فصلنامه محیط زیست جانوری
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1399)

The wildcat is one of the wild felids with the wide distribution and has a potential and distinctive threat from other felids that is introgression with domestic cat. Iran is at the intersection of two species of wildcat i.e. Felis lybica and Felis silvestris, however there is lack of information regarding taxonomic situation and hybridization of wildcat in Iran. In present study we sequenced 814 bp fragment of the mitochondrial NADH5 gene of 38 sampled wildcats from Iran to assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the species. The phylogenetic analyses represented two distinct subclades in Iran. The sequences of ND5 from Iranian samples in combination with 32 sequences of wildcats from GenBank, did not revealed a distinct subclade and they situated among the sequences of the Asiatic Wildcat and the African Wildcat and domestic cat. Twelve closely related haplotypes were identified for the entire country, with two geographical distinct locations for western and eastern Zagros Mountain Range and overlapping in some areas. The statistical analyses of fixation index (FST) and molecular variance (AMOVA) illustrated significant genetic structure between two subclades (FST=0.66). Nucleotide (G) has located in the position of 13776 on the NADH5 that provides possibility of Asiatic Wildcat (F. l. ornata) identification. Accordingly 24 samples out of 38 specimens in this research were recognized as the Asiatic Wildcat in the prior assessment that this finding was in accordance with the phylogenetic Bayesian tree. Meanwhile the Asiatic subclade revealed a higher genetic diversity than the African subclade.

The bats (Order: Chiroptera) includes nine families and 52 identified species in Iran. Five species of Rhinolophidae family have been reported from Iran. All members of this family are characterized by the presence of a horseshoe-shaped anterior nose leaf, the morphology of which can be diagnostic between species. Other characters commonly used to distinguish Rhinolophid species include external and craniodental measurements. One of the five species is Mediterranean horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus euryale) reported from Isfahan, Fars, Kurdestan, Lorestan, Western Azerbaijan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Golestan, Hamedan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Razavi Khorasan, Northern Khorasan and Khuzestan provinces. It was found a population of R.euryale from Rostamkola city (Mazandaran province) as the first record in this province. Eleven specimens (5 males and 6 females) of R.euryale were collected from Rostamkola by hand and net during October and November 2017. Specimens were identified by available keys. Biometric characters comprise 16 external morphometric and 12 craniodental morphometric characters were measured and statistic was reported. All specimens were mature and only one of them had exoparasite. Our results claim first report of this species and its statistic in Mazandaran province.

Mountains are unique ecosystems which are described by variety and complexity. Extreme changes in topography and climatic and biological gradients with seasonal and fragile contrasts are characteristic of these areas. With increasing pressure on wildlife species, highlands play the role as the last wildlife sanctuaries. Altitude plays a key role in the formation of these areas which influences other environmental factors either direct or indirect. The altitude constraint in the use of land has been an obstacle to the severe development and consequently manipulation of these areas. In order to investigate the displacement of species of protected areas in the province, the observation of 17 species of birds and mammals in the province was identified then, the resistance map was prepared using weighting to different heights. The least cost path and circuit cape methods as well as the metrics related to each of them, were used to model and analyze the wildlife movement pathway. According to theoretical results, 15 habitat corridors with a length of 1363 km were identified. Bisotoun wildlife refuge and Bozin and Merkhil no hunting areas play the most important role in establishing the territorial communications of protected areas. Based on the results of the least cost analysis, 26 corridors with a length of 4317 km were modeled. Utility and density metrics of using the corridors in the least cost method indicated that the most desirable corridor for the displacement of wildlife species along the paths of the Bisotoun, Paraw and Khorin mountains is located on the Shaho Mountain.

Negative energy balance, which usually occurs in transitional period, can have important implications for livestock life such as reduction in body condition score. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the rate of Body Condition score reduction, season and parity with the occurrence of clinical mastitis in the first weeks of postpartum period in one of the Fars province farms and it was conducted on the 1613 dairy cattle.For each cow BCS, the status of mastitis and the number of infected quarter was evaluated according to the parity and delivery season at two times, he first time being 2 or 3 days before calving and the second time approximately one month after that (30±3 day). Finally, the results were analyzed using SPSS software and chi square test.Results showed that the occurrence of clinical mastitis was significantly affected by BCS and the parity. As further decrease in the BCS, increases the incidence of clinical mastitis and increasing the parity is associated with anincrementin the incidence of clinical mastitis, But the effect of the season on this complication was not significant.% (p>0.05).

Aflatoxin B1 is produced by Aspergillus falvus and Aspergillus parasiticus which affect rumen motility and feed degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aflatoxin B1 on rumen fermentation in the presence of Lactobacillus buchneri additive using in vitro gas production technique. Experimental treatments were: basal diet, basal diet with 0.5 mg/ml aflatoxin B1, basal diet with 1 mg/ml aflatoxin B1, and aflatoxin B1 contaminated base diet (1 mg/ml) with addition levels of Lactobacillus buchneri 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 ng/kg diet, respectively. Gas volume of each bottles were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours of incubation. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with three replications. According to the results of gas production, aflatoxin B1 affect the rumen fermentation and reduced gas production volume (429 ml) compared to control group (382 ml) (P <0.05). At 120 h incubation time, the highest and lowest gas production volume was related to control group  and treatment with 0.2 ng L. buchneri (P <0.05). Addition of Lactobacillus buchneri caused an increase in the estimated parameters include ME, NEL and organic matter digestibility. Also, the L. buchneri addition at levels of 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 ng/kg significantly reduced pH of diet contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (P<0.05). According to the results it concluded that, in vitro digestibility increased by L. buchneri and it has ability to inhibit aflatoxin B1 reverse effect in in vitro rumen fermentation of dairy cattle diet.

This experiment conducted to investigating the possibility of using in vitro gas production technique using faeces suspension as inocula in place of the rumen liquors for estimation of nutritional value of wheat and barley grains.The chemical compositions of wheat and barley grains were determined by conventional methods. For the in vitro gas production technique, rumen liquor and faeces collected from three cannulated rams. Result indicated that, there were no significant differences between gas production volume of wheat and barley grains with rumen liquor and faeces suspension at different incubation times (except 12 h of incubation in wheat grain). Also, there were no significantly differences between A fraction (gas production volume (ml) of fermentable fraction of feed) and estimated nutritional values in both feeds using rumen liquor and faeces suspension as inocula, but the rate of gas production (c) using faeces suspension was significantly higher than that of rumen liquor. Prediction equations of the amount of gas production using rumen liquor from the gas production volume with faeces suspension is Y=-3.8751+1.0052X for the wheat grain and is Y=-1.7172+1.0367X for barley grain. In addition, there were no significant differences between metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEl), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) contents of wheat and barley grains with rumen liquor and faeces suspension. In an overall conclusion, it seems that the sheep faces may be a suitable alternative to rumen liquor in the in vitro gas production method for ruminant feed evaluation.

