fuzzy logic

The growth process of urbanization in the contemporary era has reduced the category of social capital, which can be the lack of connection between the body and the field of activity or specific performance in space. The public space of a commercial city is a place where people are present to trade and buy the necessities of life. For a long time, the market has been the main pillar in the cities to do this. The body of the markets is such that there is a proper coordination with the type of function in the created space. This research aims to screen the body-behavior components in the east-west of Kerman market based on fuzzy Delphi. In order to evaluate body-behavior components and features whose quality is determined by expert devices according to the desired quality index, Fuzzy and Matlab software are used and the output of fuzzy model is used as a result. The final class L is removed because it was less effective than other components. Kalbadi respondent in the field of social values with membership grade of 0.41, appropriate collection of rainwater with membership grade of 0.48, active volume to receive light and ventilation with value of 0.42, windows and physical and appearance characteristics with value of 0.4 and total area Ratio. The level to the ground is 0.45.

Today, the green spaces of parks can be one of the main places for temporary accommodation, especially in the 1st district of Tehran, due to its location in the main underground axis of danger during an earthquake. Therefore, choosing a "suitable place for temporary settlement" of populations affected by accidents is one of the most important issues that is always the concern of organizations responsible for crisis management. In Iran and most parts of the world, the location selection for citizens' green space after an accident is usually done experimentally by relief organizations without considering the necessary standards. Therefore, the main topic of this article is the location of urban green spaces for temporary accommodation using fuzzy algorithms. The research method is to perform fuzzy integration operation and green space locating operation for temporary accommodation, considering the wide capabilities of IDRISI software, which was used in multi-criteria decision analysis problems. The results of this research show that according to the definite limits applied in the Boolean method (classical method), in this method, the located areas have more number than the methods based on fuzzy logic. to be The findings of the research show that the WLC method, despite its simplicity, has a very high efficiency and gives the power to the trustees to assign different weights to different factors according to their importance. Assign Also, in the end, it seems that Jamshidiyeh Park in the first place and Qaitarieh Park in the second place have the maximum combined points of Boolean and Fuzzy logic to enjoy temporary accommodation in the 1st district of Tehran.

Original design can be evaluated by emphasizing the recognition of the original meaning of native architecture. Therefore, the interaction of past and new meanings of architecture through the continuation of originality using new materials, has a high position in today's world. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze modern patterns in interaction with the two concepts of past originality and future technology in the use of materials in the facades of contemporary buildings in Iran. Do they step in synchronously with the architectural facade or are they in opposition?

In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the process of analysis and evaluation is carried out by selecting the works of the architectural index and how to use the materials in the facade. This research tries to examine the facades of index buildings in terms of materials through qualitative studies and has evaluated the interaction of materials and the originality of the building facades by using fuzzy logic as a systematic theory.

Research findings show the use of traditional materials along with modern technology; Establishes an interactive process between the original patterns of the past and the dream of the future.

Inspired by the original and sustainable patterns of Iranian architecture with modern expression, it is an effective approach in creating outstanding architecture.

The concept of functional efficiency of space in the architecture of residential houses means minimizing the influence of unrelated activities on each other and also the spatial organization of related activities; so that their proper productivity depends on optimal service to each other. Accordingly, this study seeks to investigate the degree of functional efficiency in the architecture of houses in the first Pahlavi period of Iran based on the syntactic indicators of space in fuzzy logic and the city of Shiraz has been selected as a case study. Since in this research, the independent variables are qualitative and syntactic indicators of space in fuzzy logic and the dependent variable is the functional efficiency; the research strategy is a combination of survey types. Therefore, the set of information extracted from the syntactic method or spatial arrangement as a score obtained from syntactic relations and information extracted from qualitative concepts derived from historical and library sources and documents and their appearance in syntactic indicators are evaluated. Then, using MATLAB software and the sum of the obtained numbers for each house in a syntactic-content approach, the concept of functional efficiency of spatial configuration can be analyzed and measured. The results show that Afsharian house (type A. courtyard + four-sided), Sedaghati house (type B. yard + three-sided), Mustaghni house (type C. yard + double-sided L-shaped), Razmjoo house (type D. courtyard + bilateral reciprocal) and Zakeri house (type E. courtyard + one-sided), respectively, have higher functional efficiency and, consequently, in the "space circulation" system introduced with "accessibility", has greater accessibility and more flexibility; in the "space zoning" system introduced with "permeability" has a lower relative depth average and higher permeability; and in the "functional space" system introduced with "flexibility" have more interconnection and less relative rank, more integration and less separation.

