complexity
در نشریات گروه هنر و معماری-
مسائل طراحی طیف گسترده ای از مسائل بشری را در برمی گیرند. طراحان وظیفه دارند که این مسائل را بر اساس توانایی های خود و نیازها و تمایلات ذی نفعان به شکل مطلوبی برطرف کنند. با پیشرفت و پیچیدگی جوامع بشری، مسائل پیش روی طراحان نیز همواره پیچیده تر شده تا جایی که نوع خاصی از این مسائل با نام مسائل خبیث در برابر روش ها و راهبردهای معمول برای حل مسئله مقاومت کرده و رویکردهای جدیدی را در رابطه با نحوه مواجهه با این مسائل طلب می کنند. طراحان به شکل روزافزونی درگیر مسائلی می شوند که تاکنون در حوزه فعالیت شان قرار نمی گرفته است و بنابراین باید خود را آماده رویارویی با زمینه های مختلف کنند که به دلیل درهم تنیدگی با متغیرهای اجتماعی، پیچیده تر و آشفته تر از مسائل فنی حوزه طراحی اند. هدف این پژوهش شناسایی مولفه های مسائل خبیث در ارتباط با ذی نفعان و زمینه وقوع آن هاست. این پژوهش به لحاظ هدف کاربردی بوده و در راستای شناسایی ویژگی های مسائل خبیث در فرایند حل مسئله و تبیین نحوه تاثیر آن ها بر این مسائل انجام شده است. در این راستا اطلاعات به روش اسنادی و مطالعات کتابخانه ای جمع آوری شد و به شیوه کیفی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتیجه این پژوهش که شامل سه گروه ویژگی برای مسائل خبیث در فرایند حل مسئله و نحوه ارتباط آن ها با یکدیگر است، در قالب یک مدل مفهومی ارائه گردید. این مدل مفهومی می تواند به منظور مطالعه مسائل خبیث و بررسی شاخصه های آن ها مورداستفاده پژوهشگران و فعالان حوزه طراحی قرار بگیرد.
کلید واژگان: مسائل خبیث، مسائل طراحی، فرایند حل مسئله، پیچیدگیComplex Design Problems: Presenting a Conceptual Model to Identify the Components of Wicked ProblemsIn a general form of definition, Design is a problem-solving process. The main difference between this process and other problem-solving processes in the natural sciences and engineering is the main feature of the design process which is "creativity". Generally Designers do not solve the problems they face with pre-established solutions and fixed formulas, but with innovative solutions based on their creative abilities. In design research literature, problems are divided into three general categories based on their ontological characteristics: well-defined problems, ill-defined problems and wicked problems. In this research, the authors try to identify a special type of design problems, namely wicked problems, and extract their characteristic features in the problem solving process. In this regard, two main goals were set. The first goal is to identify and explain the components of wicked problems in problem solving process and the second goal is to explain and analyze how each of these components relate to each other and how they affect solving process of wicked problems. Well-defined problems often provide a good framework for restriction of design activities. In contrast to this type, there are other types of issues that are not well defined and are so-called ill-defined. Such problems usually have a various solutions, each of which can be satisfying in some way, and are almost equally good. The most challenging type of problems are wicked problems. These problems cannot be comprehensively framed and therefore there will be different descriptions of the problem and each of these descriptions defines the problem in a specific framework. For the first time, Professor Rittel and his colleague Weber argued in their 1973 paper that complex social issues could not be "tamed" through standard management approaches that rely on rational-analytical models of planning and decision-making. Despite this seemingly widespread acceptance, the concept is used almost exclusively in developed countries in Europe and North America, and almost all credible literature on wicked problems are written in English. There are two points to keep in mind when it comes to wicked problems to avoid a simplistic interpretation of the term. The first point is that these problems do not really mean "one problem" with a fixed and structured problem statement. These very vague problems have multiplex elements and complex relationships that minimize the possibility of assigning a single framework to them. wicked problems do not remain constant: they are a set of complex and interactive problems that evolve in a dynamic social context. The second point is that the word "wicked" does not mean the moral valuation of these problems as evil issues. Rather they are methodologically misleading and can have unintended consequences for those who try to act upon them. Methodologically The present study is a qualitative research which is done using descriptive-analytical method. This study has taken a qualitative approach to the study of the phenomenon of wicked problems. In addition to explaining the components of this type of problems in the problem solving process, it has also analyzed their relationship with the problem itself and other components. It is also a fundamental-theoretical study in terms of purpose. Information has been collected through library study from academic researches on wicked problems. According to the approach of this research, data collection continued until the theoretical saturation was reached and due to the nature of this information, they were analyzed qualitatively and logically. All the characteristics provided for wicked problems in the research literature are attributed to one of three factors: the problem, the solution (or solutions), or the stakeholders of a problem. Therefore, to study the characteristics of wicked problems in the problem-solving process, the three spaces of problem, solution and stakeholders are introduced as three elements that include the characteristics which are introduced for wicked problems. The relationship between these three elements forms the general specification of a wicked problem. Each of these three elements also has subcomponents that are in fact their characteristics. The sub-components of problem are: structural-technical complexity, dynamic and unstable context, and ambiguity and obscurity. The sub-components of solutions are: ambiguity and obscurity, uncertainty and impossibility of testing. Finally, the sub-components of stakeholders include: insufficient knowledge, divergence of values and tendencies, unbalanced distribution of power and multiplicity of stakeholders. Based on the definitions and critiques of the theory of wicked problems, the authors analyzed the introduced features and presented them in the form of a conceptual model with three main elements of problem, solution (or solutions) of the problem and stakeholders. This conceptual model can be used to study complex socio-technical issues by designers in the field of design and can also be useful for providing a holistic and systematic view of wicked problems for strategic and sustainable design activists. Researchers from different fields of research are expected to study the proposed conceptual model and modify and develop it by studying newer sources and using the research literature of other fields.
Keywords: Wicked Problems, Design Problems, Problem-Solving Process, Complexity -
One of the characteristics of complex systems is their emergence. Samen district, as part of the central area of Mashhad, has been affected by the various urban development plans. The purpose of the current research is to identify the evolution of the effects of the renovation and improvement plans of Samen district, focusing on the role of the emergence of space in the occurrence of theft crimes. In this regard, by using the comparative-historical method, the evolution of the area has been investigated in recent years, and the effect of the layout of the area on committing theft in two time periods before and after the plans has been investigated. Documentary- and library-based studies are considered as the most important data collection tools in the current research. The data of geographic information system was used to measure the emergence of theft, and the data taken from Khorasan Razavi Police Office was used to check the amount of theft. For data analysis, depth map and Arcpro software have been used. The results of the research show an increase in integration in the new area, so that the permeability of the whole district has increased. This increase in integration has caused the distribution of thefts to be extended into neighborhoods, while in the old area, theft crimes mainly occurred in the main streets. Therefore, it can be stated that the changes that have occurred in the area have caused the appearance of "Inviting rather than Uninviting"characteristics.