The aim of this study was to determine of nutritive value of green and black tea waste, and determination of metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL) using in vitro gas production method. The obtained data was completely randomized design was analyzed using SAS procedures. The values of crude protein, crude ash, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in green tea waste were 13.7, 3.7, 2, 44.6 and 31.7 %DM, also for black tea waste were 14.8, 4.7, 2.4, 39.6 and 27.1 %DM, respectively. The value of total phenol and extractable tannin for green tea waste were 20.3 and 18.7 %DM, and for black tea waste were 18.7 and 12.7 %DM, respectively. After 96 h of incubation, black tea waste and alfalfa had the highest and lowest gas production volume among the test feeds (p<0.05). The gas production potential amounts of the green and black tea waste and alfalfa hay were obtained 284.2, 294 and 261.9 ml/g DM, respectively. Rate of gas production for green and black tea waste and alfalfa hay were 0.074, 0.074 and 0.072 (h-1), respectively. Black tea waste had the greatest estimated metabolizable energy and net energy for lactation (9.45 and 5.77 MJ/Kg DM) among feedstuffs. These results indicated that black and green tea waste had a nutritive value higher than last bloom alfalfa and can be used as a part of ruminants ration.

The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Raspberry fruit (Rubus fruticosus L.) on serum lipids levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated in this study. 50 male Wistar rats weighing 20 ± 200g were divided into 5 groups. The non-diabetic control group, the diabetic control group and the three diabetic experimental groups received the hydroalcoholic extract of Raspberry fruit at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg / kg. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg / kg). After 4 weeks serum samples were collected from all groups and serum lipids were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results The results showed that serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride significantly increased in diabetic group compared to control group (P <0.001), (P <0.05), (P <0.01). While serum HDL level in the diabetic group was lower than the control group (P <0.05). Moreover, serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride significantly decreased in the diabetic group receiving the hydroalcoholic extract of Raspberry (p <0.05), (P <0.01) and (P <0/001) respectively. The serum HDL level in the diabetic group receiving the raspberry hydroalcoholic extract showed a significant increase in comparison with the diabetic group (P <0.05), (P <0.01).Results of this research showed that diabetes increases the risk of undesirable lipids in the blood serum of rats. Hydroalcoholic extract of raspberries has beneficial effects on reducing lipids due to antioxidant activity.

The Valley of Shara is a suitable habitat for branch birds, especially of the Columba palumbus. This study was conducted from April to September 2018 in the Shara Valley, Intermediate of between the Duab bridge and the Goshirvan bridge in 2.5km distance from the river, Using of Habitat Biodiversity Modeler (HBM) method, With Modeles four of such as: Typicalities, Maxent, Logistic Regression,Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Network in the Terrset and Arc Gis13.1 softwares , and with variables six of such as: slope, elevation, proximity to the river, distance from the road, land use, distance from the village. Results show, There are C.palumbus nest Twenty six in the area. The Valley of Shara is the southeastern part of the nesting habitat of the C.palumbus in Iran. By comparing the performance, four models were identified, The habitat suitable area of the maxent model is a significant correlation (0.87) with the forest use. that the desirability model validity is equal to 0.914 showing a excellent of Maxent model. Therefore, by matching the region's conditions, the Maxent model is more reliable and closer to reality. Variants of proximity to the river and the use of garden and forest land in the nesting habitat are of great importance.

In this study, the amount of mercury in the tissues (feathers, kidneys, liver and muscle) of two species of mousa Creecks birds( Egretta garzetta and Sterna Hirundo) were investigated. The results of this study showed that the concentration of mercury in the studied tissues is more than the effect of the feeding location and the sex of the birds. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the amount of Bioaccumulation of mercury between males and females and the common marine swallow (P <0.05). The amount of mercury in the feather , liver, kidney and muscle of male breastbearer is 13/5, 5.37, 4/67, and 2/36 μg/g , and in the female Stern hirundo was 12/45, 3 / 26, 38/06 and 1/2 μg/g and in Egretta garzetta male 7/16, 4/56, 3/28, 1/53μg/g , and in the male Egretta garzetta 6/36, 2/68, 2/16, 1 / 33 μg/g . The total amount of mercury in the tissues of the birds was as follows: muscle> kidney> liver> full. Total mercury . The average concentration of mercury in the swallowtail was higher than that in the Stern hirundo, which had a negative effect on reproduction and behavior, and its value was 12/97 μg/g .

This study aims to quantitatively model the utility of low-lying Pelican habitats using the MAXENT model in Iran. The bird's presence points were obtained from data recorded by the EPA and the World Report on its presence. The environmental data used were also obtained from the climate database www.worldclim.org. The results of VIF test were used to examine the correlation between variables including 7 variables mean annual temperature (Bio1), mean daily values ​​(Bio2), isothermality (Bio3), seasonal temperature changes (Bio4), annual precipitation (Bio12), seasonal variations. Precipitation (Bio15), mean precipitation in the driest season of the year (Bio17) had the lowest co-linearity and were used as climate variables. The model's AUC index was 0.953. According to the Jack-Nieff graph, the mean daily temperature (Bio2) and seasonal temperature (Bio4) variables have the highest percentage of participation and importance, respectively, and the mean precipitation variables in the driest season (Bio17) and isothermal (Bio3), respectively. They were important in mapping the habitat suitability of pecans in the Maxent model. In this study, the MAXENT modeling results show that only 77838% of the total country (5%) is favorable for the presence of thick pelicans.

Acetaminophen is an antipyretic agent administered in high doses induce severe oxidative damage to liver and extra hepatic tissues in mammals and poultry. Hepatodamaging effects of acetaminophen and antihistamin compounds had been determined in previous studies. Moreover, it has been reported that silymarin has hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties. Present investigation is performed to find out the effects of silymarin (400 mg/kg diet for 20 consecutive day) on some serum metabolites of native mature roosters after oral administration of a cold tablet (Acetaminophen, phenylephrine hydrochloride, chloramphenicol and dextromethorphan hydrobromide at 42.8, 0.66, 0.26 and 1.97 42.8 mg/kg bw/day respectively, from day 15 to day 20 of experiment). Metabolic effects of cyproterone acetate (10 mg/kg bw/day for 5 days) was also investigated in second experiment. The results showed that silymarin had no significant effect on any of the blood metabolites. Adult cold tablet significantly decreased serum total protein and serum total cholesterol in control group. Silymarin inhibited acetaminophen induced serum protein reduction in treatment group that can be imply to the hepatoprotective effects of silymarin. Cyproterone acetate increased serum testosterone, thyroxin and uric acid values (P<0.05), but did not significantly affect serum glucose, total cholesterol and total protein. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis intervention may be involved in increasing serum testosterone levels.

Amphibians were the most primordial vertebrates and the first vertebrates which came to live in land. Pelophylax bedriagae, clades that include north western and southwestern populations forms a monophyletic group along with samples from Turkey. The present study was conducted in northern parts of Khuzestan Province with the aim of evaluating the characteristics of morphology, morphometry, reproductive characteristics and skin texture study. For this purpose, 50 frog samples were collected from northern parts of Khuzestan province during the spring and autumn, and were transported to the laboratory. After specification, morphological traits and morphometric characteristics were investigated. According to the results of morphology, 3 types of pouring were identified among the samples and according to the gender independentness test, polymorphic traits and gender traits were independent. Moreover, 10 traits were evaluated for each morphometric sample. The results of T-test between male and female showed that there was a significant difference in all traits, except for hip length and arm length. As for the results of the T2 Hotelling test suggests sexual dimorphism between males and females. However, the results of multivariate analysis of variance showed the segregation of the population in male gender and the non-separation of the population in the female sex. In reproductive reproductive performance, the highest breeding power for both sexes was observed in spring. Examinations on the structure of the skin in the two regions of the back and abdomen indicated although there were epidermis and dermal surfaces in both areas, collagen fibers were thinner on the abdominal surface than the back surface.