The purpose of this study are to locate suitable areas for green space development in Gorgan by combining AHP method and fuzzy logic in GIS. In this study, the gamma function with a value of 0.9 has been used. After these steps, the final map of the proposed zones for locating green space in Gorgan has been presented. To implement fuzzy operator in GIS environment, first the effective criteria in spatial organization according to the results of library studies have been extracted and also entered into GIS environment, which are: distance from communication routes, distance from industrial centers, distance From the available green space, distance from commercial use, distance from cultural use, distance from educational use, distance from city center, distance from medical centers, distance from religious use, slope, distance from fault. After standardizing the effective criteria using the fuzzy region method in GIS environment, each of these criteria is assigned a weight based on the AHP method. Then all these criteria were combined and finally a zoning map of lands prone to urban development was produced. Using natural fracture method, the map was divided into five categories: very suitable, suitable, medium, inappropriate and very unsuitable, and it was found that about 13.79% of the study area, which is equivalent to 1895.88 hectares, which is in the very class Conveniently located. This amount is 23.74% equivalent to 3263.356 hectares of the area for the class with suitable capability. About 26.21% of the city area, which is equivalent to 3603,234 hectares, is in the middle class. Also, about 22.40% of the area of Gorgan, which is equivalent to 3080.141 hectares, is unsuitable for green space development. Finally, about 13.87% of the area of the city, which is equivalent to 1906.501 hectares, is in a floor with very unsuitable potential for the development of green space in Gorgan.

Problem statement: 

One of the main tasks of architecture is to regulate indoor and outdoor communication. Lack of attention to this communication and coexistence between them is one of the problems that architecture faces today and the result is the lack of quality in living spaces and dissatisfaction of humans in residential spaces. The walls, as the first mediator between outside and inside, regulate this dialectic between man and environment, which have taken different forms in different periods. How walls affect the user’s perception of space from the dialectic of rupture and connection is a question that the present study seeks to understand.

This study aims to investigate the role of walls in the dialectic of rupture and connection, to develop a model based on the perception of users and explain how different factors interact in this process.

The present study is qualitative with an interpretive paradigm Grounded theory method. Key informants has been selected with snowball method and sampling method is purposive theoretical with semi structured inteviews.. Data collection proceeded until reaching to theoretical saturation and was analyzed and three step coded in Max QDA software with the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin and presented in the form of Creswell paradigm model.

The obtained model showed that the dialectical change of rupture and connection, is dependent on the time-space context and is the result of the interaction of various factors. In this regard, the central phenomenon of the obtained model, called the wall monologue, reflectsthe fuzzy perception of the users from the role of walls in the dialectic of rupture and connection. This means that in the range of rupture and connection of today’s houses, the perception of users, is in the range of “more rupture than connection”, while the individual parameters, were recognized as the most effective parameter in the perception process.

To achieve development in deprived areas, as the ultimate goal of deprivation planning, the first step is to get a real understanding of the status quo and the level of ownership of the areas as a prelude to development. Thus, offering a robust model and model of deprivation, it is important to identify deprivation indicators and related parameters to reduce deprivation. Accordingly, the present study aimed to introduce a scientific model for identifying highly deprived areas, to targeted jihadist movements. This research In terms of purpose, applied and the way to do it Descriptive-analytical. How to collect information in a way documents and data Collection tools, Considering the research objectives Was based on data and information tables and common forms of the Census of Population and Housing (Especially the statistical year 2011 of Bushehr province). Area of case study, Dashti County and the technique used was Fuzzy Vikor. Findings showed in Bushehr province, it had the highest deprivation to the counties of Dair, Daylam and Jam. Analysis of findings at Dashti county level also indicated that Kaki district was the most deprived part of Dashti County and the rural district of Kaki and Choghabour have been the most deprived areas, respectively. The results showed that by precise and hierarchical determination of deprived areas, From County level to section and from rural district to village and from rural district to village, Deprivation centers can be identified and after identifying the target area, with scientific knowledge and precise need assessment of the indicators needed for each area, target indicators can be identified and took action to fix them. Finally, a scientific model for identifying highly deprived areas was proposed. However, suggested template present although not free from error, But it can be a small step towards a much wider and more scientific research project.

