نشریه مطالعات کاربردی تندرستی در فیزیولوژی ورزش
سال دهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

 The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term caffeine supplementation on athletes' electroencephalographic signals during a strenuous exercise session.  

This quasi-experimental study consisted of a female student-athlete aged 24-28 years with at least two years of experience in sports. From this population, 20 people who voluntarily had the necessary conditions to enter this study were selected as a sample and were randomly divided into two groups of 10: experimental group (athlete consuming caffeine supplement) and control group (athlete taking placebo). And capsules containing caffeine (at a dose of 6 mg / kg body weight) and starch were consumed by each subject without knowing the contents of the capsule and one hour before the start of the exhausting protocol. For both groups, Bruce exhausted exercise protocol was performed to the point of fatigue, which consisted of six to seven three-minute steps with varying inclination and speed of the turntable. Also, all subjects were measured brain waves by electroencephalography in three stages (half an hour before caffeine consumption and one hour after caffeine consumption and after the exhaustion test).  

The results of this study showed that a session of strenuous exercise along with short-term caffeine supplementation in athletes causes significant changes in delta waves in the right hemisphere forehead and beta waves in the left hemisphere forehead (P <0.05).

Short-term caffeine supplementation before participating in an exhausting exercise activity session can improve electroencephalographic signals in athletes.

  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high intensity circuit training (HICT) on serum asprosin, lipid profile and some fitness factors in overweight and obese women.

Thirty overweight and obese women (BMI≥ 28)) with an age range of 30-45 years were purposefully selected in a quasi-experimental design with pre-test-post-test. They randomly divided to two groups: 15 subjects in HICT and 15 in control group. The preparation period was two weeks and the HICT training was eight weeks (three sessions per week with maximum intensity). Blood samples were taken in two stages before and 48 hours after the last training session. The amount of asprosin and lipid profile were measured by ELISA and spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using paired samples t-test and ANCOVA with significance level of (P <0.05).

 After 10 weeks of training, HICT training group showed a significant decrease in the amount of asprosin (p = 0.02), triglyceride (p = 0.01), total cholesterol (p = 0.02), VLDL, weight, fat percentage and BMI (p = 0.01) compared to the control group. Exercise training significantly increased the number of squats and push-up compared to the control group. However, HICT training did not show a significant effect on the increase in VO2max compared to the control group.

High intensity circuit training as a non-pharmacological and effective method can reduce serum asprosin, lipid profile and some fitness factors in overweight and obese women and improve their body composition.

  age is an  important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on serum levels of selected cardiac biomarkers including hs-CTnI and GDF-15 in elderly diabetic men.

This research was an experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. For this purpose, 24 people were selected from among diabetic elderly men (Age: 71.7±6.6 years, weight: 74.1±13.5 kg, body mass index: 26.7±4.4 kg/m2) as research subjects and randomly divided into 2 groups of resistance training (12 people) and control (12 people). The training protocol was designed for eight weeks with three sessions per week, eight movements and each movement with 70% of one maximum repetition for the training group. The control group was also monitored in Kahrizak nursing home without any exercise to compare with the experimental group and to evaluate the effect of eight-week pre-test and post-test blood sampling time. Chemiluminescence and sandwich ELISA were used to measure serum levels of hs-CTnI and GDF-15, respectively. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24 software.

Serum hs-CTnI levels decreased significantly after eight weeks of resistance training (p=0.001). While, Serum GDF-15 levels did not show significant changes (p=0.71).

Resistance training leads to different outcomes of cardiac biomarkers in elderly diabetic men. However, our data confirm that resistance training may improve cardiac risk factors in elderly diabetic men.

 One of the acute problems of the current human society is lack of physical activity, overweight and obesity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training along with spirulina consumption on total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde in overweight and obese men.

In this research, 44 men aged 30 to 50, with a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2, were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups of exercise + spirulina, exercise + placebo, spirulina and placebo. Resistance exercises were performed at 12 stations, for eight weeks and three sessions per week, in very light, light-medium and heavy intensities. The spirulina and placebo groups took two tablets (500 mg) of spirulina and placebo, respectively. Blood sampling was done before and after eight weeks, following a 12 hour overnight fast.  

In all groups except placebo, malondialdehyde significantly decreased (P=0.00) and total antioxidant capacity increased (P=0.00). Also, a significant difference was observed between the values ​​of malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity in the exercise + spirulina group with other groups (P=0.00). Exercise group + placebo and spirulina had a significant difference with placebo in terms of malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity (P=0.00). Exercise+placebo and spirulina group had no significant difference in the mentioned values ​​(P=0.95)..

Probably, the combination of resistance training and spirulina can have a positive effect on the peroxidative and antioxidant balance in overweight and obese men and prevent oxidative stress caused by exercise as well as overweight and obesity.

  Physical exercises and the consumption of medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory properties are one of the most widely used methods to reduce the complications of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training and curcumin consumption on glycemic index, adiponectin and lipid profile in obese men with type2 diabetes hyperlipidemia.

The current research was a double-blind semi-experimental type. The statistical population included men with type 2 diabetes (mean age 38.76±2.05 years and weight 89.00±2.96 kg), 60 people participated in this research. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups: high-intensity interval training, high-intensity interval training + curcumin, curcumin, and placebo-control. The training intervention was performed three times a week and the consumption daily of curcumin was 2100 mg in three servings of 700 mg, for 12 weeks. Body composition and biochemical indices were measured before and after exercise. One-way ANOVA, two-way factorial ANOVA for repeated measurements and paired samples t test were used to analyze the data.