This study was conducted to evaluate the Yellowtail scad feeding (Atule mate) in the Persian Gulf and  Oman Sea (Hormozgan province) by gill net fishing from Dec.2016 to Nov.2017 monthly and seasonally.  Gastro-somatic index (GASI), CV , food preference index (FP), and frequency of food items were determined  from 447 specimens. The maximum point of GaSI index was shown in June. The CV index for this species during the study was 65.32% . According to the volume of fish digested, Encrasicholina punctifer and Sardinella sp were the basic and secondary foods , respectively. Squid and crustaceans could be considered as the incidental foods. Regarding to the species diversity of Carangidae family and importance of relation between food items, it is recommended that comprehensive feeding study of all species of this family should be carried out .

This present resent study investigated sperm motility parameters (sperm motility duration and sperm motility percentage), spermatocrit, density of sperm and some biological factors such as sperm seminal plasma indices (ionic and organic composition) in 7 beluga (Huso huso) and Starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) broodstocks. Sperm mobility duration length, percentage of sperm mobility, spermatocrit, density of sperm was measured 310±30.65 s, 93.11±4.31 %, 2.78±0.31 %, 2.76 × 109±0.36, respectively in beluga and 81±23.61 s, 80.63±3.27 %, 2.63±0.23 %, 2.40×109±0.28, respectively in A. stellatus. The concentrations of Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) ions were determined 96.24±8.47, 3.34±0.40, 8.66±0.44 and 1.15±0.15 Mm L-1, respectively in beluga and 95.33±8.40, 4.23±0.28, 8.43±0.47 and 2.39±0.24 Mm L-1, respectively in. The concentrations of serum cholesterol and glucose were calculated 12.98±6.77 and 32.67±2.47 mg ml-1, respectively in beluga and 45.68±5.78, 30.43±0.29 mg ml-1 respectively in A. stellatus. In addition, seminal plasma of beluga and starry sturgeon were estimated 1.45±0.27 and 1.49±0.29 mg/dl protein, respectively. The results of study indicated that mobility during length, percentage of sperm mobility and magnesium values had significant difference between beluga and A.stellatus sturgeon. The quality and quantity of sperm in Huso huso are higher than that in Acipenser stellatus. In addition, the magnesium in Acipenser stellatus level was significantly increased compared to Huso huso, but no significant differences were observed between both species.

In this study, the effect of multi-enzyme Apszymee and betaine on the parameters of blood biochemical and body composition of (Huso huso) were studied separately and in combination. For this purpose, 126 fish with an average weight of 32 ± 3 gr were fed with dietary supplements containing 0, 1 and 1.5 percent of betaine at a concentration of 250 and 500 mg/kg of Apsozyme per kg of diet for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, blood biochemical factors and body composition were measured based on conventional methods of blood transfusion and body composition measurements. Based on the results of data analysis, the number of white blood cells showed a significant difference between the treatments. Although there was no significant difference between the treatments of Apsozyme and multi enzyme in experimental treatments, but in combined treatments, a significant increase in the number of white blood cells was observed. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH and MCHC showed no significant difference in different treatments. Body data showed no significant difference in percentage of fat, protein, ash and moisture in experimental treatments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of betaine and multi enzyme did not have a significant effect on biochemical factors and carcass composition of Sturgeon fish.

Hepcidins are a group of cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides that are active in fish against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as viruses. The objective of the present study is to use the synthetic peptide of Caspian trout Hepcidin (CtHep) for controlling in vivo Streptococcus iniae infection and also to study the immunomodulatory effects of CtHep in Caspian trout. Juvenile Caspian trout with average weight of 20 g were injected with synthetic CtHep at a dose of 1 µg/g fish, and then exposed to S. iniae bacteria. After 24 hours, the expression of cytokine genes and total bacterial load were evaluated in kidney and spleen tissues of different groups. Fish survival rate was noticed until 10th day of infection. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA in CtHep-receiving group significantly increased compared to the control group. In addition, total bacterial load in the kidney and spleen tissues of infected fish receiving CtHep, was significantly lower than infected fish which did not receive CtHep. Survival rate of infected fish receiving CtHep was considerably higher than that of the infected fish which did not receive CtHep. Our study shows that CtHep has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial agent as well as an immunostimulant in aquaculture industry.

The present study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of probiotc Lactobacillus rhamnosus oral administration on the immune function of rainbow trout under sublethal toxicity of malathion. For this purpose, 180 fish with an average weight of 43 ± 2.6 g were divided into four experimental groups; control, oral administration of probiotic, exposed to malathion with oral administration of probiotic and exposed to malathion with probiotic free diet, and were subjected to the treatments for 28 days. The results showed a significant decrease in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and lymphocytes in fish treated with malathion compared to the control group. Oral administration of L. rhamnosus in comparison with control diet significantly increased the number of red blood cells and white blood cells in fish treated with malathion (P <0.05). Measuring the percentage of cumulative mortality on the 14th day after the challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila showed a significant reduction in the survival rate in fish treated with malathion, but oral administration of L. rhamnosus in this group significantly reduced the mortality rate (P<0.05). In general, according to the results of the measurement of hematological parameters as well as the survival rate of fish after challenge with A. hydrophila, Oral administration of L. rhamnosus improves the immune function of rainbow trout and it can reduce malathion harmful effects on the immune function of rainbow trout.

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia is one of the most important virus disease in salmonid fishes. The genome of the virus consists of six genes, the most important of which is the G glycoprotein gene, which plays a role in immunization against the virus. The aim of this study was detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in Rainbow trout, phylogenic study and cloning of the G gene of virus in pTZ57r/t vector.

After detecting of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus by RT-PC, cloning of G gene in pTZ57r/t plasmid, the recombinant plasmid was transformed to the competent bacterium (E. coli). White clonies containing recombinant vector were used to extract the plasmid. The size of the G gene of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus was 1523 bp. In this study, colony PCR method and sequencing were used to confirm the cloning.

The results of this study showed that G gene has been cloned successfully in pTZ57r/t vector and can be used to express the glycoprotein of the virus in expression vectors for protein production. The results of sequencing of G gene also showed that the virus identified in this study belonged to genotype Ia-2.

In the process of production and maintenance of aquaculture diets, there may always be some contamination of feed that aflatoxin B1 is one of the most common and most prominent of these toxins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the improvement of biological conditions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed with aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets. In this experiment, 120# fish with initial weight of 42 ± 4 gr were harvested in 12 fiberglass tanks and fed with 4 different diets (control diet, probiotic diet, aflatoxin diet, and aflatoxin and probiotic mix diet) and after 30-day period of experiment, blood glucose levels in the group fed with aflatoxin B1 significantly increased (P <0.05). Cortisol and alkaline phosphatase enzyme showed the least amount in control diet treatments and probiotic diet. The activity of trypsin in the probiotic diet treatments was significantly higher than other treatments. While the aflatoxin diet reduced the activity of the chymotrypsin enzyme in the gut, adding Lactobacillus rhamnosus to the diet caused a significant increase in the activity of this enzyme. The mortality rate was significantly higher in the treatment of aflatoxin diet than other treatments, but by adding probiotic to diet, it decreased significantly in the treatment of probiotic and aflatoxin diet. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that probably Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic can be used as a diet supplement to reduce the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 and improve survival in fish, and rainbow trout breeders can use this probiotic in their diet to reduce aflatoxin toxicity.