Keywords: crime, Space Syntax, Complexity, integration, Samen District of Mashhad -
با توجه به اهمیت استعاره ها در طراحی دو نشان سلطنتی پهلوی دوم ایران و بریتانیا، پرسش این است که تاثیر کاربرد استعاره ها در درک زیبایی نهایی نشان های سلطنتی/ملی این دو کشور چیست؟ هدف و مسیر بر این اساس است که تجزیه و تحلیل و ترکیب عناصر ساختاری به سمت تشخیص نوع استعاره و ویژگی های زیباشناختی آن ها پیش برود. روش پژوهش در تجزیه و تحلیل نشان ها توصیفی-تحلیلی است و در بر شمردن شباهت ها و تفاوت ها، تطبیقی است. روش گردآوری اطلاعات، اسنادی است. رویکرد پژوهش متکی به آرای نظریه پردازان حوزه شناختی و زیباشناختی است. یافته ها نشان می دهد اشتراک ویژگی های ساختاری بیشتر از تفاوت های دو نشان است. از جنبه معنایی، نشان بریتانیا به لحاظ تعدد عناصر تشکیل یافته، پربارتر است. معانی هر کدام از عناصر در نشان ها متاثر از شرایط سیاسی و مذهبی و پیشینه فرهنگی و تاریخی آن کشور است، بعد معنوی در نشان بریتانیا پررنگ تر است و در نشان پهلوی دوم بعد تاریخی مشخص تر است، زیرا دوره پهلوی همه دوره های پرافتخار تاریخی را در نشان گرد هم آورده است. در نشان بریتانیا، تعداد استعاره های مجاورتی کمتر از استعاره های ترکیبی است. در این نشان، نقش انسجام به عنوان ویژگی زیباساز قوی است. نشان پهلوی دوم، استعاره های مجاورتی بیشتری دارد. در نشان پهلوی دوم، پیچیدگی به معنای تعدد عناصر مهم تر از انسجام و وحدت یافتگی است. با تکیه بر دستاورد این پژوهش تاثیرگذاری طراحی نشان بریتانیا بر نشان پهلوی دوم و نیز شناسایی مسیر جهت گیری نشان های این دو کشور در آینده به واسطه میثاق ها و اهداف مهم از جنبه های ساختاری، معنایی و زیباشناختی آسان تر می گردد
کلید واژگان: نشان سلطنتی، ملی، استعاره، زیبایی، پیچیدگی، وحدتConsidering the importance of metaphors in the design of the second Pahlavi royal emblem of Iran and Britain, the question is: What is the impact of visual metaphors on comprehending the final beauty of the two royal emblems? The goal and path is based on the analysis of structural elements to advance towards identifying the type of visual metaphors and their aesthetic features. It is a comparative research with a descriptive-analytical method that enumerates the similarities and differences. The method of data gatherig is library information collection. The research approach is based on the theorists in cognitive and aesthetics field of research. After considering several elements in the royal emblems of the two countries, the similarities between the two emblems are as follows: in the center of both emblems, the image of a shield can be seen, which consists of four parts. In the second Pahlavi emblem, the national signs of the Achaemenid, Sassanid, Islamic, Qajar periods can be seen around the first Pahlavi one. The British royal emblem also shows the image of the three lions of England in the first and fourth quarters. The Scottish standing lion also belongs to the second quadrant and the image of the Irish harp also belongs to the third quadrant. The use of crown and lion is also one of the similar points between both Iranian and english emblems. Both of them use mythical animals or hybrid creatures such as phonix, Farvahar and unicorn. Both of them have supports or ribbons with a royal slogan placed in the below section of the emblems. Justice in the second Pahlavi emblem is like a divine gift to the king. In the British emblem, the kingdom is a kind of divine entitlement from God, which is given to the king as a judge. The differences are as follows: the emblem of Britain uses its belt and along with the buckle instead of hanging on the cross or Mary's ascension. It can be seen in the Pahlavi emblem by means of a chain, and also the vine leaves around the shield, the torpedo mouth arabesques, and the flower motifs are among the decorations of the Pahlavi emblem. Thistle (symbol of Mary's virginity and Christ's crown), Theodore's rose (symbol of the union of the houses of York and Lancaster) and clover (symbol of St. Patrick) are among the decorative elements of the British emblem. The rising sun in the center of the Pahlavi royal emblem is not seen in the British. The final difference can also be stated in the placement of two guard lions around the Pahlavi emblem and the placement of a unicorn and a lion in the British one. The second pahlavi emblem has more hybrid creatures, while the unicorn is the only mythical creature of the British emblem. In the emblem of Britain, the helmet of the knights can be seen and it suggests a human whose body seems empty, while in the second Pahlavi one, it is more difficult to recognize such a thing due to the lack of leaves to suggest hair. The origin of metaphors in the second Pahlavi royal emblem shows the following purposes in order. Crown implies the material concepts such as royalty and kingdom power, shield states guarding the country and the sword indicates spiritual concepts such as the importance of Shiism. The lion shows the purposes such as protection, courage and Imam Ali (peace be upon him). Farvahar means divine and spiritual forces and indicates the Achaemenid period, phonix (simurgh) states the cosmic and supernatural forces and suggest Sassanid era, Damavand implies the mythological and Pahlavi era of Iran. Blue, yellow, and red colours, respectively, choose the brightness and spirituality; wisdom and blessing; happiness and prosperity as their destinations. Origin of Metaphors in British Royal emblem show the purposes as follows: crown implies the spiritual growth and enlightenment, golden helmet indicates the Royal family and chivalry, standing lion means the king and guardian of the worldly force, the horizontal lion implicates the power of the kingdom, the unicorn indicates Christ and Patron, the belt shows the power-covenant and ascension to heaven, three horizontal lions decision making- foresight, also is the sign of England, harp shows spiritual growth -Irish Gods and country, the Standing Lion indicates broad-handed and long-armed, also indicates Scotland, full shield; is a sign of Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Metaphor in white, red, yellow, blue, green, red and white colours, respectively, implies purity and innocence; lordship and virtue of ruling; The power of the sun and blessing-kingdom; spirituality-spiritual growth; life and immortality; The union of the kingdom (York and Lancaster houses in past and two other contries in present) is the destination.From the common purposes of the two emblems, the need to confirm religion, guarding and protecting, and the importance of the kingdom's power on earth, and the importance of the king are inferred. In the Pahlavi emblem, different historical eras and their unity are understood, while in the royal emblem of the United Kingdom, the united countries are more important than the historical period of England itself. The spiritual dimension is more prominent in the emblem of Britain. It is as if more universal concepts are needed to unite different countries. In the second Pahlavi emblem, the historical dimension is more specific, because the Pahlavi period brought together all the proud historical periods in the emblem. The results show that the similarities of structural features is greater than the differences between the two emblems. From a content dimension, the emblem of Britain is more fruitful in terms of the multiplicity of elements. The meanings of each of the elements in the emblems are affected by the political and religious conditions and the cultural and historical precedents of that country.The comparison of the beautifying characteristics, shows that the more visual metaphors, the more complex the design seems to be, and the audience faces more tension and more defamiliarization. The greater the unity or harmony, the greater the possibility of entering to the threshold of beauty. In the emblem of second pahlavi, substitional metaphors are almost equal to combinational metaphors. In terms of unity, the repetitive designs such as damavand, lion, sword, yellow, and colours like blue show the Pahlavi emblem as coherent and unified. In this design, complexity is more important than unity. In the emblem of Britain, the substitional metaphors are less than the combinational type. The combinational metaphors cause the unity of discrete parts or components.For example, in the emblem of Britain, the helmet, the shield and the belt together evoke a royal body and there is less tension in finding the final destination. In this emblem, unity as a beautifying charactristic seems a little stronger than complexity. The results show that the discussion about beauty is not solely dependent on the harmoy of the shape and form and colours of emblems or works of art. The conceptual and meaningful dimension also plays an important role in the distinguishing of beauty. The harmony of whole composition and holistic content is realy determinant. The beauty of visual metaphors includes both harmony and complexity of formal and content aspects. The historical precedence of the design and construction of the emblem of Britain (from 1837 up to 1952), the structural similarities between the two emblems, reveals the possible influence of the second Pahlavi emblem from the of Britain, although in the design of both emblems, different components with historical, cultural and political themes are understood. Through the study of emblems, it becomes easier to identify the direction of their relation in the future due to important agreements and goals from structural, content and aesthetic aspects. Finally, the study of the royal emblems of two countries makes it possible to identify the perspective of the today goals and future covenants.