Assessing urban vulnerable Areas to military attacks is one of the most important issues for urban managers and planners, so that many urban thinkers have considered the security of citizens as the most important tasks of governments. The main goal of this research is to evaluate pardis urban areas based on the principles of passive defense approach and identify areas with the highest and lowest degree of vulnerability. Accordingly, by using the location base data from pardis municipal database and the Iranian Statistics Center census data, firstly, the criteria were evaluated using the documentary and library method and then, Normalized with fuzzy functions. In the last step, standardized maps are overlapping with GAMMA technique and a final vulnerability map has made. The outcomes of the research indicate that the areas with the lowest degree of vulnerability are located in the center of the city where its first three phases are constructed. On the other hand, areas with high vulnerability have 28 percent of pardis Areas and low vulnerability areas with 15% have the lowest share of existing areas. In general, about 68 percent of the total area of the city is comprised of areas with moderate to high vulnerability. Sixth, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh phases are known as the areas with the highest degree of vulnerability and consequently the lowest accessibility. The number of residents in each area also indicates the correct distribution of the population settled in the city, with only about eight percent of the population of the Pardis living in areas of moderate to high vulnerability.

An increase in the use of public transport offers one of the most convenient strategies for alleviation of the problems resulting from the excessive use of the private car (congestion, pollution, noise, etc.) in most urban areas. Rail transport systems provide a sustainable transport model in cities, with advantages including very high safety, passenger convenience and comfort, absence of traffic congestion, low energy consumption, proper speed, absence of fossil fuels, and low passenger transport costs. For improvement of public transport, it is necessary to develop appropriate tools for measuring and monitoring the quality of service. From among the variety of methods that are there for measurement of transport service quality, one based on customer perspective was adopted in the present research, aimed at segmentation and analysis of citizen expectation from urban railway in the city of Isfahan, Iran using the Kano, FAHP, and FTOPSIS models. For data collection in this applied descriptive-analytical study, a mixture of library and field investigation was conducted. Based on the library study, the theoretical framework of the research was formulated, and fifteen of the most important citizen expectations were identified. These included 1. proper waiting time for passengers to receive service, 2. Internet (WiFi) and mobile network access on the train, 3. use of other public transport systems next to the stations, 4. provision of information on the train, 5. attractive environmental graphics, 6. adaptation of the stations for the disabled, the blind, and cyclists, 7. convenient train spaces in terms of cleaning, cooling and heating, and air conditioning, 8. provision of transport service to passengers on holidays and during off-hours, 9. security at the stations, 10. appropriate location of the stations, 11. proper appearance and suitability of the staff, 12. availability of elevators and escalators at the stations, 13. train arrivals matching the timetable 14. availability of parking spaces at the stations, and 15. enhancement of passenger transport capacity. Based on the field method, the required data were collected using three questionnaires: Kano, paired comparison, and significance assessment. The research population was divided to two groups. The first group, answering the Kano questionnaire, included all the citizens taking Isfahan urban train. Morgan’s table was utilized for specification of sample size for the first group, based on which, sample size was set to 380, and the simple random sampling method was used. The second group, who answered the questionnaire for paired comparison between the items and that for significance assessment of the indicators, included experts engaged in the field of urban trains. Finally, the results of item ranking indicated that the item titled proper waiting time for passengers to receive service had priority over the other items. In urban public transport systems, it is very important to determine waiting time for passengers at the stations to benefit from the provided services. Proper scheduling that results in reduced waiting times can greatly affect user satisfaction, and can be essential for system management. Availability of a credible schedule allows passengers to adjust their arrival times at the stations, thereby experiencing shorter waiting times.

The billboards can be more influential if they are used in the proper and desirable manner with regard to the place and location of the installation or the size of the quality level. In the region of Tehran, which is a mixture of modern and traditional urban planning, in order to determine the optimal location for billboards, after collecting location and map data and creating a database in the Arc GIS environment and fuzzy layers, with proper weighting and aggregation These sites have been reviewed and, finally, the points that were of a very good fit were chosen to create a billboard advertisement. According to the analysis done on the generated maps, only 313 of the billboards are installed in the correct location, and 9 suitable locations can be offered according to the overlay map with the Gamma membership function of 1.9.