This study was carried out in a brackish water earth farm in Bafgh, to use wastewater of earth ponds in order to increase production in rainbow trout earth farms. It was performed in 2 treatments with 2 replications. For this purpose, four 0.5ha earth ponds (two of those with 30 m3 round cement ponds at the end and others without cement ponds) were made. The wastewater of culture earth ponds flew in cement ponds through pumping and gravity. The cement ponds aerated with splash aerator during nights. The average initial weight of fish for stocking in all ponds was 25 g and the density of stocking was one and 70 fish per square in earth pond and cement pond, respectively. During about 120 days’ culture period, water temperature and salinity were 14±4 °c and 12.8±1 g/l, respectively. The results of some chemical factors measuring in cement ponds indicated that none of them was critical during the culture period. There were significant differences among treatments on some growth factors (p<0/05). According to The results, through reusing of earth ponds wastewater, yield quantity and production income increased up to 31% and 41%, respectively.

Salicornia sp is one of the plants with applied medicinal value. This study aimed to examine the effect of Salicornia sp plant alcoholic extract on activity of hepatic enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and antioxidant parameters (Superoxidase dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), Malondialdehyde (MDA) catalase (CAT)) in grey mullet, Mugil cephalus for 60 days. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 240 of grey mullet (with average weight of 8.42±0.43g) in 4 treatments and 3 replicates (n=20 in each replicate) and included: control group without using alcoholic extract, and another groups (treatment 2,3and 4) the amounts of this extract were 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg food. In the end of experiment, the highest antioxidant parameters of CAT and GPX and the lowest MDA antioxidant parameter and ALT,AST,ALP enzymes were observed in the diets containing 500 and 1000 mg /kg alcoholic extract in all of these parameters and showed a significant difference compared with control treatment (P<0.05). So, based on the results, in order to reduce lipid oxidation and improve the liver, it is recommended to use of alcoholic extract of Salicornia sp as important feed supplements for grey mullet production.

The aim of this studieswas to investigate the effect of tow commercial prebiotic including a-Max ultra and liquid Celmanax in biofloc technology (BFT) based systems on water quality parameters, growth performance, feeding efficiency and carcass composition of Cyprinus carpio fry. For these porpoise, a number of 240 C. carp fry with initial mean weight 4.09±0.70 g (±SD) in a completely randomized design was carried out with inoculation of 0.1 and 0.2 ml each of the prebiotics per liters of biofloc system and a control that was devoid of any substance for 40 days. At the end of experiments, a significant difference was observed in water quality parameters in the treatments of biofloc systems (P>0.05). Measurements of growth parameters including: final weight, final length, velocity of weight, velocity of length, protein efficiency ratio, lipid efficiency ratio and feed conversion efficiency had a significant differences with control group (P<0.05). Maximum of carcass crude protein (66.61%) and minimum of crude lipid (17.89%) was shown in a biofloc system with inoculation of 0.2 ml/liter of liquid Celmanax. The protein and lipid efficiency ratio had a significantly increased in experimental prebiotic treatments (P<0.05). In conclusion, the result of these study indicated that the used of A-Max Ultra and liquid Celmanax prebiotics via inoculation into water system of common carp rearing in a biofloc system had a positive effects on water quality parameters, growth performance, feeding efficiency and carcasses composition in this species.

In this study to investigate effects of Spirulina and clove powder on growth performance and carcass composition, fingerlings of common carp (16.20 ± 1.00 gr) were fed with different levels of Spirulina (5, 10 and 15%), clove (2, 4 and 6%) and control for 8 weeks. In the end, the fish were biometric, and the growth indices and carcass composition were measured. The results showed that fish had been fed with diet include 5% Spirulina, had a significant difference with other treatments in terms of growth indices, but Carcass composition except for 15% spirulina showed no significant difference with other treatments. Based on the results, the diet with 5% Spirulina showed higher specific growth rate, long growth rate, condition factor, body weight increasing and average day growth than other treatments. Among the clove treatments, the best indices were obtained in 4%, although the control had higher growth indices and carcass composition than all clove treatments. According to the results, the use of Spirulina in the diet of carp fingerling at the level of 5%, growth performance can be improved and will lead to reduced food wastes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of low molecular weight sodiumalginate in carp diets on growth performance and mucosal immunity indexes in Cyprinus carpio. For thispurpose, 240 carps with an average weight of 19.12 g of 0.40 were prepared and stored in 12 tanks of 200litres (4 treatments and each treatment in 3 replicates). At the end of the experiment, growth indices, total mucus protein, total mucus immunoglobulin and mucus lysozyme were measured. The results showed thatthere was no significant difference in growth indices, total mucus immunoglobulin and mucosal lysozymebetween treatments fed with low molecular weight sodium alginate and control group (P >0.05). However, a significant increase in total mucus protein was observed in all treatments containing sodium alginate compared to the control group (P <0.05), and the highest total protein content of mucus was observed in 1% sodium alginate treatment (P <0.05), In general, the results of this study indicate that a diet containing low molecular weight sodium alginate with a significant increase in the total protein content of mucus stimulates and increases immunity in common carp.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of Padina astraulis on some growth indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Accordingly, 250 fry carp of common carp with average weight of 20 g were distributed in four treatments including: commercial diet (control), algae with 0.5 % (diet 1), algae with 1 % (treatment 2) and algae with 2% (treatment 3) for 42 days. Fish biometric data were used to study the growth indices at the beginning, the middle and the end of the experiment. Results of data analysis at the end of the period showed that the highest percentage of weight gain and specific growth rate were in type 2 however the lowest one was at control group, but there was no significant difference between treatments (P> 0.05). Also, the highest feed conversion ratio was observed in the control group and the lowest was in treatment 2 but there was no significant difference between treatments (P> 0.05). According to the results, it seems that the use of padina algae with concentrations used in this study could improve the growth indices of common carp, although this improvement was had not significantly different.

In the present study, the effect feeding strategy and density on growth and hematological parameters of Cyprinus carpio var. Koi with (mean initial weight 3.24 ± 0.27 g) (Mean ± Standard Error) for 45 days was investigated.  For this purpose, 6 treatments with triplicate groups included high density (20 fish per tank) and satiation feeding, low density (10 fish per tank) and satiation feeding, high density (20 fish per tank) and 50% satiation feeding, low density (10 fish per tank) and 50% satiation feeding (10R), high density (20 fish per tank) and starvation (20S), Low density (10 fish per tank) and starvation (10S) were considered. Fish biometrics and measurement of growth and nutrition parameters were performed every 15 days. At the end of the experiment, blood sampling was performed to measure blood parameters. The results showed that in the growth parameters of Koi fish with the combined application of nutritional strategy in different densities, significant effect on weight factors and fish status factor were observed (P <0.05). In growth parameters, C20 and C10 had higher values than other treatments. Also, by examining the results of fish blood analysis, there was a significant difference in the number of white blood cells, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts (P <0.05). The results of current research showed satiation feeding at high and low density had a positive effect on growth performance and hematological parameters of Koi fish.