Keywords: Royal Emblems, Visual Metaphors, Beautifying Characters, Unity, Complexity -
مفاهیمی چون گسست تاریخی، کارکردگرایی، سبک بین الملل و استانداردسازی همگی از ویژگی های مدرنیزم است. با پیدایش پست مدرنیزم، لزوم توجه به زمینه در ابعاد مختلف از سوی اندیشمندانی از حوزه های مختلف همچون تاریخ، فرهنگ، فلسفه، زبان، محیط زیست، روانشناسی و پدیدارشناسی مورد تاکید قرار گرفت؛ اما زمینه گرایی در شهر، فضا و به طور کلی محیط مصنوع، نیاز به بازشناسی موشکافانه تری به ویژه در ارتباط با حوزه هایی چون نشانه شناسی، معناگرایی و ساختارگرایی و نیز رویکردهایی چون سنت گرایی و بوم گرایی که چهارچوب های نظری آن را ایجاد نموده اند، دارد. با توجه به خاستگاه های گوناگون، بازگشت به زمینه گرایی از سال های 1960 تاکنون با دگرگونی هایی در نگرش، ابعاد، اصول و روش ها همراه بوده است. پژوهش حاضر با مروری بر اندیشه های تاثیرگذار بر زمینه گرایی در شهرسازی و معماری، به دنبال شناخت تاثیر جنبش ها، رویکرد ها و پارادایم های گوناگون در حوزه های مختلف در بازه زمانی 1960 تاکنون می باشد. روش پژوهش حاضر توصیفی بوده و با تشریح اندیشه های صاحب نظران زمینه گرایی در رشته معماری و شهرسازی و نیز رشته های مرتبط و پیشرویی همچون فلسفه و زبان شناسی که آبشخور اندیشه های این دو رشته اند، سه گروه اصلی و متمایز را دسته بندی می نماید. از سه دسته شناسایی شده، دسته نخست که بیشتر تحت تاثیر فلسفه و زبان شناسی اندیشمندان فرانسوی هستند؛ دسته دوم که تمرکز بیشتری بر روی تاریخ، فرهنگ، سنت گرایی، بوم گرایی و توده گرایی دارد و دسته سوم که با توجه به تاریخ، سنت، فرهنگ بومی و بوم گرایی، تلاش در همزیستی با محیط زیست داشته و در راستای همگرایی با اصول توسعه پایدار تلاش کرده است.کلید واژگان: شهرسازی، معماری، پست مدرنیزم، زمینه گرایی، پیچیدگیConcepts such as historical rupture, functionalism, international style, and standardization are all features of modernism. In general, the built environments according to modernism are alien to the existing context, and this alienation led to a fundamental critique of modern architecture and urban planning. With the advent of postmodernism, the need to pay attention to the field in different dimensions was emphasized by thought from different fields such as history, culture, philosophy, linguistics, environment, psychology, and phenomenology. But contextualism needs to be more carefully recognized, especially in relation to fields such as semiotics, semantics, and structuralism, as well as approaches such as traditionalism and ecology, which are its theoretical frameworks. Due to its various origins, the return to contextualism has been accompanied by changes in attitudes, dimensions, principles, and methods since the 1960s. The present study, by reviewing the influential ideas on contextualism in urban planning and architecture, seeks to identify the impact of various movements, approaches and paradigms in various fields in the period from 1960 to the present. The method of the present study is descriptive and by describing the ideas of contextualists in architecture and urban planning as well asrelated and progressive disciplines such as philosophy that are the source of the ideas of these two mentioned disciplines, it categorizes three main and distinct groups. The notion of contextualism has been investigated in closed and related fields to architecture, urban planning, and urban design such as philosophy, linguistics, and social studies. Three distinct categories are identified, the first is most influenced by the philosophy and linguistics of French thinkers; The second category, focuses more on history, culture, traditionalism, and ecology, and the third category, according to history, tradition, indigenous culture, and ecology, strives to coexist with the environment and converge with the principles Sustainable development has tried.Keywords: Urbanism, Architecture, postmodernism, Contextualism, Complexity
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مجله صفه، پیاپی 98 (پاییز 1401)، صص 5 -18مقاله حاضر جستاری در یکی از وجوه نسبتا مغفول اندیشه کریستوفر الکساندر، معمار و نظریه پرداز نیمه دوم قرن بیستم و اوایل قرن بیست و یکم، است. ویژگی مهم الکساندر چندوجهی بودن شخصیت و زندگی فکری اوست. الکساندر هم دانشمندی قابل اعتنا در حوزه علوم دقیقه چون ریاضیات و رایانه است و هم طراح و نظریه پردازی سرشناس در حوزه معماری. ورود او به عرصه معماری با سودای علمی کردن فرایند طراحی معماری همراه بود، اما سرانجام مسیری را پیمود که به نقد ساختاری علم معاصر انجامید. علی رغم همه فرازوفرودهای مسیر اندیشه ورزی و نظریه پردازی الکساندر، تامل بر نسبت علم و معماری همواره یکی از مشغله های اصلی او بوده است. بنابراین در این مقاله بر آنیم تا با خوانش تحلیلی زندگی و آثار الکساندر به تبیین این نسبت بپردازیم.بنابر یافته های مقاله حاضر مهم ترین تفاوت الکساندر، در مقام یک دانشمند، با همگنانش در جهان معاصر در روش او نیست، بلکه در یافته هایش است. الکساندر چون بسیاری از دانشمندان مدرن با روشی تجربی کار می کند، اما یافته های او به جای آنکه، مانند بسیاری از تحقیقات مدرن، حاکی از موشکافی در جزییات باشند، اشتغال الکساندر به پرده برداری از «کلیت» را می رساند. او با اتکا به «نظریه پیچیدگی» و چالش ها و ظرفیت هایی که این نظریه پیش روی علم جدید قرار داده، می کوشد مفاهیمی چون «زیبایی»، «ارزش»، «کیفیت»، و نظایر آن را که در فلسفه علم مدرن عموما از حوزه علم کنار گذاشته شده، مجددا در کانون توجه قرار دهد. با این دیدگاه، او معماری را به مثابه الگویی معرفی می کند که می تواند برای دانشمندان راهگشا باشد، و تلاش دارد نشان دهد چگونه معماری می تواند، از یک سو، پارادایم های علمی نوین، چون نظریه پیچیدگی، را برای بازسازی و احیای خود به کار گیرد و از سوی دیگر، به تغییر پارادایم علم در جهان آینده کمک کند.کلید واژگان: کریستوفر الکساندر، علم، معماری، کلیت، پیچیدگی، زیباییSoffeh, Volume:32 Issue: 98, 2022, PP 5 -18The present article is an inquiry into one of the relatively neglected aspects of Christopher Alexander, the architect and theorist of the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. An important feature of Alexander is the multifaceted nature of his personality and intellectual life. He is both a distinguished scientist in the field of exact sciences such as mathematics and computers, and a well-known designer and theorist in the field of architecture. His entry into architecture was accompanied by a desire to scientifically streamline the architectural design process, but eventually the path he took led to a structural critique of contemporary science. Despite all the ups and downs along the way, the relationship between science and architecture seems to have always been one of Alexander's main concerns. In response, we intend to explain this relationship by analytical reading of Alexander's life and works here.The article shows that the most important difference between Alexander the scientist and his peers in the contemporary world is not in his method but in his findings. Alexander, like many modern scientists, works empirically, but his findings reveal the ‘whole’ rather than the meticulous details that are common to many modern studies. Relying on the ‘theory of complexity’, and the challenges and capacities that this theory presents to modern science, Alexander tries to bring back to focus concepts such as ‘beauty’, ‘value’, ‘quality’ and the like, which, in the philosophy of modern science are generally considered as outside of the field of science. In this regard, he introduces architecture as a model that can be a facilitator for scientists and tries to show how architecture can use new scientific paradigms, such as the theory of complexity, to reconstruct and revive itself, and at the time help change the paradigm of science in the world to come.Keywords: Christopher Alexander, Science, Architecture, Generality, complexity, Beauty
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بیان مسئله
ارزیابی زیبایی شناسی در دوران معاصر، با تعاریف متفاوت و گاه متناقضی که از زیبایی شناسی ارایه شده است، بسیار دشوار می نماید. بااین وجود رویکرد زیبایی شناسی تجربی که بر تجربه و دریافت مخاطب استوار است می تواند در ارزیابی کیفیت های بصری بسیار موثر واقع شود. زیبایی شناسی تجربی در حقیقت بر پایه ذهنیت ناظر استوار بوده و ادراک زیبایی را به ذهن فرد و عوامل وابسته به فرد نسبت می دهد. ازاین رو با توجه به رویکرد زیبایی شناسی تجربی، جنسیت ازجمله عواملی است که می تواند بر ترجیحات زیبایی شناسی اثرگذار باشد.سوال تحقیق: با توجه به اهمیت و جایگاه تقارن در معماری ایران، این پژوهش به طورویژه این مولفه بصری را موردتحقیق قرار داده و این پرسش را مطرح می کند که چه رابطه ای میان جنسیت و ترجیح بصری مولفه تقارن وجود دارد.
