectors. Among the components of final demand, the demand of households constitutes a major part. Therefore, it can have a major effect on the production and employment of sectors. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of changing the structure and volume of household consumption in different income groups on changes in employment in different economic sectors using the input-output model between 2011 and 2016. The results of this study showed that the change in total consumption in the first- and second-income groups has increased the total employment of the economy, but the change in total consumption in the top three income groups has reduced the total employment in the economy. On the other hand, changes in the consumption level of all income groups have increased the employment of the whole economy. Also, the change in the composition or structure of consumption in all income groups has reduced the employment of the whole economy.

The embargo on Iran's oil exports in recent years is one of the most important problems that, with the economy under special conditions, has led to economic vulnerability and inefficiency of the economic sectors directly and indirectly. In this study, with employing a composite index based on three components according to the input-output approach, the vulnerability of Iran's economic sectors in 2011 has been measured. The first component is built based on Inoperability Input-Output model and the second one is made according to the Net Multipliers of  Diatzenbacher (2005). The results show that among the 26 evaluated sections, "Coke and oil refining products", "Electricity" and "Manufacture of glass and glass products" have the lowest vulnerability and highest priority, respectively. From a 70% reduction in exports of crude oil and natural gas for investment, as well as sectors "wholesale and retail, repair of vehicles and goods", "transportation" and "extraction of crude oil and natural gas" have encountered the highest level of vulnerability and consequently the lowest priority

With the outbreak of the coronavirus in countries around the world and its rapid spread, governments have decided to impose restrictions and social distancing. Restrictions and closures of businesses and economic activities, and changes in supply and demand patterns during this period, have exacerbated concerns among economists. This article deals with the issue of changing primary energy consumption in 18 countries in the MENA region. To this end, 10 different scenarios of the future state of the disease and its limitations have been considered. The results show that according to the best scenario (rapid and complete improvement of the epidemic), Libya with 4.38% and Iraq with 3.39% will have the largest decrease, and according to the worst-case scenario (explosive disease exacerbation and complete quarantine), Libya with 12.6% and Syria with 12.3% will have the greatest reduction in primary energy consumption. The three countries, Syria, Lebanon, and Iran, also had the most differences in the pessimistic and optimistic scenario. Also, taking into account the total changes in the primary energy consumption of these 18 countries, according to the most optimistic scenario, the primary energy consumption will be reduced by 1.5% and according to the worst-case scenario, it will be reduced by 8.8%.

Sometimes, economic restructuring can cause the significant conservation of energy. However, any restructuring has specific costs, which may eliminate the benefits of reducing energy consumption. This article aims to measure the implicit exports of energy carriers’ subsidies. To this end, the consumption of energy carriers in Iran is briefly investigated. The implicit exports of energy subsidies are calculated using the input-output table in 2011 (prepared by Statistical Center of Iran) over the period 2008-2016. To do this, the net exports of energy content of goods and services are determined by the price gap approach based on the consumption basket at 2004 prices.  The results show that the production costs in the industrial sector has been influenced by welfare effects resulting from targeted subsidies and rising energy carriers’ prices, and a large portion of energy carrierschr('39') subsidies has been implicitly exported.  Indeed, energy subsidy as an exporting good has served as a source of income for the rich. Thus, one of the roles of energy subsidy in Iran is to provide foreign exchange, which makes it possible to import all kinds of goods and services to the country.

Ensuring environmental sustainability is one of the Millennium Development Goals, which depends on controlling the consumption of fossil fuels and the pollution caused by them. However, the goods and services produced in an economy are directly and indirectly involved in the emission of pollutants, especially carbon dioxide. Since the first step in dealing with a problem is to recognize the current situation, to investigate the interrelationships of economic activities and carbon dioxide emissions in Yazd province, first using the Industry-Specific FLQ Method (SFLQ), the Yazd province Input-Output table was extracted for the 2016 and then using the amount of energy consumption and emission coefficients, the amount of direct and indirect emissions of carbon dioxide and the effect of total pollution for each economic sector was calculated. The results show that in 2016 in Yazd province, sections "manufacture of non-metallic mineral products", "manufacture of base metals", "manufacture of coke, products of oil refining and nuclear fuel" and "manufacture of chemical materials and products" with a share of 89.93 percent, had the highest emissions. Indirect pollution also accounts for a larger share of total emissions in the province. In general, the results indicate an increase in pollution caused by energy consumption due to the production of goods and services in Yazd province.

The input-output tables provide useful information regarding the economic and social situations of countries. The world input-output database (WIOD) enables simultaneous comparison of economic and social situations of countries worldwide. The Europe Commission has provided the WIOD for 27 members of the commission, 16 large non-Europe countries and rest of the world from 1995 to 2014. The input-output of the economic sectors of Iran are aggregated with those of the rest of the world. Hence, it is not possible to study the situation of Iran in the world table. In addition, it is not possible to examine the reciprocal effects of the economic policy of Iran or other countries on production sectors of each other properly. To this end, the Iran input-output table for the year 2011 is highlighted, where, in the same year, Iran stood 44th in WIOD. Thus, in addition the new table allows the researcher to study the situation of Iran in the world economy, it make possible to reveal the effect of internal policy on economic sectors of other countries and vice versa.

The purpose of this paper is decomposing total factor productivity growth with reconciling both of the input- output and linear programming models in general equilibrium framework rely on the shadow prices of production factors as their real values in an open economy and studying its performance in Iran. For this purpose, input- output tables of central bank of Iran aggregated in 7 sectors are used for years 1367 and 1378. In this research, we decomposed total factor productivity growth to three factors named technical changes, terms of trade effects and efficiency changes which are reached by solving a linear program of maximization of domestic final demand using the framework of Raa and Mohnen (2002) paper. In this regard, the main question is that which of the three factors listed above is the major factor of total factor productivity growth in Iran? Based on the results, technical changes with share of 91 percent were the major factor of total factor productivity growth in Iran in our study period.