This study aimed to develop the genetic traits which have been attributed to the high growth rate in Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Grass carp larvae with assumed high growth rate imported from China and introduced to four private company (Shahid malaky propagation center- Shosh propagation center -Karron propagation center – Abzy propagation center) and governmental farms. Approximately 3200 larvae per hectare were stocked to the ponds after adaptation and quarantine period. Organic (cow dung) and inorganic fertilizers poured to the pond every two and three days, respectively. Daily weight gain (DWG), Condition factor (CF), specific growth rate (SGR), Weight/length correlation and mortality rate measured in a certain time during and after culture period. Fish were fed twice daily on days. The highest growth rate was achieved in Karron propagation center,  as the Karoon fish company had the highest  Condition factor (1.4 ± 0.33). Imported Grass carp had a faster growth rate than indigenous ones. The higher growth rate may be attributed to lower inbreeding index of imported carps. In general, the growth parameters of imported grass carp were statistically (P <0.05) greater than the growth of domestic one at the end of the breeding season. A significant correlation coefficient between length and weight indicates that the breeding population of the imported grass carp has genetic preferences to the same domestic population. It is recommended to cross the imported and domestic Carp to transfer genome of imported carp to the genetic storage of the domestic population in the next phase of the study.

In this study, the relationship between fish weight and hematological changes and some biochemical indices of serum of silver carp were studied. For this purpose, the carps of silver carp were sampled in 5 groups: 500, 700, 1000, 1300 and 1600 grams. In order to evaluate the blood indices of silver carp in each weighing group, 5 fishes were selected and then, to facilitate sampling, using tail cropping was done. Then the serum hematological and biochemical factors were determined in the hematologic laboratory and by automatic devices. Based on the results, it was found that increasing the weight of silver carp did not change the amount of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, lymphocyte, monocyte and granulocyte, and there was no significant difference in the weight different groups (P> 0.05). Also, the results of some biochemical indices in serum showed that, except for calcium weighed 1600 grams of silver carp, weighed more than other groups (P <0.05), weight gain has no effect on glucose, urea, triglyceride, cholesterol, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, albumin and total protein (P> 0.05). The results of this study showed that changes in body weight of silver carp in a similar age did not affect the blood indexes.

In this study, in order to investigation of acute toxicity heavy metal Znic on blood parameters ofJuvenileof Silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix), a total of 270 Juvenilefish with weight mean 51.6±8.1 gr and length mean 17.1±2 cm were exposed to 0, 5 and 10 mg/L of Zn (NO3)2 in Higher Educational Complex of Saravan during Desember 2017 to February 2018. Fish sampling was performed at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The results show that, hematocrite (Hct) in treatments 5 and 10 mg/lit showed significant difference with control (p<0.05). But hemoglobin (Hb) levels showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The result of differential count of leukocyte showed significant difference in 96 hrs (p<0.05). And these two treatments showed significant difference in white Blood Cells (WBC) with control. The number of red blood cells (RBC) showed significant difference in 12 and 96 hrs. These two treatments have shown a significant difference in number of red blood cells. Total protein in 5 and 10 treatments showed significant difference with control. The level of cholesterol in 10 mg/L treatment showed significant difference with 5 and control treatments (p<0.05). The level of albumin and triglyceride showed significant difference at 3 treatments but level of glucose showed no significant difference (p>0.05). According to the results, blood parameters and biochemical factors are sensitive factors in monitoring the toxicity and the stress caused by zinc particularly in acute concentrations.

Importance of the fish health diagnosis will be confirmed by aquaculture industrial development. Blood indices are useful biomarkers to assess the physiological status of aquaculture in response to applied stress and the changes in the fish body exactly in response to pollutants. In this study the lethal concentration of lead was determine in the 38.09 ppm through calculation of carp exposed to lead chloride at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours with the probit analysis, then in a separate experiment, fish were exposed at the acute and subacute treatments of lead chloride for 96 hours (10 and 50 percent of LC50 96h) and a control group each with 3 replicates were placed.After sampling, hematological and biochemical indices such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell, total number of white blood cells and red and differential count of blood cell, glucose, cortisol and total protein were studied. The results showed a significant reduction in red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin and an increase in the number of neutrophils by increasing the concentration of the toxin (P<0.05). Also it was significantly increased of glucose, cortisol observed in biochemical parameters and also a significant reduction in total protein (P<0.05). As a result, it can be stated that heavy metal lead could have physiological lesion and secondary stress response in fihses even under sub acute concentrations.

In this study, parasite infectious of fishes in Ardabil Neor Lake was investigated. Accordingly, 128 specimen of Prussian carp Carassius gibelio, the only species captured from the lake during this survey time, from spring until autumn 2016, once a season were sampled. Due to the climate of the region and because of severe cold weather and freezing of the lake, we did not have any specimen in winter. The fish specimens were in the age range of 1-3 years old and 108 samples female and 20 samples from them were male.  Average (±SD) weight and length of fish were respectively 91.56±77.71gand 6.54 ± 15 cm. In the survey of parasitology, monogene trematode of Dactylogyrus anchoratus was isolated and identified in the gills of the fish. The prevalence of this parasite in both spring and summer was 5.88% and 6.7% respectively, and its range was 1 in each season.This research was the first report from contamination of Prussian carp to D. anchoratus. Re-examination of the status of lake fish contamination is necessary before any aquaculture activity.

Digestarom P.E.P is a standardized commercial blend of phytogenic compounds (i.e. carvacrol, anthoole, and limonene) and perbiotic compounds (i.e. fructoliosaccharides) that have the main function of stabilizing the beneficial microbial flora of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary Digestarom P.E.P. on some growth performance, intestine morphology, and intestine microbial flora of the giant Gourami. Therefore, four experimental treatments containing 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg of Digestarom powder inn kg of feed were designed with three replicates. The diet with no additive substances was considered as a control group. Fry fish (initial weight of 1.3 ± 0.2 g) were fed with the supplement for a period of 60 days. At the end of the trial, some gastrointestinal traits (visceral index, intestinal lactobacilli bacteria, intestinal villus length and width) were measured. The results showed that the addition of Digestarom P.E.P. positively affecting the final weight, specific growth rate, and reduced feed conversion ratio in fry compared to control group (P<0.05). Also, that the maximum body weight (22.62 g) was related to 15% Digestarom P.E.P. and the lowest value (10.13 g) was related to control treatment (P<0.05). Results of visceral index showed no significant difference between treatments (P<0.05). Also, the highest number of lactobacilli bacteria was observed in treatment with 15% Digestarom P.E.P. and lowest in control treatment. The highest length of the intestinal villus was observed in treatments of 10 (963 μm) and 15 (962 μm) mg/kg Digestarom P.E.P. (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that the addition of phytogenic Digestarom P.E.P. at 15% in the fish diet may have a significant positive effect on growth performance and microbial flora of the gastro-intestinal tract.

The importance of aquatic animal diseases, as well as a large amount of reports on economic losses in the rainbow trout industry due to infectious disorders is not obscure todays. As a result, the emergence of antibiotic-resistance of bacteria led to higher demand for identifying the effective concentration of essences as an alternative antimicrobial agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Thymus vulgaris, Allium sativum, Cinnamomum verum and Cuminum cyminum essences on Streptococcus iniae growth rate, an in vitro experiment. To address that, the completely randomized design was performed with 3 replicates. Following bacterial culturing on plates, several wells were created and then four different concentrations (50, 100, 150,200 ppm) of each essence were injected into the wells. The plated were incubated for 24, 48, 72 and 120 h and the maximum inhibitory zone was measured by using a Caliper. Obtained results showed significant (P<0.001) combined effects of type of essence, essence concentration and time of incubation on bacterial growth. The maximum inhibition for S. iniae was observed in A. sativum, T. vulgaris and to some degree in C. cyminum and finally C. verum, which were significantly different (P<0.05). At the beginning of incubation (24 h), the most inhibition zone for S. iniae was found in A. sativum and T. vulgaris (P<0.05). In conclusion, the herbal essence applied here, had significant antibacterial effects but with different degrees.