اهداف تحقیقهدف از این پژوهش بررسی تاثیر جنسیت بر ارزیابی ترجیحات بصری مولفه تقارن در جداره خارجی بناهای معماری معاصر ایران می باشد.
روش تحقیقدر این تحقیق برای آزمون فرض تحقیق از پرسشنامه استفاده شده است. برای تدوین پرسشنامه 5 نمونه اولیه تصادفی از آثار معماری معاصر ایران انتخاب و با تغییر و دست کاری تصاویر اولیه، 7 گروه 4 تایی از تصاویر تولید شد. با توجه به وابستگی و تاثیر متقابل تقارن و پیچیدگی بر یکدیگر تصاویر متقارن و نامتقارن هرکدام در دو حالت ساده و پیچیده مورد آزمون قرار گرفتند. از شرکت کنندگان در آزمون خواسته شد که 4 دسته تصویر «متقارن و ساده» و «متقارن و پیچیده» و همچنین «نامتقارن و ساده» و «نامتقارن و پیچیده» را برحسب اولویت زیبایی از بالا به پایین مرتب کنند. شایان ذکر است که با توجه به تاثیر سابقه علمی پرسش شوندگان در تحقیق، پرسش شوندگان به سه گروه دانشجویان معماری، ریاضی (فنی و مهندسی) و علوم انسانی تقسیم بندی شدند.
مهم ترین یافته ها و نتیجه گیری تحقیقنتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهد که به طورمعمول تصاویر «متقارن و پیچیده» با دارا بودن بالاترین میزان از نظم و پیچیدگی در اولویت انتخابی افراد فارغ از جنسیت قرارگرفته اند. البته این نتیجه قابل تعمیم برای گروه معماری نیست. معماران بیشتر از سایر گروه ها به پیچیدگی علاقه نشان داده و تصاویر «پیچیده و نامتقارن» را زیباتر ارزیابی کرده اند. بااینکه در گروه دانشجویان معماری تفاوتی بین زنان و مردان در اولویت انتخاب تصاویر وجود ندارد اما در گروه های غیر معماری (ریاضی و انسانی) مردان به نسبت زنان، امتیازات بالاتری به تصاویر متقارن داده اند و تقارن مولفه ای بسیار تاثیرگذار در ارزیابی زیبایی شناسی مردان است بااین حال در ترجیحات بصری زنان، پیچیدگی نقش پررنگ تری داشته و زنان تمایل به انتخاب تصاویر با پیچیدگی بیشتر دارند.
کلید واژگان: تقارن، پیچیدگی، ترجیحات زیبایی شناسی، مولفه های بصری، زیبایی شناسی تجربیArchitectural Thought, Volume:5 Issue: 10, 2022, PP 277 -292Research ProblemAesthetic evaluation seems to be very difficult in the present time because of the various and sometimes contradictory definitions of aesthetics. However, the experimental aesthetics approach, which is based on the experience and perception of the audience, can be very useful and effective in evaluating visual qualities. The experimental aesthetics is based on the mindset and conception of the observer, therefore it attributes the perception of beauty to the individual's mind and related factors to them such as age and gender. According to the experimental aesthetics, approach gender is one of the most important factors that affect aesthetic preferences. Due to the importance and worthiness of symmetry in Iranian Islamic architecture, in this essay, we researched particularly this visual componeResearch Question: Current research examines the relationship between gender and symmetry as one of the important visual components. In this study, we want to answer this question: what is the effect of gender on the evaluation of the visual preferences of the symmetry component in the façade of contemporary Iranian architectural buildings.
Research MethodThe research hypothesis has been tested using a questionnaire. To compile a questionnaire, 5 random prototypes of contemporary Iranian architectural buildings were selected and 7 groups, each contained 4 images and were produced by changing and manipulating the original images. Due to the interdependence and interaction of symmetry and complexity on each other, the symmetrical and asymmetrical images of each were tested in two simple and complex modes. Participants in the test were asked to arrange 4 categories of images in terms of their beauty priority from top to bottom. These 4 categories of images were "symmetrical and simple", "symmetrical and complex", as well as "asymmetrical and simple" and "asymmetrical and complex”.
The Most Important Results and ConclusionThe results show that "symmetrical and complex" images are typically the highest priority for individuals, regardless of gender, with the highest level of order and complexity. Symmetrical images usually look more regular. But that doesn't always mean simplicity. Sometimes by repeating the patterns and putting them together we can get more complex and new patterns that are very amazing and beautiful. As we see in Iranian Islamic architecture, this technique has been used a lot. In compiling the research questionnaire, more complex images were produced using the vertical symmetry of the prototype. These images were more detailed, more diverse, and had more fractures. The images created from the manipulation of the prototype, while having the desired complexity, were also regular. Therefore, according to Eisenhower's formula, it was predicted that visual preferences would be the highest priority.We must emphasize that this result cannot be generalized to the architectural group. Architects are more interested in the complexity and complex images compared to the other groups, and they have rated the "complex and asymmetrical" images as more beautiful ones. Although there is no difference between men and women in the choice of images, among the group of the architecture students but in the non-architectural groups (mathematics and liberal arts) Men compared to women have given higher scores to symmetrical images and symmetry is a very influential component in evaluating men's aesthetics preferences. But in women's visual preferences, complexity has played a more prominent role and women tend to choose more complex images.
