جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فراداده » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Scientific journals, as sources that provide first-class information to the scientific and research community, are expected to present their best to index and store articles accurately and quickly by search engines and databases. Among them, metadata is the best solution. Using metadata in article files can speed up retrieval appropriately in the semantic web environment. Therefore, the amount of information in the hidden web environment will be reduced, and as a result, the access and citation of articles will increase, and this will lead to the acceleration and improvement of the science dissemination process. Therefore, the current research aims to investigate the use of metadata in scientific journal articles inside and outside the country based on the authors' instructions and files uploaded in three formats: Word, PDF, and HTML.

This research is of a descriptive type and was conducted by a survey method. The research community inside the country includes 90 international journals available on the journal ranking site of the Ministry of Science, Research, and Information Technology. For checking the conditions of entering the research, 50 journals were examined if they have an active page and link. Abroad, the multiplicity and dispersion of the subject created a heterogeneous society for investigation. Therefore, to solve this problem, the journals of three major publishers of scientific journals in different subject areas, namely Wiley, Elsevier, and Springer were selected and included in the study, each of which publishes the number of 2756, 2937, and 3750 journals respectively. The aforementioned publishers had the same publication structure and authors' guidelines for all journals, which made it easier to collect data and homogenize the community. The data collection tool is also a researcher-made checklist with 41 items (questions) in three parts to check Word, PDF files, and HTML. Each of the questions was extracted according to the standardsraised concerning metadata on the website of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The face validity of the checklist was confirmed by a group of professors of the Department of Information Science and Epistemology, and its reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha coefficientof 0.74.

Among domestic journals, there are no instructions in the authors' guide for preparing a Word file, and among foreign publishers, only Springer has paid attention to this issue. About the HTML file. Also, none of the internal journals have HTML files, but foreign publishers have paid attention to this issue and have acted according to metadata standards. Also, only a limited number of journals have taken into consideration the metadata requirements that can be implemented by the authors and required the authors to comply with them. The result of the significant analysis of the difference between domestic and foreign journals in components of Word, PDF, and HTML showed the significant value of the Kruskal-Wallis test for PDF files and HTML was less than 0.05 (sig≤0.05), so it can be said that the observed difference regarding the level of metadata compliance in PDF files and H.T.M.L., among domestic and foreign journals, is meaningful; But regarding Word files, the observed difference is not significant and the findings are at the same level.

Measuring the difference between domestic and foreign magazines in the components mentioned in three Word, PDF files, and H.T.M.L. is meaningful. Domestic journals (those that are published internationally and were the target of study in this research) do not pay any attention to these components mentioned in the three files of Word, PDF. and did not have HTML. Only 9 journals published by Springer Publications, because this publisher has a general instruction for all authors, have paid attention to the issue of metadata in Word file setting and include it in PDF files and H.T.M.L. of articles. In general, the attention to metadata and its use among domestic journals is almost zero, and it is necessary to pay serious attention to this issue in order to improve the quality of indexing and access to articles.

The importance of describing the metadata of oral history sources, based on the evolutionary cycle of oral history, to facilitate information retrieval and analysis of data from interviews based on this research method.

The need to create metadata in oral history and types of metadata in this field was explained referring to library resources and metadata tools and standards were explained.

The growing use of technologies to analyze interviews and recognize historical facts has necessitated the creation of metadata for these resources. Structured and machine-readable metadata in oral history, while facilitating data access, improve the management of oral history collections. Metadata description of oral history resources is conducted before and beginning the interview until the resources are uploaded on the web pages. Formed metadata in accordance with the developmental cycle of oral history provides researchers with the necessary tools to analyze the content of interviews. The extent to which the types of oral history metadata are used varies according to the components of the oral history development cycle. It is necessary for oral historians to be directed more toward the use of tools and standards for creating metadata.