Factors such as increased global consumption of fish reduced marine fish harvesting, profitability and economics have increased the interest in fish culture in the cage. Fish culture needs a desirable water quality which is the best way to achieve optimum survival and growth. The purpose of this research is to investigate the water quality in terms of being suitable for fish cage culture in the Aras Dam Reservoir in West Azarbaijan. Sampling was carried out from 3 sites each with seasonal period from summer 2017 to spring 2018. Sampling was performed on the entrance, middle of the Lake and the crown of the dam from the water surface. Water temperature (º C), E.C. (µs/cm), T.D.S.(mg/L), was measured with WTW E.C.meter, pH with WTW pH meter, DO (mg/L) using oximeter WTW model 320. The TSI trophy index was calculated based on the parameters of total phosphorus and secshi-disc depth.  The transparency of water varied from 0.5 to 1.3 m between sampling sites. Generally, the TP at each sampling site was higher in summer than the other seasons. The trophic condition of the Aras dam is the hypertrophy which indicates the high phosphorus load and contamination from the agricultural runoff in the lake. The concept of carrying capacity, shortage of fresh water sources and the presence of hypertrophic conditions in all sites and seasons indicate that the ecological conditions of the Aras dam are not suitable for fish cage culture, and therefore is not recommended.

Due to the potential of sewage to contaminate food and water resources, it is emphasized on the treatment of sewage. One of the most effective biological methods in the treatment of sewage is the use of plants. A group of these plants, which have recently been considered by researchers to treat sewage, are microalgae. Microalgae use sunlight to absorb nutrients from the sewage and make them more useful to biosphere. In this study, the possibility of removal of some pollutant parameters of wastewater was investigated using microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. For this purpose, microalgae was cultured in TMRL medium and the wastewater was prepared from the fish farming pool in Khuzestan province. The growth of microalgae in control and wastewater  treatment was measured every 48 hours, under constant conditions (temperature 27-23 ° C, 20ppt salinity, 2500 lux light intensity) in the period of 15 days. COD, BOD, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were measured and calculated every 48 hours. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant change in the number of microalgae in the control treatment, so that the highest number of algae was observed on the 11th day but it decreased relative to the 14th day. Also, the results showed a significant difference in the amount of BOD and COD removal was micro-algae culture, with the lowest amount of these two factors observed on the tenth day. The remaining nitrate also received the highest and lowest values on the third and tenth day, respectively. Nitrite was also the highest on the third day and on the 15th day it was the lowest.Phosphate levels also decreased significantly on days 3, 5, 10 and 15 compared to the first day (P <0.05). These results showed the ability of microalgae to reduce wastewater nitrogen and phosphorus and its potential for wastewater treatment. It seems that this microalgae is capable of removing nitrates and phosphates as well as the production of algal biomass in refining systems the effluent of the fish ponds is to be used before entering the natural environment, and the pool effluent can be used as a suitable fertile environment for mass production of this algae.

Honeybees have great potential for monitoring environmental quality, due to their wide-ranging foraging behavior and also their inherent properties. Therefore, this study was conducted to use of honeybees as a potential bioindicator for detection of as, Zn, Pb and Ni variation trends in the environment in 2016. In so doing, a total of 180 soil, plant (including root and aerial part), honeybees and honey samples were collected from 12 stations in the main regions of beekeeping and production of honey in Markazi Province, Iran. After preparation and acid digestion of samples, the heavy metal contents were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Based on the results among the analyzed bee samples, as was detected in amounts ranging from 0.03 to 11.95 mg kg-1, Zn was ranged from 42.32 to 168.00 mg kg-1, Pb was ranged from 0.10 to 19.92 mg kg-1 and Ni was ranged from 0.97 to 5.74 mg kg-1. Meanwhile, the mean contents of as, Ni, Pb and Zn (mg kg-1) in honey samples were estimated to be 0.55, 11.82, 0.36 and 1.88, respectively. The results indicated that the positive correlations were found between contents of as, Zn, Pb and Ni in areal part of Astragalus gossypinus and bee samples, while, the correlations between contents of As, Zn, Pb and Ni in areal part of A. gossypinus and honey samples were negative. Therefore, it should be admitted that bees can detect more precise changes of elements in the environment and for this reason, this species as a potential bioindicator can be used to the detection of various trends of heavy metals in the environment in which they live in.

Upon the conducted surveys on the whiteflies' fauna (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) in Mazandaran province, 17 species, Acaudaleyrodes rachipora Singh, 1931, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, 1915, Aleurolobus marlatti Quaintance, 1903, Aleurolobus moundi David & Subramaniam, 1976, Aleurolobus selangorensis Corbett, 1933, Aleyrodes singularis Danzig, 1966, Bemisia afer Priesner & Hosny, 1934, Bemisia giffardi Kotinsky, 1907, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, 1889, Bulgarialeurodes cotesii Maskell, 1896, Dialeurodes citri Ashmead, 1885, Dialeurodes kirkaldyi Kotinsky, 1907, Parabemisia myricae Kuwana, 1927, Siphoninus phillyreae Haliday, 1835, Trialeurodes packardi Morrill, 1903, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1856 and Trialeurodes variabilis Quaintance, 1900 were collected and identified. All the determined aleyrodids belong to 10 genera and one subfamily, Aleyrodinae. In this research, in addition to determining of aleyrodids' fauna in Mazandaran province and their host plants, identification key is given for the most important Iranian species. Totally 16 plant families were identified for the whiteflies of Mazandaran which of these, Rutaceae was detected as the host of more species of whiteflies. Aleyrodes singularis and Trialeurodes packardi are new records for the fauna of Mazandaran province.

This study was conduced to investigate some biological aspects of Banana shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) in protected areas of Hara in the Khuran straits international wetland. Sampling was carried out by four methods including trawling, stake net, gill net and trap from September 2016 to September 2017. A total of 745 specimens (448 females and 297 males) were collected and measured biometric data. Mean, maximum and minimum carapace lengths were recorded at 20.66, 43 and 5 mm for males, and 21.37, 40 and 8 mm for females, respectively. The sex ratio analysis was showed that there was a significant difference in male and female sex ratio of banana shrimp during the study period. Length-weight regression model estimated as W= 0.0009 L2.748 (male) and W= 0.0008 L 2.807 (female) with coefficient of detection R2 > 0.97. Estimation of growth parameters by using least squares regression analysis indicated that the growth of Banana shrimp in the protected area of ​​Hara (Strait of Khuran) for females and males were CL= 42[ 1-e -1.7( t-0.798) ] and CL= 33[ 1-e -1.43( t-0.91) ], respectively.

In this research, chitin and chitosan were extracted from the wastes of this aquatic Species, in three different ways, and then some of their biological properties were investigated. Acidic extraction of chitosan was obtained from shrimp shells 0.2 g and crab shells 0.15 g per 5 g dry shell. In the special extraction for crab, the highest amount of chitosan from crab was 0.4 g and in the next ranking shrimp with 0.3 g. Only in the extraction of Squid, which received 0.3 grams of chitosan per 5 grams of squid dried dry internal cattle. The average molecular weight of chitosan was determined by measuring the intrinsic viscosity, which is the highest molecular weight associated with shrimp shell with 18039 gr / mol and the lowest is related to 1668 gr / mol from squid. The highest water solubility was found in the chitosan produced from the Indian Squid shell of 92.81%. The study of the FT-IR spectrum showed that the highest percentage of deacetylation was related to squid with 92.39%. SEM evaluation was also conducted to study the molecular structure of extracted chitosan from three different sources with three different accuracy.