Nowadays, the use of fuzzy mathematics and fuzzy logic are increasing in various sciences. Archaeology is one of the sciences that is less attended with the methods of fuzzy mathematics and fuzzy logic. Due to the nature of many archaeological data, however, the use of such methods in archaeology can be beneficial. In this research, it has been tried to explain applications of fuzzy logic and fuzzy mathematics in archaeology. This research have six sections. In the beginning, history of using fuzzy logic in archaeology is presented. Then, fuzzy logic is explained, and in section three, necessity of using fuzzy mathematics and fuzzy logic in archaeology are explained at first and then, situations, parts and mechanism of using fuzzy mathematics and fuzzy logic in archaeology are explained. Situations are where the use of fuzzy mathematics and fuzzy logic are useful, including: when the collected data/documentation/information are imprecise, when the relationships between the variables are imprecise and when there is disagreement between archaeologists. Parts of archaeology where fuzzy logic and fuzzy mathematics are applicable include descriptions of data and analysis of data, postdiction, and decision making. The mechanism of using fuzzy mathematics and fuzzy logic in archaeology include fuzzy reliability, designing of fuzzy inference system, and the use of fuzzy statistics. In section four, virtual reconstruction in archaeology is presented. In section five, the fuzzy reliability is explained and its applications in archaeology are described. One of the applications of fuzzy reliability is its use for the virtual reconstruction of destroyed buildings. And finally in section six, to show the process of this method, as a case study, a semi-destructive structure is reconstructed by using fuzzy reliability. The Toghrul Tower, where a small part of tower is collapsed, is selected for such a case study. Of course, this method is applicable to buildings where a lot of them have been destroyed, and to complex buildings. To determine the characteristics, experts commented on technical, geographical, architectural elements of building. Reconstruction is done step by step and in each step, the reliability is calculated. The reliability of the final model is obtained by combining the reliability of the steps. To obtain reliability, two methods have been suggested: use of expert opinion or mathematical/statistical analysis. The Toghrul Tower is reconstructed in comparison with its similar buildings, as well as architectural and technical analysis. Finally, the form of Toghrul Tower was recognized with determined possibilities. This method is beneficial to the archaeologists and conservator for the scientific prediction and postdiction of the structures and objects.

Urban spaces and the efficacy of its success, depends on facilities and equipment in which it is embedded spaces. In the present study, the main street of the city Bukan has been selected to investigate the status of urban furniture elements in this street. In the process of gathering the required data, primarily based on studies, library of standard elements of urban furniture as a benchmark, extracted and classified. Assessment of the study area in reference to the views of citizens on the basis of the distribution of questionnaires. In calculating the gap between desired elements of the urban furniture than a score of 1 in each of the areas pattern regularity at the level of appropriateness of urban furniture in the range of ternatte is obtained. The results show that element in the bench area (A) and (B) located on the lower level. Trash element of (A) low, but the range of (B) and (C) are at the level promised. Bus shelters within the element (A) and low range (C) condition is acceptable. Billboard advertising panel and also tell the status of the element in the acceptable range (A) and the appropriate range of (B) and (C) is. Also at the booth of the press, the average meter in the range of A and C and B are within acceptable condition.

Today human is engaged with a great crisis as a result of his unbalancing the life, neglecting indigenous and environmental factors, and hegemonic behavior toward nature. This has ended to creation of an approach called sustainable development whose main aims are to meet the essential needs, improvement of life quality, and better management of ecosystems. Obviously it is meaningless to discuss sustainability and sustainable development in the absence of cities and urban life. Cities are counted for as the main reasons for unsustainability the world over, however urban sustainability and global sustainability are the same concepts. Therefore, knowing key elements to reach this station is necessary, whereas recognition and prioritization of effective key elements in sustainable development is strategic and entails economic, social, and health-related results in the sequence of time. The current study is descriptive-analytic in which attempts have been made to estimate the importance of main indices of sustainable development based on the opinions of elites using a fuzzy hierarchical analysis process technic. Analysis of the data shows that from among main indices, urban health, desirable governmental system, and sustainable environment are respectively of the highest importance.