The research was to study the attributes of seals in identity documents and to present a suggested pattern for information organization of seals. This was an applied study performed by using documentary study and descriptive survey.Data were gathered by analyzing 8 main works related to seals and identify documents of seals in 7 museums inside and 45 ones outside of Iran. The importance of each element was evaluated through implementation of Delphi technique. Based on the findings, a pattern was suggested for organization and documentation of seals and for preparing identity documents in museums. The proposed elements and standard bibliographic elements (MARC & DC) were studied comparatively. Findings showed there was no suitable pattern for organizing information of seals in the museums. Based on findings, 102 elements in 18 sub-groups and 2 main groups of “descriptive” and “management” were identified for organization and documentation of information of museum Seals .Comparison of 102 suggested elements with elements of MARC21 showed there were no definite fields for 33 proposed elements in MARC21 and no equivalents for 46 proposed elements in Dublin Core(DC). Therefore, the standards werenot suitable enough for organization and documentation of information of museum seals, The results can help in integrating and facilitating the organization of information and documentation of museum seal. Suggested pattern can be applied for codifying identity documents of seals. Elements can be used in extensive and accurate information retrieval, information validation, management and providing appropriate context for research in the fields of seals and information organization.

The development of interdisciplinary sciences and the need for researchers to review scientific topics have led to the issue of “reuse of data” in archeology. Before any discussion, it is necessary to examine the challenges and theoretical foundations in this field, because uninformed use and without considering the indigenous needs of the country’s archaeological knowledge in these discussions will lead to opposite results and create consumerism and orientation in producing scientific results. This research has been done by the descriptive-analytical method and in this field from documents and library resources as well as observing the results of invalid scientific databases in the field of archaeological data studies from Digital Science Direct database, and a review of Open Context and CdocRM databases. Also, the results have been published on the T-Dar website. After reviewing and studying effective methods to identify effective strategies for reusing information and using digital tools in this field, finally, three main areas in data re-reading have been identified including standardization, metadata design, and texture documentation by digital tools. These strategies can be effective by combining their capabilities in the process of data reuse and have an intrinsic value according to the standardization frameworks of the obtained information and do not depend on factors such as information provision tools or the foundation itself. For this purpose, in the stages of field studies, classification, laboratory studies, and storing information in databases, scientific principles in this field must be carefully applied so that the information can be reused; Therefore, two main questions are raised in this research. 1) What key issues should be considered in the discussion of data reuse? 2) How can digital tools be useful in meeting the challenge of data reuse? We explored key areas in the reuse of archaeologists’ data and the role of large institutions in this area and introduced digital capabilities to address these challenges.

Recent researches suggest that data is known as one of the most valuable resources of any organization. On the other hand, today science and technology data have become a key to the growth and development of each country. Treasure system plays a key role in advancing science and technology in the country and providing researchers with the services of effective and efficient research. Accordingly, the performance of this system is one of the factors influencing this mission. On the other hand, the major part of the observed quality problems in the area of information dissemination by the system is rooted radically in the output of another system called the registration system, which is at the very beginning of the process of recording, organizing and disseminating information. Determining the desirable status (or level of quality) in each field of the metadata from a variety of quality aspects such as accuracy, inconsistency, completeness, etc. is one of the most vital steps in the field of quality of the registration system. In this study, after reviewing the standard
data quality management models, a comprehensive framework was developed to determine the quality dimensions of the registration system The TDQM model was selected as one of the most widely used data quality model to evaluate the components of the system from its main four-dimensional core, accessibility, terrain and display. Then, in the form of a Quality Management System, key factors will be determined in the quality control system of the registration system. The data quality plan presented after the validation by the team of experts as the reference point for determining the non-conformities of the data. At the end of the present study, practical steps were taken to improve the quality of this system.