Toluene, with the chemical formula C6H5CH3, is one of the toxic and cancerous combinations of petroleum products and is one of the most important contaminants in the water. The high cost and low efficiency of some refining processes has created limitations in the elimination of these compounds. In the present study, the process of adsorption of toluene from aqueous solutions is investigated by nanocytosine adsorbent extracted from shrimp shell as a natural, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly adsorbent. Nano-chitosan is purchased from Sigma Aldrich USA. To determine the concentration of toluene, the Photonix Ar 2015 UV-Vis Array spectrophotometer is used at a wavelength of 206 nm. In order to determine the optimal conditions for the toluene adsorption capacity by nanocytosins, the effect of different pH parameters in the range of 3 to 8 and contact time in the range of 5 to 120 minutes is investigated in a laboratory scale in a discontinuous system. The optimal values ​​for these parameters are 5 and 35 minutes, respectively. The Freundlich model with R2 = 0.92 corresponded more to the balance data of toluene adsorption. The quasi-first-order and pseudo-second order kinetics models are used to test the kinetics of the reaction. Results indicated that the pseudo-second-order model with correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.99 had better fit with experimental data. The results showed that nanocytosins have a very good ability to use in the process of toluene removal from aqueous solutions.

In the current study, economic performance and production of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) were studied in conventional and biofloc aquaculture systems. Shrimp juveniles with a weight of 2.56±0.33 g (M ± SD) were fed for 5 weeks in fiberglass tanks with 180 liters volume and density of 1gr shrimp per liter in four treatments including one control group with water exchange (100% artificial feed) and three biofloc treatments, 100%, 66.6% and 33.3% artificial feed (without water exchange). According to the results, considering the values of water quality parameters and production and economic performances of Penaeus vannamei, there were significant differences between two systems (P <0.05). The highest increase in body weight, growth rate (0.136 g per day), specific growth rate (3 %/day), survival rate (90.48%) and feed efficiency were obtained in biofloc treatments (P<0.05). The maximum level of profitability obtained in biofloc systems, that showed significant difference compared with conventional system (P<0.05). Results of this study highlights the production and economic performance of Penaeus vannamei in juvenile stage could be improved with biofloc system; and the presence of biofloc improves economic performance of Penaeus vannamei in zero water exchange system.

The effect of different levels of water alkalinity on growth and reproductive indices of Artemia franciscana was investigated in biofloc culturing system. First, different levels of alkalinity (75, 150, 225, and 300 mg/l calcium carbonate) were provided in biofloc-based conditions; and then the best alkalinity level (in terms of nutrients contents and biofloc production volume) was investigated on the growth and reproductive indices of Artemia in two treatments containing the control group (Artemia grown in green water- mainly containing Dunaliella salina) and biofloc group. Biofloc production volume was significantly higher in 150 mg/l compared to other treatments (p<0.05). Also, the protein content of biofloc mass was higher in 150 mg/l, and was significantly higher than 75 mg/l (p<0.05). Total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, BOD, and TSS in biofloc treatment showed higher values than algal treatment. By increasing the water alkalinity, total hardness, total nitrogen, nitrite, and nitrate increased significantly in biofloc group (p<0.05). The ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids, and also the eicosapentaenoic to dicosahexanoic acid ratio in algal treatment were significantly higher than that of biofloc group (p<0.05). Accordingly, the alkalinity of 150 mg/l was proposed as the best alkali level for biofloc production. Considering the quantitative and qualitative characteristics, 150 mg/l alkalinity was recommended as the best level of alkalinity for biofloc production. At the end of the culture period, the comparison of growth rate and reproductive indices of Artemia in two groups showed that, despite no significant differences between groups, Artemia fed on algae indicated relatively better reproductive indices with respect to spawning frequency and total number of births (total length: 52.9, spawning frequency: 4, total number of births: 182.82 in algal treatment versus total length of 42.9, spawning frequency: 3.6 and total number of births: 130.66 in biofloc treatment). The survival rate, the time required for sexual maturation, and the ratio of cyst per nauplii production were higher in the biofolc group (survival rate: 80.2, the duration of sexual maturation (day): 18.8 and the ratio of cyst to nauplii production: 66.6% in biofloc treatment versus survival: 78.4, the duration of sexual maturation (day): 18.2 and the ratio of cyst to nauplii production: 56.4 in algal treatment). Based on the results, feeding Artemia with biofloc feed instead of algae is possible for the growth and mass production of Artemia on small-scale culture systems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the zooplankton population of eastern coasts of Chabahar and northern Makran Sea during 2017-18. Sampling was carried out using a 100 μm mesh Zooplankton cone net with a 30 cm opening diameter in horizontal span at 8 stations in Chabahar, Beris and Rimini Bay during four seasons from summer 2017 to spring 2018. Physicochemical properties of water were measured including temperature, salinity, pH and transparency at each sampling station. According to one-way ANOVA, there were no significant differences between the different seasons in transparency (p> 0.05). Significant differences were observed for the temperature, salinity and pH factors between the different sampling seasons (p <0.05). In this study, 10 classes of zooplanktons were identified. The Copepoda accounted for 66.87% of the zooplankton population followed by Bivalves (7.53%), Thaliacea (6%), and Polychaeta, Cephalochordata, Ostracoda (2.22%). The minimum zooplankton density was observed in winter with an average of 876.52 ± 41.62 individuals per cubic meter of water and the maximum density in autumn with an average of 1339.93 ±41.16 individuals per cubic meter of water. Also, a significant positive correlation was observed between zooplankton density and temperature (r= 0.628, p = 0.0001) or salinity (r=0.391, p = 0.027). According to the results, the structure of zooplankton communities in this region seems to be influenced by the changes caused by monsoon winds and coastal currents. Thus the production cycle and seasonal fluctuations of zooplankton depend on the response the environment exhibit to these changes. As a result, when zooplankton are exposed to severe disturbance (monsoon), several species become dominant species and reduce species homogeneity.

Abstract We assessed the macrozoobenthos community structure, biodiversity, and health status within Hara Biosphere Reserve mangrove ecosystem in the Bandar-e Khamir and Qeshm Island. Samples were collected from eight stations within two habitats, including pneumatophore zones (vegetated) and creek bank. Sampling conducted in January and February 2018. In total, 27 taxa belonging to 19 families were identified. The results showed that Opusia indica, Ctenodrilus sp. and Perinereis horsti were the most abundant species in Hara Biosphere Reserve. No significant differences were observed in the Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index between two regions (P= 0.53) and also habitats (P= 0.68). Multidimensional scaling plots were used to identify differences in benthic community structure between regions and habitats. The results showed that the community structure of habitats (vegetated, and creek bank) were significantly different, whereas there was no significant difference between Bandar-e Khamir and Qeshm. Regarding the environmental stress, the Abundance-Biomass Comparison index (ABC index) represented the healthy status of the ecosystem. The result of the current study provides essential information on density and biodiversity of benthic fauna and is central in understanding the community structure of the assemblages. The results will contribute to the success of the marine environmental protection strategies and management.