Today human is engaged with a great crisis as a result of his unbalancing the life, neglecting indigenous and environmental factors, and hegemonic behavior toward nature. This has ended to creation of an approach called sustainable development whose main aims are to meet the essential needs, improvement of life quality, and better management of ecosystems. Obviously it is meaningless to discuss sustainability and sustainable development in the absence of cities and urban life. Cities are counted for as the main reasons for unsustainability the world over, however urban sustainability and global sustainability are the same concepts. Therefore, knowing key elements to reach this station is necessary, whereas recognition and prioritization of effective key elements in sustainable development is strategic and entails economic, social, and health-related results in the sequence of time. The current study is descriptive-analytic in which attempts have been made to estimate the importance of main indices of sustainable development based on the opinions of elites using a fuzzy hierarchical analysis process technic. Analysis of the data shows that from among main indices, urban health, desirable governmental system, and sustainable environment are respectively of the highest importance.

nowadays the advances and developments in modern science and technology has changed the control goals.they are usually characterized by non-linear and time-variable features. PID control algorithm and fuzzy logic must been improved in order to design an automatic control system which works based on an intelligent thermo-control box. in this paper, we study advantages and disadvantages of the introduced control strategy and their combinations. we also use the new and widely-used idea of fuzzy logic type 2 and show
that by using this system (fuzzy logic type 2), the system will response
better.

Over the past two decades، several models have been used to calculate environmental vul-nerability with Approach collective decisions to mitigate the effects of the natural hazards. Location of cities and villages، and site selection of residential units، services، and indus tries and recreation should be harmonized with expansion of geology، geomorphology، soil and climatology sciences. Therefore، without understanding their natural features، the construction of urban and rural areas and related activities associated with their spatial substrate is not reasonable. Yasuj urban area is located in narrow plains in the western foothills of the Zagros Mountains. The area of this place is about 12776 hectares and its average topographic height is about 1850 mASL. The area consists of 42 villages whose population is over 150 thousand and its city center is Yasouj. The main purpose of this study is to put stress on the theory of sustainable development in Yasuj urban areas. The study of natural vulnerability of Yasuj urban areas was performed with an emphasis on the natural and environmental structure. Methods used to analyze the vulnerability include Fuzzy logic، Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and environmental indicators that were used by Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on the criteria and sub criteria of the study، the study area affected by natural features and special characteristics are threatened with some environmental restrictions and natural hazards. Due to young and active faults، the urban area shows great potential for earthquake. The probability of flood in the area increases as a result of the features of the mountain، sharp slopes، existence of several torrent rivers، relatively high amounts of rainfall، especially during the cold season. Structure and texture of alluvial plains and foothills are almost weak. In addition، the steep foothills can increase probability of hillside movements and phenomena such as the downfall of soil and rock، landslides and avalanche at snowy periods. According to the results obtained from combining various layers of environmental data layers car ried out on the basis of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model، it became clear that، in Yasuj urban area، central parts of the plain have the lowest environmental vulnerability with the rise of the risk level towards the mountainous area. The study not only reveals that proximity to faults has the highest fuzzy membership degree، but also suggests that collaboration with other environmental hazards such flood risk (distance from the river)، slope and land use، shows the highest vulnerability. The surrounding mountainous areas (Zagros) in Yasuj urban area which are tectonically active parts of the area have higher risk in comparison with those in the plain. Considering the results، growth and develop ment of the city toward the mountains will encounter high vulnerability. These results corresponded with the capability of the forest parts of the mountainous areas. Therefore، the development of the city construction toward the mountain would cause sever damage to mountain ecosystems، plant and animal life. Thus، areas characterized by high vulner ability should be protected since they have not only high potential for being risky but also are vulnerable to the development of human activities (regions of oak forests and rivers protection area). The results of this research lead the policy of regional development to decrease the possibility of environmental vulnerability. The assessment and combination of the results of the information layers studies signal the high environmental vulnerabilityin peripheral parts of urban area due to the overlapping of different natural hazards that tend toward the center of the plain. Finally، the salient point of studying the area shows that in the absence of any planning and measurement of the ecological capability of the land، development inflicts serious environmental damage، which، in turn، may harm hu man societies in the future.