Assessing the Homogeneity of Temperature and Precipitation Data in Iran with Climatic Approach
 
Extended Abstract:Qualitative evaluation and validation of atmospheric parameters such as precipitation and temperature are the most important condition for statistical analysis in climatic and hydrological researches. In addition, the meteorological and climatological data have a crucial role in transportation, agriculture, urbanization and health services.  Therefore, it is clear that using wrong data source for atmospheric investigations is the first hazard in natural hazards analysis. This study aimed to investigate the homogenization of minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation data for 36 weather stations over different climatic classes in Iran. The Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT), (Alexanderson and Moberg, 1997), Pettit test (Pettit, 1979), Cumulative Deviation test (Buishand, 1982) and Worsley’s Likelihood Ratio test (Worsley, 1979) were carried out to study homogenization of minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation data (1966-2015). The results revealed that 91.5 % and 88.5 % of minimum and maximum temperatures data, respectively, were in non-homogenized category. Although, Isfahan, Saghez and Gorgan for minimum temperature and Bandar-e Anzali, Sharekord, Kashan and Saghez for maximum temperature showed a homogenized condition with 5 % level of significance. The results showed most of the weather stations (28 out of 36 stations) had homogenized precipitation data. Even though, seven stations including Birjandd, Kerman, Kermanshah, Saghez, Sanandaj and Tabriz had homogenized precipitation data. The Urmia weather station was in doubtful class. That is precipitation data of Urmia weather station were homogenized by two tests results and were non-homogenized with other two tests of homogenization. The spatial distribution of trend variations of minimum temperature average was between -2.8 to 2.8 degree Celsius over the country. Moreover, maximum and minimum variations of minimum temperature occurred in northeast and northwest of the country, respectively. There were a significantly increasing trend (p<0.01) in most of the regions. The results also indicated that the significant variations happened for maximum temperature in most of the weather stations, mainly in northern half of the country. The minimum temperature jump was mostly found in 1985, 1994 and 1998 years during the study period (1966-2015). The maximum variations of minimum temperature were in Mashhad, Shahroud, Ahvaz, Yazd and Semnan weather stations with 2.8, 2.3, 2.2, 2 and 2 degrees Celsius, respectively, jump for above mentioned years during 1966-2015. In addition, the minimum change in minimum temperature was occurred in Birjand, Urmia and Bandar Abbas with a jump of 0.6 degrees Celsius. It should be mentioned that, unlike other stations, the Khorramabad (Lorestan Province) and Fasa (Fars Province) had a decreasing trend for minimum temperature. It changed from 10.3 to 8.3 and from 11.8 to 10.2 degrees Celsius in Khorramabad and Fasa, respectively. The results showed that the commencement of maximum temperature jump for most of the weather stations happened in 1998 with 1.1 degrees’ Celsius change. According to our study, a remarkable decrease in precipitation data was occurred in west and northwest of the country. There was a depletion of 80 to 150 millimeters from 1998 in Tabriz, Sanandaj, Saghez and Kermanshah weather stations during study period (1966-2015). Besides, 25 to 45 millimeters reduction in precipitation was found in south and southeast of the Country which has arid climate including Birjand (South Khorasan Province), Zabol (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and Kerman. It was revealed that the variations of minimum temperature were larger than maximum temperature which was in agreement with results obtained by Rafati and Karimi, 2018. The results showed that the start of increasing maximum temperature in most of the weather stations was in 1998. It could be due to increasing the global temperature which is in accordance with results found by Steirou and Koutsoyiannis, 2012. The results revealed that about 80 % of precipitation data of weather stations were homogenized. These results were in agreement with results obtained by Hosseinzadeh Talaee et al., 2013. The results indicated that tests of homogenization for minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation data could use in different climate over the country. Therefore, it could not allocate a single test to a particular climate type. In conclusion, it should be noted that before any analysis pertaining to environmental hazards, the calibration and maintenance of the weather instruments should be carried out periodically. In addition, the metadata and station history for relocation of the weather station should be checked. The relocation can create great changes in meteorological parameters due to elevation, latitude, longitude and land use/land cover differences between two sites.
 