Water quality of Fusheh River (Guilan province) was examined using macrobenthose density, Hilsenhoff Biotic index and Shannon Winner diversity indices. Four sampling sites were selected and monthly sampling was conducted from May to December 2017 with a surber sampler (area of 900 cm2, mesh size of 300 µ) with 3 replicates in each sampling site. The collected macroinvertebrate samples were preserved in ethanol 96% and transferred to the laboratory for enumeration identification. In Total 4928 macrobenthoses specimens were identified belonging to 2 phyla, 3 classes, 8 orders, 25 families and 31 genera. Insect larvae dominated the samples. The most abundant groups of macrobenthoses were Diptera (53.09%) and family Simuliidae. Trichoptera (28.44%) with dominant family of Hydropsychidae and Ephemeroptera (16.24%) and the dominant family of Baetidae. Based on tolerance scores assigned to each family considering their resistance or sensitivity to pollution the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index was calculated. The results obtained from this Index categorized the Fusheh River in GOOD (some organic pollution) water quality class.BMWP/ASPT Biotic indices categorized site 1 and 2 (upstream) in suspected to pollution, site 3 and 4 (downstream) in moderately pollution classes. According to the Shannon wiener index the sampling sites 1, 2 and 4 were relatively polluted and sampling site 3 was polluted (P≤0.05).

The present study identified macrobenthos in the proximal part of the Kan River in the summer and autumn of 2015. Five stations in the study area are selected including top area of Shrine Davood, Shrine Davood, Rendane, Holy Noorbakhsh and Sooleghan. The geographic location of each site was recorded using GPS system. Sampling was done by quadrat seasonally. The highest prevalence of macrobenthos was in the summer. Maximum frequency in summer was observed in Noorbakhsh station with 142 samples of macrobenthos, but Sooleghan station with 12 samples of macrobenthos has minimum frequency. Among the identified species, class Insecta has the most frequency (99.2%) and class oligochaeta has the less frequency (0.8 %). Also, Culex sp. has the most abundant per square meter (213 sample per square meter) and Lumbricus terrestris and Tipula sp. has the less abundant (2 sample per square meter). According to a bio-indicator values of HFBI, water quality of Kan River is medium in top area of Shrine Davood and relatively poor in other stations.

In this study, the ecological status of Gorgan Bay is classified by using the results of biological indicators and diversity index. For this aim, data on macrobenthose and  the sedimentation characteristics were recorded at 22 sampling points during 2011 to 2012. According to the changes in the depth of the bay in different parts, the stations were classified into four groups of depth less than 1 meter, 1-2 meters, 2-3 meters and more than 3 meters. The total Range of organic matter, gravel, silt and clay in the Bay was recorded in (1.3-4.7), (47.1-57.7), (37.6-51.7) and (6.2-8.4) percent. The positive relationship between the total organic matter and the texture of bed indicates the accumulation of organic matter in the depths of the bay. By using multivariate tests the classified and distinct high depth from low depth of the bay, based on environmental conditions and parameters. The amplitudes change of Shannon index, BO2A and M-AMBI in the Bay were, calculated in range of (0.1-96.69), (0.02- 0.06) and (0.6- 0.8). Overall, according to the average of the calculated indices, Shannon weakened the whole ecological status of the bay and BO2A and M-AMBI indices the desired results were obtained. On the other hand, evaluation of the indicators showed that the condition of the shallow western part is better than the deep eastern part. This is can because of the region's hydrodynamic conditions and the adverse conditions for different benthic species due to the proximity to the River and other entrance around the bay.

these days, the importance of algae is growing as a major source of food, medicine and industry. The present study was conducted to determine the amount of anti-bacterial and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of S. tenerrimum on the Persian Gulf coast. In this study, measure some parameters like total antioxidant activity, total phenol, ability of iron ions trapping, DPPH free radical inhibitory activity and superoxide activity, showed that S. tenerrimum extract have high antioxidant properties (p<0/05). Also, the resistance of many pathogenic bacteria against artificial drugs and the side effects and cost of chemical drugs has attracted the scientist’s attention towards natural and herbal medicines. Therefore, antibacterial properties against seven different pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. Y. Ruckeri was the only bacteria resistant to this extract (p>0/05). According to the results of this study, the extract S. tenerrimum can be used as an antibacterial and antioxidant for food and medicine industry as well as cosmetics.

The present investigation was performed in order to monitor water quality and to establish the proper background for environmental studies in Bushehr province waters (Coastal Waters ofBushehr to Delvar). Sampling was occurred seasonally at depths of less than 10 m by using a Rottner sampler at 10 stations including Jophreh, Jalali, Dastak, Saretol, Helileh, Bandargah, Niroogah, Bushehr, Piazy and Delvar from the summer 2015 to the spring 2016. Amount of ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, Orthophosphate, silicate, total suspended matter and chlorophyll a were measured and then analyzed by one way ANOVA and Tukey tests. The average amounts of above parameters were recorded between 0.04-0.123 mg/l, 0.003-0.0944 mg/l, 0.0013-0.0212 mg/l, 0.010-1.812 mg/l, 0.147-1.257 mg/l, 21.93-44.67 mg/l and 0.37-2.77 mg/m3 , respectively. Other than the total amount of autumn and spring total suspended matter and summer Orthophosphate in a few stations, the concentration of other factors were in natural fluctuations during sampling periods.

Due to the conservation value of Bamu National Park, there are some uses within and around the park that have direct and indirect effects on the park. The park is one of the most important wildlife habitats in southwestern Iran that has been threatened by human conflict. The purpose of this study is to investigate the legal-environmental status of the Bamu National Park, especially for its destruction and aggression. In reviewing the laws and regulations governing Bamu National Park, the legal provisions and regulations that provide the requirements and guarantees for the implementation of this national park protection are evident, but certainly with the increasing complexity of environmental issues in the country and the challenges and challenges involved. The dilemmas in protecting national parks are clearly evident in the legal problems in Bamu National Park. The results showed that due to weaknesses in some cases such as inadequate crime and penalties, insufficient enforcement was guaranteed to prevent the encroachment and demolition of Bamboo National Park and their transfer to government departments and ultimately lack of coordination between the departments. This National Park had to be thoroughly revised and guaranteed.

Mahyaveh sauce is one of the traditional fermented products in the southern regions of Iran. In the present study, the effect of antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of savoury satureja hortensis in Mahveh sauce was evaluated in 30and 60 days at concentrations of 3(T1), 5(T2) and 8(T3) percent of the extract and the results were compared with control group . The results showed that the amount of crude lipid in Mahveh sauce was significantly different in the four groups (p ). Also, the highest levels of lipid in  days 30 and 60 were ,measured in  T3. The highest amount of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids was evaluated in the t2. The amount of peroxide produced in the four groups was significantly differ (p ).  The highest amount of TBRS on days 30 and 60 were reported for control and T1, respectively. Preparation of Mahveh sauce from sardines with addition of savoury extract during fermentation process reduced pH. The amount of pH in the control after preparation  was 4.46, which decreased by the time . Regard to the sensory evaluation, by comparing the factors studied on days 30 and 60, there were no significant difference between the odor, taste, appearance and consistency properties of the samples. The results showed that mahveh sauce with savoury extract  was acceptable in terms of qualitative, chemical and sensory factors regard to lipid changes. As a conclusion, the use of savoury extract improves the quality of Mahveh properties.