Increasing urban population and uncontrolled immigration to metropolitans on the one hand and lack of effective urban planning on the other hand¡ not only resulted in increasing constructing in peripheral areas of cities¡ but also excessive and unplanned exploiting of resources and degradation of agricultural lands. In the meantime¡ because of established infrastructures and urban facilities; inter-city lands considered as a valuable opportunity¡ hence¡ there is no need to dedicate huge investments and use of resources to convert raw land to urban land. In other words¡ infill development could be a serious solution with the aim of the optimum use of inter-city lands and replication to citizen’s demand in offering different services. This research has been conducted the basis of measuring the residential desirables according to infill development indicators in the distinct no.19 of Tehran municipality. This kind of development focuses on the construction of residential units and business centers within cities which can be considered in different types such as construction in the interior parts¡ re-use of land and Brown fields¡ renovation¡ rehabilitation¡ and development of existing sites. It is worth nothing that in the most of fulfilled studies¡ the advantages and barriers of implementing the infill development and its outcomes have been discussed¡ and some of the decision making models such as SWOT analysis and GIS software are applied. In this study a new synthetic methodology has been used utilizing LISREL software and Fuzzy multi attributive decision making (MADM) model on the basis of urban infill development in district no.19 of Tehran municipality. Fuzzy logic decision making model is applied to choose optimum sub-district for infill development implementation because of complex urban problems. In order to decision making and choose the optimum sub-district¡ more effective indices of number 19 are determined in five main categories as: physical-space¡ infrastructures¡ economic¡ social¡ and environmental. In order to scrutinize indicators¡ Spss and Lisrel software is used to gain Data analysis of questionnaires. Utility determining of the indices is done using utility function and fuzzy ranking of utility values. Bonison weighting method (trapezoidal number method) is used to convert qualitative factors to Fuzzy quantitative factors ( Fuzzification step). Finally¡ Yager methods is applied to convert fuzzy numbers to non-fuzzy numbers (de-fuzzification step). Based on the fuzzy logic decision making model¡ utility values of triple sub-districts was determined which de-fuzzier correspond values are as following¡ respectively: 21.56¡ 15.16 and 13.22. The following relationship is established between them: Therefore¡ sub-district one is selected as optimum one for infill development implementation. Access to services¡ urban infrastructures and the amount of urban facilities¡ investment status¡ participation of investors¡ housing market are indices which very important weighting has been allocated to them. Because of including mentioned indices in sub-district one; it was selected as optimum zone for infill development. It is worth nothing that the portions of prone land for infill development implementation in triple sub-districts are 25%¡ 37% and 72%. As such¡ indicators related with the supply of urban infrastructures and services in Infill development are considered as important and limiting factors and according to the findings of the present study it can be imagined that in spite of the existence of developable vacant¡ barren¡ and abandoned lands¡ due to lack of urban infrastructures and services¡ it is not possible to increase the population. According to the results¡ identifying and redevelopment of brown field and vacant lands or under-used parceles are not sufficient to rectify the over-populatin and housing demands problems. Besides the above mentioned capacities¡ it is necessary to implement proceeding in order to identify and utilize the other capacities of infill development such as residential segregation¡ redevelopment of residential areas and parking. It should also be kept in mind that the factors such as lack of regulations and executive instructions¡ subsidiary rules of local governments and lack of local institution from infill development can strongly limit infill development implementation. But¡ creating legal tendency¡ support of civil society¡ and codification of community and local participation strategies can play effective role in its achievement.