Key Words: Homogeneity tests, Climate Data, Weather Station, Metadata

The main solution to the problems of persistency and uniqueness in identification of digital objects in a web environment is provided by using digital identifiers instead of URL. The main basis of this solution is resolution mechanism that is used in digital identifier systems. Resolution is the use of indirect names instead of URLs; what worked for
the DNS (Domain Name System) in stabilizing internet hostnames should work for digital object references. Considering that this mechanism is known as the technical backbone of the digital identifier systems, these systems are trying different ways to implement this mechanism with high technical and content quality. Accordingly, performance evaluation of the resolution structure in digital identifier systems is considered in this study To achieve this goal, two-step process was designed and implemented on the basis of illustrative evaluation method. In the first step, the basic framework of metadata structure component evaluation was designed with Delphi method. Designed basic framework in this step contains 9 performance indicators: conceptual and technical persistency of resolution, interoperability, reliability, speed and performance, scalability, multiple resolution, Internet functionality and no need to install. In the second step, according to the designed basic framework, an illustrative comparison of 6 well-known worldwide digital identifier systems was carried out, using TOPSIS method. Results of this study revealed that DOI, Handle and UCI identifier systems show high performance in their metadata structure, while PURL and ARK systems respectively have mediocre and low efficiency in this component and URN Systems do not have any performance in this component due to the lack of implemented resolution structures. Analysis of the results also indicated that the main reasons for high performance systems are using of Web proxy as a user interface, increasing the speed and performance using solutions such as replication and cache and implementation of multiple resolution mechanisms. The results of this study can be used by researchers of this field and administrators and users of these systems.

The main purpose of this article is، showing similar fluctuation of temperature series and their consistency with what happened in the global level. In addition، it determines new estimates of regional seasonal and annual temperature trends over Iran، after the detection of artificial and natural non homogenous points of 33 synoptic stations for the period of 1960 2010. The 22 stations with shorter records are used only to confirm variability during overlapping periods as evidence. Due to similarity of the results of homogeneity tests and also to prevent of complexity، assessing of data homogeneity have been surveyed only by using the results of Standard Normal Homogeneity test (SNHT)، expert judgment and Metadata. The results showed، the country may be segmented to 10 such regions in terms of trends and variability of temperature. In addition، it was shown، the country with having different climatic type and with facing similar natural fluctuation، have experienced similar variability and fluctuation of temperatures in all regions at nearly equal rates of 0. 4-0. 5 and 0. 2-0. 3 (°C /decade) for annual minimum and maximum temperature، respectively in Iran. Non homogeneities in the temperature series relate mostly to relocation and changes of environmental conditions at individual stations. In the case of ignoring these non homogeneities، it is appeared errors in the statistical characteristics of temperature، Furthermore، it will be followed uncertainties in spatially averaged trends. The finding in earlier work of a few individual stations with negative trends is found to be due to artificial effects like relocation.

Goal: Investigates visibility of HTML elements and Dublin Core metadata elements on the website of the National Archives of the International Council on Archives.Method/Research Approach: Data collection and analysis, Sources of 49 members of the National Archives Homepage were viewed using Internet Explorer. HTML elements and Dublin Core elements were extracted and entered in the check list. Descriptive statistics was used for analysis. Only 6 elements of all Doblin Core elements were observed in the retrieved websites. Author elements had most frequency (4). With regard to visibility of HTML elements, Iran and UAE national archives website respectively had highest number of elements. Among elements used in the websites, type, content, description and keyword with frequency 43, 28, and 26 were used. Approaches adopted by web designers examined using table of Dublin Core and HTML elements. Results showed that description of content was first in rank and legal ownership source and physical appearance stood next. Frequency of presence of Dublin Core elements in websites in comparison with HTML elements is very low. One reason can be complex nature of these elements. Examining designer's approach showed that their focus is on the enrichment of content rather than on the other two aspects.