Keywords: Symmetry, complexity, aesthetic preferences, visual components, experimental aesthetics -
مفاهیم «پیچیدگی» و «نظم» با تحولات اساسی در معماری معاصر همراه بوده است. در این دوره، با گسترش و تاثیر نظریات جدید علمی و فلسفی بر معماری، نگرش به نظم تغییر کرده و نقش پیچیدگی در تبیین روابط و فرآیندها فزاینده تر شده است. هدف از این پژوهش، شناسایی دیدگاه ها و ارتباط بین دو مفهوم پیچیدگی و نظم، براساس ارائه الگوهایی در هندسه معماری است. الگوها در سه دسته پیچیده منظم، پیچیده نامنظم و پیچیده سازمان یافته قابل تقسیم بندی بوده و می توان روابطی میان آن ها تبیین نمود. این پژوهش از نوع کیفی بوده و به روش توصیفی تحلیلی، اطلاعات حاصل از مطالعات کتابخانه ای و منابع اسنادی مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد، سپس با روش داده محور، به تحلیل الگوهای پیچیدگی-نظم در معماری پرداخته می شود. نتایج نشان می دهد که الگوی پیچیده منظم زمانی شکل می گیرد که پیچیدگی در مقابل سادگی قرار گرفته و از درجات نظم محسوب شود اما در الگوی پیچیده نامنظم با بی اعتبار دانستن مفهوم نظم و تاکید بر بی نظمی، پیچیدگی در مقابل نظم قرار دارد. الگوی پیچیده سازمان یافته، به معماری نگاهی سیستمی دارد. این الگو به دنبال پیوند دادن نظم و بی نظمی درون یک سازمان پیچیده است. الگوی پیچیده سازمان یافته به دلیل امکان پیش بینی، تحلیل روابط، برنامه ریزی و تعاملات سازمانی قابلیت استفاده بیشتری در معماری و شهرسازی دارد. این الگوها، نگرش های نظری به شکل، فرآیند و محصول معماری را مشخص می نمایند.
کلید واژگان: پیچیدگی، الگوی پیچیده منظم، الگوی پیچیده نامنظم، الگوی پیچیده سازمان یافته، هندسه معماری معاصرComplexity and order, while having extensive concepts in themselves, create patterns in relation to each other that have been considered by various theorists in the field of architecture, behavioral sciences, and aesthetics in recent centuries. With the influence of new scientific and philosophical theories on architecture, attitudes toward order have changed and the role of complexity in explaining relationships and processes has increased more. This research was qualitative type and is analyzed by descriptive-analytical method, information obtained from library studies and documentary sources, and then evaluated by Grounded theory method based on the concept of complexity and order in architecture. With explaining the relationship between order and complexity, three patterns of ordered complex, disordered complex and organized complex found in Geometry of architecture can be examined: 1- In this view, the universe and phenomena have order, and order has levels. Order extends from simplicity to complexity. The pattern that can be suggested of complexity and order is the ordered complex. 2- Order is mental and has no external existence. Everything is in the disorder and chaos, and the order is the particular moment of this disorder. In relation to complexity, complexity is versus order and is sometimes equated with disorder. 3- Order and disorder are together and in one whole dynamically and interact with each other. In every order, there is disorder, and every disorder is accompanied by order. This view is the organized complex pattern. These patterns can provide theoretical insights into the process and product of architecture.
Keywords: Complexity, Ordered Complex Pattern, Disordered Complex Pattern, Organized Complex Pattern, Geometry Of Contemporary Architecture -
جهان پیچیده است و ابزارهای ما باید با این پیچیدگی تطابق داشته باشند، چیزهایی که به نظر خیلی پیچیده هستند، می توانند بسیار ساده به نظر برسند و چیزهایی به نظر ساده، میتوانند بسیار پیچیده باشند. این نشان دهنده موقعیت ذهن دربرابرپیچیدگی است ونقش تفکرطراحی واسطه گری دراین موقعیت است. پیچیدگی کیفیت یا حالتی بغرنج و دشوار ازنظر فهمیدن، انجام دادن، یا ساختن است و شناخت، فعالیتی عملی و تعاملی است و کل سامانه ی شناختی شامل ذهن، عمل و دنیا، ترکیبی از تفکر و عمل در محیط فیزیکی می باشد و روش کار طبیعی طراح، کل سامانه ی شناختی را از طریق تعامل با مدل های موقتی موقعیتی که برای آن طراحی می کند، در برمی گیرد بنابراین تفکر طراحی شامل بازه ای از فرآیندهای شناختی، استراتژیک و عملی است که به طراح مجموعه ای از راهبردهای موقعیت بخش می دهد. این مفاهیم این نکته را آشکارمی کند که تفکرطراحی دارای موقعیت وقابلیت های خاصی درمواجهه با پیچیدگی می باشد، دراین پژوهش ابتدا با بررسی پیشینه پژوهش درباره مفاهیم پیچیدگی ازدیدگاه علوم طبیعی، فلسفه، مدیریت و طراحی، مفاهیم وساختارهای بنیادی مربوط به پیچیدگی درچهاربخش سادگی، بغرنجی، پیچیدگی و آشفتگی استخراج می گردد، سپس قابلیت های تفکرطراحی درمواجهه با این مفاهیم وساختارها مورد بررسی قرارمی گیرد.
کلید واژگان: تفکرطراحی، سادگی، بغرنجی، پیچیدگی، آشفتگی، ذهنThe world is complex, and our tools have to adapt to that complexity, but things that seem very complex can seem very simple and things that seem simple can be very complex. We like products that are easy to use. But in addition to this feature, we expect it to be able to do what complex objects do. Therefore, the background of this research is from a design perspective and examines design thinking as a link between mind structures and complexity. The important issue here is the difference between complex and complicated. The word "complex" describes the state of the world, and the word "complicated" describes the state of mind. The challenge of design thinking is to mediate between complexity and the mind so that it is not complicated for the mind. A designer is faced with a complex situation; "Hence, the intricacies and movements of the designer, willingly or unwillingly, tend to results other than what was intended. Complexity is a quality or state that is complex and difficult to understand, do, or construct and has many interconnected parts or aspects. On the other hand, cognition is a practical and interactive activity. The whole cognitive system includes mind, action, and the world. Thinking and acting are in a physical environment. The designer's natural way of working involves that larger system by interacting with the temporary situational models he designs for it. The range of design thinking, including cognitive processes, strategic processes, and practical processes, enables the designer to "move toward the future of that particular use situation." These processes "make the world a part of cognition" and give the designer a set of "positioning strategies". Cognitive processes include attention and awareness, perception, memory and mental imagery, language, problem solving and creativity, decision making and Argument, intelligence. Strategic processes such as understanding everything, providing learning tools, grouping and organizing, meaningful communication, attractive conceptual model, signifiers, structure, modularization, automation, useful manipulation: forced operations, shaking and default, assistive devices Educational. And practical processes such as hand drawing, prototyping, scenario, model design, diagram, map, storyboard. These concepts make it clear that design thinking has certain positions and capabilities in the face of complexity.Accordingly, in this research, first by examining the research background on the concepts of complexity and mind from the perspective of science, management and then from the perspective of design, the basic concepts and structures related to complexity in four sections of simplicity, complicatedness, complexity and chaos are extracted.Then, the capabilities of design thinking in the face of these concepts and structures are examined.A comparison of the four concepts of complexity in design thinking with other sciences shows that solutions have been proposed in science and management to create simplicity, reduce complicatedness and deal with complexity. In the face of chaos, for example in the realm of management, it is that it accepts chaos or avoids it extensively.But design thinking has the ability to deal with confusion through abductive or productive reasoning.