Urban vulnerability is a widespread and multidimensional phenomenon that covers all the factors of the city which is rapidly increasing due to the factors’ interdependencies. Therefore¡ urban earthquake vulnerability has been studied from different perspectives and this research has tried to examine all the factors affecting vulnerability. It also has been tried to provide a model based on spatial analysis to investigate the earthquake vulnerability level¡ using GIS spatial analysis functions that can be considered as a criterion to determine the earthquake vulnerability level in Sanandaj downtown. Earthquake danger width map is made in three steps. The main maps that are effective in the destruction resulting from earthquakes¡ are ranked and rated based on their importance in the first step. These maps¡ in the second step¡ are turned into Fuzzy ones using Fuzzy functions. In the third step¡ these Fuzzy maps are merged according to each map’s score based on hierarchy analysis method. It should be mentioned that maps related to the distance between users¡ open spaces and clinics are made using pathway axes and network analysis extensions. In this way¡ the real distance between any given places and neighboring usages can be calculated. Finally¡ main vulnerability factors and variables are analyzed statistically. According to the statistical analysis using SPSS software¡ it becomes evident that there is a meaningful correlation (R= 0.926¡ n= 1711) between the overall vulnerability of the being studied contexture and its physical vulnerability and also there is a direct and average relationship between overall vulnerability and access vulnerability. The relation between overall vulnerability and socio-economical vulnerability and the relation between physical vulnerability and access are direct and weak. The next table contains plural R values that measure the variability ratio of the dependent variable and also R square (determining coefficient) which is the value of dependent variable that is determined by the independent variables. For instance¡ according to the value of 0.861 for the determining coefficient physical vulnerability¡ this variable determines 86.1 percent of the changes of dependent variable (overall vulnerability). The results show that 90 percent of the contexture has average or over-average earthquake vulnerability¡ 42 percent of the pieces in the being studied district are high earthquake vulnerable and only 10 percent of the contexture of the being studied district are low earthquake vulnerable to. Parts with high earthquake vulnerable are not¡ generally¡ in a good condition from the viewpoint of all factors. In fact¡ high population density¡ high structure density¡ the pieced small narrow pathways and blind alleys¡ lack of access to open spaces and clinics¡ old buildings¡ low earthquake resistance structures¡ and high level of earthquake vulnerable for people are among some characteristics of these areas. Statistical analysis of the vulnerability maps and variables shows that the main factor of earthquake vulnerability of Sanandaj downtown is a physical factor. The main vulnerability factors including structures’ quality and skeleton¡ show the necessity of the paying more attention to the reforming of physical indexes of the Sanandaj contexture.

One of the most problematic parts of Yazd is the ancient fabric of this city. The studies indicate that abandoned and dilapidated spaces of Yazd form about 17.5% of the area in this city. The continuous growth of such spaces will cause irreparable damages to the priceless cultural heritage of our country. The aim of this research is selecting the best approach based on logical rules to recreate the derelict spaces abandoned in the ancient part of Yazd. The methodology is based on combining QSPM technique and Fuzzy logic. The use of Fuzzy logic with the aim of enjoying the expert's ideas from different organizations, that each in turn can accelerate the improvement process of Yazd, can play an influential role in decision-making and selection of the best approach by urban planners. The final results of this research denote that among four main approaches identified for the improvement of abandoned spaces, it seems that the union of existing lands in abandoned spaces and constructing sustainable residential units, being economically affordable for new residents, can be the most appropriate approach for the development of ancient fabrics of Yazd. Appropriate implementation of this approach will not only wipe out the derelict and ruined parts of the city, but also it can draw lots of people and population to it and help promoting the social life of this area.

One of the most important problems that always have been considered by the authorities in the crisis management is the selection of site for emergency and temporary sheltering. It is obvious that inappropriate site selection may lead to another disaster that is more complex than the main one. So, the necessity of planning, managing and offering appropriate options for temporary sheltering of affected people before the occurrence of earthquake is vital. The objective of this research is the presentation of the appropriate and efficient method for the selection of site for temporary sheltering using Fuzzy algorithms. For illustrating the efficiency of proposed algorithm, the municipality district no.1 of Tehran is selected as the case study. Using the results of damage assessment of the study area, the number of homeless people was evaluated 136786 people and the required shelter was evaluated 410-615 hectares. For the selection of site, initially necessary criteria are determined. After studying the past research and receiving the expert’s viewpoints, 13 criteria were selected. These criteria include criteria such as vicinity to water resources, distance from faults and rivers, vicinity to hospitals and other therapeutic centers, and security. In this research, Fuzzy and Boolean logics have been used for the combination of the criteria (layers). IDRISI is used for the implementation of fuzzy operations and the selection of site for temporary sheltering due to its high capability in the multi criteria decision making analysis problems. Then using WLC (Weighted Linear Combination) method, the produced fuzzy layers (maps) were combined and the map of eligibility was produced. Using this map and Fuzzy logic, 17 zones with total area of 649.1 hectares were selected for temporary sheltering. The results indicated that due to applied decisive limitations in Boolean method (classic method), the number of selected sites are more than Fuzzy method. Boolean logic is not appropriate for the areas that land use has some limitations. Assessment of applied fuzzy method in this research (WLC) showed that despite the simplicity of WLC method, it has high efficiency and makes possibility of allocating different weights to various criteria due to the importance of criteria. Considering this predominance; the outcomes of the selection of site using WLC fuzzy method have better resolution power. However results showed that the selection of site depends on the experience and personal judgment of the corresponding manager, therefore fuzzy logic has high efficiency.