This research is implemented regarding the examination of metadata schemaparameters in digital recourses and identifying an appropriate method. Thepopulation consists of 10 metadata schema. This pattern was extracted by choosing three digital recourses and assemblage of related templates. This research was implemented by descriptive survey method. We examined the similarity of metadata schema to digital resources storage componentsthrough a checklist. Findings show that METS and PREMIS are the most compatible standards forstorage and retrieval of images, audio and video digital resources. Also there is nounique metadata for all types of digital resources. Regarding to cover the specialfeatures of resources. But we can use MARC, Dublin core and MODS in generaland PB Core for media and VRA Core for visual art. Also we can use MIX forimage resources, technical metadata for audio (Audio-MD) for sound resources,technical metadata for video (Video-MD) for video resources and technical metadatafor text.

This research has been carried out with the aim of studying the web sites of central libraries of universities subordinate to the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology usage of metadata elements and its comparison with Dublin Core standard elements. This study was a comparative survey, in which 40 websites of academic library by using Internet Explorer browser. Then the HTML pages of these websites were seen through the Source of View menu, and metadata elements of each websites were extracted and entered in the checklist. Then, with using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage and mean) analysis of data was discussed. Research findings showed that the reviewed websites did not use any Dublin Core metadata elements, general metadata Markup language used in design of all websites, the amount of metadata elements used in website, Central Library of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and Iran Science and Industries with 57% in first ranked and Shahid Beheshti University with 49% in second ranked and the International University of Imam Khomeini with 40% was in third ranked. The approach to web designers was determined too that as follows: the content of source in first ranked and attention to physical appearance source in second ranked and also ownership of source in third position.

This research has been carried out to study the extent to which Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) metadata have been used in designing the websites of the central libraries of Iran’s universities.Design/Methodology/Approach: A total of 66 homepages of the websites of the central libraries of Iran’s universities were studied in three groups i.e. Universities affiliated with the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology; Universities affiliated with the Ministry of Health and Medical Education; different branches of the Islamic Azad University. For this purpose, the browsers Internet Explorer and Netscape were used and the sources of web pages were reviewed and all the meta tags existing in the HTML format of the webpages were extracted and entered in the prepared checklist. Then, by using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage and average) the data collected were analyzed. This research shows that all the reviewed websites have benefited from general HTML metadata; however, the extent of using metadata has been trivial in some cases. Considering the extent to which central library websites have used these meta tags, medical science universities have the first rank in terms of average use (43%). Branches of the Islamic Azad University have the second rank with an average use of 31% and universities affiliated to the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology have the third rank with an average use of 28%. The present study shows that the most widely applied meta tag elements are, title, content-type, keywords, link and description. This is justifiable because most web designers have applied these general meta tags, considering their familiarity with these general metadata rather than specific metadata standards like the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative.

This research has been carried out with the aim of studying the Central Library of Islamic Azad Universities with Dublin core standard elements and also has paid to clarify web designers’ approach in using of modern techniques in designing and organizing these websites. A total of 10 website of academic library were evaluated by using two Internet Explorer and Netscape browsers, the HTML pages of these websites were seen through the Source of View menu, and metadata elements of each websites were extracted and entered in the check list. Overall findings indicated that the websites of library did not use any Dublin core metadata elements. All used general metadata elements however little in ordinal: Central Library of Ilam University with 50.5% is ranked first and Khomain University with 33.5% was in second rank followed by Central Libraries of Zanjan and Ghazvin Universities with 28.5 %. Web designers’ approach were determined as follows: the content of source ranked first, attention to ownership of source information ranked second while physical appearance came in third.

Metadata is one of the most common methods for the organization and managementof information resources and for easy access to information, but it needs appropriatemanagement. The goal of metadata management is to provide, store and controlmetadata collections for the description, retrieval, preservation, ease of exchangeand more effective access to information. Metadata management systems determinethe effectiveness, flexibility and cost-benefits through a definite project. In the present research the importance of metadata in the organization of information resources along with different perspectives of metadata management in some fields like library and information science and information systems have been debated. Then the features, capabilities and effectiveness of the metadata management systems are discussed. Metadata management systems are derived into three categories regarding the structure of the collection: (1) Distributed metadata structure (2) Integrated metadata structure and (3) Composed metadata structure.