Keywords: Design thinking, simplicity, complicatedness, Complexity, chaos, Mind -
مداخلات چند دهه اخیر در بسیاری از شهرها، با نگرشی قاطعانه، محورهای مستقیم و تقاطع های راست گوشه را به بهای تخریب ارزش های بافت به ظاهر نامنظم شهری، به شهرها تحمیل نموده است. فارغ از این که پدیده پیچیده پویایی مانند شهر، چه واکنشی نسبت به این تحولات سریع و این نظم قاطع و تحمیلی بروز می دهد و با وجود ناکارآمدی چنین دیدگاهی، همچنان نظم بخشی به شهر، معادل اعمال هندسه خشک اقلیدسی به بستر بافت شهری، در نظر گرفته می شود. روش تصمیم سازی در شهرها همچنان با تعیین خطوط قاطع و خدشه ناپذیر توسعه اعمال می گردد. این در حالی است که سال هاست که شهرها به عنوان پدیده هایی پیچیده، آشوبناک، فراکتال و غیرقابل پیش بینی شناخته شده اند. سال هاست که پیچیدگی و پیش بینی ناپذیری شهرها، لزوم پرهیز از تفکر جبرگرا و نخبه نگر را خاطرنشان می سازد و اعلام می دارد که رویکرد حاکم بر رویه تصمیم سازی بر شهرها می بایست به سمت وسویی جدید پیش رود، از قطعیت تا گزینه های احتمالی، از خطوط قاطع نقشه های فاز 1 و 2 تا نظامی از هدایت و کنترل توسعه. در این راستا، این پژوهش از نظر هدف بنیادی و روش تحقیق تحلیل محتوا است. هدف اصلی این مقاله تغییر و اصلاح نقش طراح شهری بر اساس تعاریف نوین از مفهوم نظم در فرم شهری است. سعی بر این است که بر اساس ویژگی پیچیدگی، پویایی و خودسازماندهی بافت شهری، روند تصمیم سازی و روش های مورداستفاده در مراحل مختلف فرایند طراحی شهری تغییر نموده و به سمت وسویی سوق داده شود که متناسب با پیچیدگی و پیش بینی ناپذیری بافت شهری است. در مجموع، از بررسی های انجام شده در ارتباط با سیر تحول مفهوم نظم تا کنون و نظریات صاحب نظران شهرسازی، این نتیجه حاصل شده است که لازم است نقش طراح به عنوان تصمیم گیرنده نهایی و ارایه خطوط قطعی و مشخص برای اجرا تغییر نماید. پیشنهاد این نوشتار، تغییر این نقش از تعیین کننده قطعی بر اساس سلیقه تیم طراحی، به نقش هدایت گر و کنترل کننده توسعه در مقیاس کلان و میانه و همچنین واگذاری بخشی از تصمیم گیری ها به استفاده کنندگان در مقیاس خرد است.کلید واژگان: نظم، پیچیدگی، تصمیم سازی، هدایت و کنترل توسعهRaf Quarterly Scientific Journal of Architecture, Restoration and Urbanism, Volume:1 Issue: 1, 2021, PP 60 -73Interventions that happened in recent decades show the modern viewpoint failure toward cities. Approaches based on simple deterministic decision-making methods cannot organize cities that are as complex, unpredictable, chaotic, and self-organizer phenomena. A living city shows characteristics of continuous change, and during these phases of change, it can adapt and reorganize itself according to the ongoing situations. This manner is different from what most modernist theorists think about cities. Imposing simplistic rules to complex cities leads to loss of quality and eventually makes living cities unpleasant places to live. This point of view needs to be changed. Recent research about the order versus disorder meaning shows a significant change from Euclidean geometry to a fractal perspective. As chaotic fractal phenomena are not as predictable and straightforward as most modernist urban theorists consider, a significant change must be considered in urban interventions. Therefore, to reach an attitude that accommodates appropriately to the complex, chaotic, unpredictable characteristics of cities, this paper tries to present a better perspective on urban interventions. By investigating recent hypotheses of theorists like Christopher Alexander, Nikos A. Salingaros, and other scholars, this paper justifies controlling and guiding urban designers instead of designing a final layout for urban space and trying to impose it on the city›s complex field. Therefore, decision-making on a small scale must be devolved to urban spaces› actual users.Keywords: order, complexity, Decision Making, guidance
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International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning, Volume:31 Issue: 2, Apr 2021, P 4
The life of Towns has become more important and greatly emphasized in recent years and this heralds the arrival of a new era when this type of settlements is introduced as major living and investment capacities. Therefore, it is necessary to study the different aspects of towns in order to plan and manage their development and answer the question about different decision-making mechanism in them. In the present study, after explaining the place and role of towns in the development transition period, the local governance mechanism is introduced as the main issue of such cities through a qualitative radial model literature review. By examining several recent studies on towns, it is found that the type of relations between individuals and actors on the one hand, and the impact of their activities and functions on the decisions made on national and regional scales on the other hand, create a different form of local governance mechanism in these cities than in large cities. Accordingly, the existing recognition and analysis processes and tools, that are primarily designed to assess the conditions of large cities, cannot be used. According to the present study, the decision-making mechanism can be an appropriate structure for expressing the complex relationships between actors in towns. As a result, a relational framework can be introduced to explain the decision-making mechanism in the local governance process of towns. This framework is designed based on the general international literature and experiences and can serve as a preliminary tool used for the identification and examination of the administrative mechanisms in towns and be modified and improved in various fields through future researches.
Keywords: Town, Local Governance, Relational Approach, Complexity, Local Actors, Decision Making Mechanism -
تلاش برای توصیف عمل طراحی به عنوان فرآیند، ریشه در نظریه سیستم ها دارد. بنابراین اشاره می شود که بسیاری از مسایل طراحی و برنامه ریزی محیطی از عناصر ناهمگونی ساخته شده اند که در تعامل با یکدیگر قرار دارند، دارای ویژگی های پیدایش هستند، در طول زمان ادامه پیدا می کنند و با شرایط در حال تغییر سازگار می شوند. ازاین رو طراحان و برنامه ریزان توجه ویژه ای به تفکر محاسباتی کرده اند. با وجود آن که طی سال های اخیر روش های مدل سازی محاسباتی و شبیه سازی موفقیت های زیادی را کسب کرده اند، اما همچنان بسیاری از آنها در نمایش پدیده پیدایش، ایجاد تعامل میان عامل های ناهمگن و رویارویی با پدیده های توزیع شده در طول زمان ناتوان باقیمانده اند. در چند سال اخیر، پارادایم مدل سازی عامل محور مورد توجه قرار گرفته است تا توصیفی از نحوه رفتار این گونه مسایل ارایه و نتایج متعدد بالقوه، در قالب طیف وسیعی از گزینه ها و پیش بینی آینده مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. هدف این مقاله بررسی مدل سازی عامل محور و تبیین خطوط فکری اصلی آن در کاربردهای معماری و بررسی شکاف های تحقیقاتی است. بدین منظور 203 مقاله مرتبط در بازه زمانی 2001 تا 2016 بررسی شد. سپس مقالات براساس موضوعات مشترک گروه بندی شدند، و هر دسته تبیین شد تا وضوح بیشتری از چشم انداز پیشرو برای مطالعات آتی فراهم شود. مطالعات نشان داد که استفاده از این مدل ها می تواند بینش های بیشتری در فرآیندهای برنامه ریزی، طراحی و مداخلات محیطی فراهم آورد، همچنین بررسی خطوط اصلی فکری در کاربردهای آن نشان می دهد که در این حوزه طراحی مشارکتی دیگر مورد توجه طراحان نیست و ربات ها از زمینه های جدید و نوظهور این حوزه هستند.
کلید واژگان: مدل سازی عامل محور، کاربردهای مدل سازی عامل محور، پیچیدگی، معماری و شهرسازی، طراحی از پایین به بالاNaqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning, Volume:9 Issue: 2, 2019, PP 145 -155Attempts to describe what designers do by thinking of designing as a process, has its roots in systems theory. Many of design problems are made-up of heterogeneous elements, when interacting with each other; produce emergent properties, persistence over time, and adapting to changing circumstances. Hence, designers and planners have been widely paying attention to computational thinking. Despite the recent success of computational modeling and simulation methods, many of them remain incapable of illustrating the emergence phenomenon, highlighting interactions between heterogeneous agents and confronting distributed phenomena over time. Therefor in recent years, designers have shifted their focus into agent-based modeling paradigms in order to explain how to deal with such issues and to look at many potential results as options and future predictions. The aim of this paper is to review agent-based modeling, exploring the main applications in architecture and to investigate research gaps. For this purpose 203 related articles during the period from 2001 to 2016 had been surveyed, the following articles were grouped because of their common themes, Then each group explained to provide a better understanding of the prospects ahead for further studies on this modeling paradigm. Examination of the main lines of thought in its applications also indicates that collaborative design is no longer of interest to designers and robots are new and emerging area in this fields.
Keywords: agent-based modeling (ABM), ABM application, complexity, architecture, urban, bottom-up design -
در سال های اخیر دولت سیاست جذب جمعیت به مناطق مرزی و تقویت امنیت این مناطق با کمک ساکنان بومی را در پیش گرفته است. شهرستان قصر شیرین یکی از شهرستان های مرزی غرب کشور واقع در استان کرمانشاه است که، در اجرای این سیاست، توسعه آن مد نظر بوده است. برنامه ریزی توسعه این شهرستان با پیچیدگی ها، تضادها، و عدم قطعیت هایی روبه رو است که توجه به آن ها برای انطباق با واقعیت و تحقق پذیری بیشتر برنامه ضروری است. رهیافت اختیار راهبردی در برنامه ریزی راهبردی، امکان مدیریت پیچیدگی ها، تضادها، و عدم قطعیت ها را در موضعی تعادلی در فرایند تصمیم سازی و فراورده آن فراهم می کند. این امر از طریق به کارگیری فنون شفاف و ساده در چهار وضعیت صورت بندی، طراحی، مقایسه، و اختیار در فرایندی چرخه ای انجام می پذیرد. با توجه به جهت گیری نظام برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای ایران به سوی برنامه ریزی راهبردی در سال های اخیر و لحاظ نکردن پیچیدگی ها، تضادها، و عدم قطعیت ها در برنامه های متداول، در این نوشتار رهیافت اختیار راهبردی، به منزله روش، به منظور برنامه ریزی برای توسعه شهرستان مرزی قصر شیرین به کار گرفته می شود و با روش علمی استدلال منطقی، فنون عمدتا کیفی آن استفاده می شود. در این پژوهش نشان داده می شود که در برنامه ریزی برای توسعه شهرستان قصر شیرین چگونه پیچیدگی ها، تضادها، و عدم قطعیت ها در فرایند تصمیم سازی و فراورده حاصل از آن مدیریت می شوند. در فرایند تصمیم سازی برای توسعه شهرستان قصر شیرین عرصه های مربوط به هریک از این موضوعات در مراحل مشخص شناسایی و در طول فرایند و نیز در طراحی بسته پیشرفت، با عنوان فراورده، بنا بر موقعیت مسئله، موضعی تعادلی در برابر آن ها اتخاذ گردیده است. در رویارویی با پیچیدگی ها در فرایند تصمیم سازی عمدتا برخوردی پرجزئیات در گستره محدودی از مسئله در برابر برخوردی ساده گیرانه در گستره ای وسیع اختیار شده و در فراورده آن ترتیبی از گام های تدریجی پیوسته، با توجه به پیوندهای تصمیم گیری، تدوین گردیده است. به منظور مدیریت تضادها در فرایند و فراورده، برخورد تعاملی بر برخورد انفعالی ترجیح داده شده و مدیریت عدم قطعیت ها از طریق پذیرش یا کاهش آن ها بر مبنای انعطاف پذیری فرایند تصمیم سازی انجام گرفته است.کلید واژگان: شهرستان قصر شیرین، رهیافت اختیار راهبردی، پیچیدگی، تضاد، عدم قطعیتIn recent years, the policy of attracting population to border areas and strengthening the security of these areas by residents has been adopted by the Government. Located in the west Iranian Kermanshah province, Ghasr-e Shirin county is one of the areas earmarked for the implementation of this policy. Planning the development of this county faces complexities, conflicts and uncertainties, which must be taken into account in order to adapt the plan to realities and appropriately implement it. The Strategic Choice approach, makes it possible to manage complexities, conflicts and uncertainties in the decision-making process and its product in a balanced position. It is done through the application of simple and clear techniques in a cyclic process including four modes of configuration, design, comparison and choice. Bearing in mind the tendency of recent Iranian urban and regional planning system towards strategic planning, and thereby neglecting complexities, conflicts and uncertainties in mainstream plans, the strategic choice approach is adopted here as a methodology to plan the development of Ghasr-e Shirin border county, with its mainly qualitative techniques employed based on scientific, logical methods. This research intends to show how complexities, conflicts and uncertainties are managed in planning the development of Ghasr-e Shirin county. The areas concerning each of these issues have been identified at specific stages and in the decision-making process, as well as in designing the progress package as the end product. Balances have been struck according to the problem situation. Facing the complexities of the decision-making process, a more elaborate, narrowly focused approach is adopted as opposed to a simplistic treatment less focused alternative; and in the end product, a sequence of slow and steady steps has been designed according to the decision links. In order to manage the conflicts in the management of process and product, a more interactive treatment has been preferred to a more reactive treatment, with the uncertainties managed through the acceptance or reduction of uncertainties based on the flexibility of the decision-making process.Keywords: Ghasr-e Shirin county, strategic choice approach, complexity, conflict, uncertainty
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انسجام و امتزاج از ویژگی های بافت های تاریخی بوده که منجر به شکل گیری کلیتی یکپارچه از شهر تحت عنوان سیستمی پویا شده است. شهر در گذشته دارای کلیتی واحد بوده که این کلیت از ساختار درونی محلات تا ساختار ارتباطی و هم پیوندی محله با پیرامون خود را شامل بوده به گونه ای که کلیتی واحد به نام شهر را شکل می داده است.
بیان مسئله : مسئله موجود از بین رفتن معیارهای انسجام محلات با هم در توسعه های جدید شهری و پیدایش اجزایی جدا و منفک تحت عنوان محلات است، و اینکه در طرح توسعه های جدید شهری، ارتباط محلات با یکدیگر در قالب طرح های فرادست شهری مد نظر قرار گرفته نشده است و همواره نگاه به محلات در پژوهشهای متعدد، نگاه درونگرایی بوده و پیوند مابین محله ای را در بر نگرفته است. انسجام در زمینه های مختلفی همچون هندسی و کالبدی، کارکردی و از جمله انسجام اجتماعی قابل بررسی بوده، که در این تحقیق تمرکز بر روی انسجام و امتزاج ساختاری و کارکردی است.
هدف تحقیق : هدف تحقیق، بررسی معیارهای انسجام و پیچیدگی در ساختار ارتباطی محلات با یکدیگر و همچنین ارایه الگویی مفهومی انسجام محلات با هم بوده که بتواند الگویی منعطف را برای همجواری محلات فراهم کند. • روش تحقیق : روش تحقیق، به صورت کیفی و با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوای متون مرتبط با انسجام و کلیت شهری انجام یافته و ارتباط محتوایی با واقعیت های موجود بافت تشریح شده است. پژوهش از نوع اکتشافی-تبیینی بوده و در فرآیند تصمیم سازی آن، از مقایسه تحلیلی استفاده شده است. تحلیل محتوا و استدلال قیاسی روش اصلی در ایجاد پایه های فکری تحقیق است. پژوهش در بعد عملی، از مدلANP استفاده شده است. برای این منظور 18 محله تاریخی مورد مشاهده میدانی قرار گرفته و متناسب با چک لیست های تنظیم شده، امتیاز دهی شده اند و الگوی مفهومی پیشنهاد شده در منطقه 1 کرمان با استفاده از مدل مذکور به آزمون گذارده می شود.نتیجه گیریبا توجه به مطالعات مشخص شد که 5 شاخصه اصلی هر محله شامل سازمان فضایی، پیوستگی، کالبد، اجتماع پذیری و معنا، اگر در تعامل با 11 شاخصه انسجام فضایی قرار گیرد؛ ماتریسی را شکل می دهد که از کنش و بر هم کنش هر یک از مولفه های آن با یکدیگر زمینه شکل گیری شبکه منسجم محلات به وجود خواهد آمد.کلید واژگان: محله، انسجام محلات، پیچیدگی، بافت تاریخیBagh-e Nazar, Volume:15 Issue: 61, 2018, PP 39 -52Coherence and interactivity are considerable features of historical fabrics that can lead to formation of an integrated city known as a dynamic system. During historical epochs of time, the city was recognized as an integrated whole which comprised a wide range of structures form internal neighborhood structures to communicative and interconnected neighborhood structures in terms of a whole unit known as the city.
Statement of the problem: The lack of criteria for formulating neighborhoods coherence in new urban development and the emergence of segregated and discrete grains, as well as ignoring the neighborhood connections in major urban planning regulations are the main studied problems in this paper; since numerous research have focused on urban coherence in neighborhood scale, disregarding of the neighborhood interconnectivity. Moreover, urban coherence can be studied ubiquitously in geometric, physical, functional and social aspects that are all reflected in this paper regarding the functional and structural coherence and interactivity.
Research aim: This study aims at scrutinizing the criteria for coherence and complexity in neighborhood connective structures in order to achieve a conceptual model explaining neighborhood coherence and provide a flexible model for neighborhood adjacencies.
ResearchMethodHaving analyzed the contents that are related to urban coherence and unity, this paper adopts the qualitative research method in order to explain the relation of these contents to the realities of the existing fabrics. The decision-making process in this exploratory-explanatory research is completed using comparative analysis. The intellectual basis of the research is also founded on the basis of content analysis and deductive reasoning. In addition, ANP model has been adopted in the practical stages of this research. Therefore, 18 residential districts have been chosen to be evaluated and ranked according to a formulated check list. Finally, the proposed conceptual model is tested in District 1 of Kerman city according to the mentioned model.ConclusionThe studies of this research reveal that if the 5 indicators of spatial organization, continuity, physic, sociability, and meaning of neighborhoods are combined with 11 indicators of spatial coherence, a matrix will be formed that can offer a coherent network of neighborhoods through the interaction of the indicator .Keywords: Neighborhood, Neighborhood coherence, Complexity, Historical fabric -
Recent studies have shown that urban complex behaviors like human mobility should be examined by newer and smarter methods. The ubiquitous use of mobile phones and other smart communication devices helps us use a bigger amount of data that can be browsed by the hours of the day, the days of the week, geographic area, meteorological conditions, and so on. In this article, mobile cellular data mining is introduced as an emerging approach in analyzing and understanding human mobility patterns, then generic location update is examined as a way to observe and perceive human mobility and movement in cities. This method was examined in Tehran metropolitan area map, the results show that different urban issues can be understood and solved using this huge amount of data like urban transportation, social problems or urban functions. Tehran cellular data analysis shows that it can be recognized as a city in two major parts, the border zone which is mostly the origin of all trips and the central zone which is mostly the destination of all trips and the most visited hotspot of the city during a normal day, also it was concluded that because of low population density in this part of the city and very high human mobility throughout a day, this area would have many social security issues. In the end, taking advantage of more accurate data in cell level was proposed in order to have better and more reliable assumptions about future mobility trends and co-presence patterns.Keywords: Mobile Cellular Data, Complexity, Spatial Data Mining, Location Update, Human Mobility Patterns
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Buildings play a key role in organization and arrangement of city appearance. Specially, their facades have profound impact on the quality of urban landscapes while playing an important role in assessing urban environments by citizens. The introduction of superior building facades in terms of popular preferences is mostly based on visual elements of building facades. Furthermore, aesthetic preferences should not be explored without investigating the consequences of their interaction with environment which forms mental concepts; whereas, few studies have explored building facades based on preference of observer. Therefore, current research has been conducted as a survey in order to evaluate the role of each variables in Kaplans preference matrix on building façade preferences. Our questionnaire was based on information factors including coherence, complexity and mystery, while excluding legibility. In this survey, 100 respondents have rated their preferences for 48 building façades located in Grogan, via a photo questionnaire. Data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed by using SPSS software. According to the correlation test, there was a significant correlation between preference and triple information factors (coherence- complexity- mystery). Furthermore, according to the regression test, the model consisting triple information factors (coherence-complexity-mystery) can predict 62.3% of preference toward building facades. In addition, it was revealed that complexity and mystery are significant in predicting the preference for building facades compared to cohesion. Finally, it is suggested that the focus of design on building facades should be based on complexity and mystery as they make building facades to be more preferred.Keywords: Pollution, Visual Preference Coherence, Complexity, Urban Landscape, Mystery, Visual
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International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning, Volume:25 Issue: 1, Jun 2015, PP 6 -20A review of findings shows that Persian gardens have attracted a wide area of interests between psychologists and environment designers. The main reasons behind the attraction of Persian gardens are natural content and particular landscape configuration. To study these features, overall organization examination is employed according to psychological pattern. One of the impressive psychological patterns to evaluate the natural landscape is preference matrix which has been developed by Stephen and Rachel Kaplan. In this study, characteristics of Persian gardens are reviewed and they are analyzed according to the Kaplan preference factors (coherence, legibility, mystery and complexity). Hence, four gardens namely, Fin, Shazdeh Mahan, Eram and El Goli, with different topographies are randomly selected and have been analyzed based on the four mentioned factors. Because of the inseparable relationship of human behavior and environment, the research methodology applies psychological approach based on a descriptive – analytical method and to implement this method library documents are used. As the discussion demonstrates, concepts created from the relationship between factors and Persian gardens'' characteristics are associated with coherence, legibility, mystery and complexity. It shows that elements shaping the Persian gardens have close relationship with these factors because they are important in perception of the natural environment. Based on analysis, the elements in Persian Gardens are used to provide the best psychological and aesthetic responses for viewers. Also, it can be concluded that, the quality of the material and semantic makes them more attractive.Keywords: Persian garden, Kaplan's model, Natural environment, Coherence, Legibility, Mystery, Complexity
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