Interactive effect of exercise and curcumin significantly increased adiponectin (p= 0.010), and significantly decreased glucose (p= 0.0001), insulin (p= 0.0001), HbA1c (p= 0.021), insulin resistance (p= 0.001), TC (p= 0.0001), TG (p= 0.001), LDL (p= 0.002) and HDL (p= 0.011). Exercise alone caused significant changes in all biochemical variables (p<0.05), but curcumin consumption alone did not cause significant changes (P>0.05).

Therefore, high-intensity interval training with curcumin consumption more improved glycemic status and lipid profiles in hyperlipidemia type 2 diabetes men more than the main effect of training and curcumin.

The aim of this study was to investigating the effect of high intensity interval training and endurance training along with jujube supplement consumption on the state of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity of testicular tissue of immature rats.

72 immature wistar rats with age of 22 days and weight of 60.64 ± 7.475 grams were randomly divided into 9 groups: control, intense interval training (HIT), intense endurance training (ICT), jujube , ICT + jujube, ICT + placebo, HIT training + placebo, HIT training + jujube and placebo. After a week of familiarization, the ICT protocol including running on a  rodent treadmill for 4 weeks (5 sessions/week) and the HIT protocol including 4 weeks (6 sessions/week) were performed. Distilled water gavage was given to the placebo groups, and jujube extract gavage was given to the jujube groups at a dose of 600 mg/kg of body weight, daily after training. The activities of SOD, GPX and CAT enzymes and MDA and TAC levels were measured by spectrophotometry and ELISA kit.

In the HIT group, a significant increase in SOD, GPX and TAC was observed after 4 weeks (P=0.001); In the ICT group, the amount of MDA decreased significantly after 4 weeks (P=0.022), while SOD (P=0.006) and TAC (P=0.001) had a significant increase. The amount of antioxidant activity and the level of MDA and TAC did not change significantly in the group of HIT + jujube extract, on the other hand, in the ICT + jujube extract group, only CAT had a significant decrease (P = 0.012).

 The results of the present study showed that intense interval and endurance training has reduced oxidative stress and significantly increased antioxidant enzymes in testicular tissue and immature rats. However, due to the few studies done in this field, more research is needed.

 Nesfatin-1 is an adipokine that is secreted from adipose tissue and is involved in the regulation of insulin action and glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was  Comparison the effect of 8 weeks different exercises (endurance, resistance and combined) on serum levels of nesfatin-1 and insulin resistance index in women with type 2 diabetes.

This quasi-experimental study included a pre-test and post-test with 3 experimental groups and one control group. The statistical sample of this research was included of women with type 2 diabetes, with an average age (50.82+6.7 years) and body mass index (29.82+4.35 Kg/m2), That were divided into four groups of 15 people: 1- aerobic training, 2- resistance training, 3- combined training and 4- control group. Blood samples were collected before the beginning of the exercises and 48 hours after the end of the exercises in the fasting state. Dependent T test was used to evaluate intra-group difference, ANOVA test was used to evaluate inter-group difference, significance level p < 0.05.

The findings showed that the serum levels of nesfatin-1 in the resistance training groups (p=0.02) and combined training (p=0.009) increased significantly after the intervention, the fasting glucose serum level in the aerobic groups ( (p=0.04) and combined (p=0.04), insulin serum level in the combined group (p=0.007), insulin resistance index in the combined group (p=0.006), serum TG level in aerobic groups (p=0.007) (p=0.006) and combined (p=0.006), LDL serum level in resistance groups (p=0.018) and combined (p=0.001), cholesterol serum level in aerobic groups (p=0.03), resistance (p=0.04) and combined (p=0.02), BMI index in the combined group (p=0.001), body fat percentage also decreased significantly in the combined group (p=0.04). Also, HDL serum levels in the aerobic (p=0.006) and combined (p=0.005) groups and beta cell performance index in the combined group (p=0.001) increased significantly.

According to the results of this study, it seems that combined exercises are a more suitable stimulus for increasing nesfatin-1 serum levels and reducing risk factors in women with type 2 diabetes.

Leptin and lipoprotein lipase are important factors in the process of fat metabolism and energy homeostasis, and the effect of different methods of exercise training has been less studied. The aim of this study was the effect of three types of HIT, HIIT and MIT exercises on leptin and lipoprotein lipase gene expression in the subcutaneous fat tissue of male rats.

32 male rats with an average weight of 237 ± 25 grams were prepared. Mice were randomly divided into four equal groups of control, moderate-intensity aerobic training, high-intensity aerobic training, and high-intensity intermittent aerobic training. The training groups participated in training programs for 8 weeks. The expression of leptin and lipoprotein lipase genes was determined using RT-PCR laboratory method. To investigate the difference between groups of variables, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test and SPSS-24 software were used..

The results showed that there was a significant difference in the expression of leptin and lipoprotein lipase between the groups (control, HIT, HIIT and MIT)(p=0.001).Tukey's test results showed that although performingHIT, HIIT and MIT exercises decreased leptin gene expression (p=0.001) and increased lipoprotein lipase compared to the control group(p=0.001).However, no significant difference was observed between training groups(HIT, HIIT and MIT)in leptin and lipoprotein lipase changes.

The results of the present study showed that HIT, HIIT and MIT all cause changAes in leptin and lipoprotein lipase gene expression, but it seems that the changes in leptin and lipoprotein lipase in HIT exercises were more than in MIT and HIIT.

  Oxidative stress in different organs is the main challenge for athletes who undergo strenuous training. This study investigated the effect of curcumin supplementation along with HIIT on the antioxidant balance of skeletal muscle, heart, and liver in male Wistar rats.

Forty two male Wistar rats aged six-eight weeks, after one week familiarization period, were randomly divided into 6 groups; Control, Curcumin, 48hrs Curcumin, HIIT, HIIT+Curcumin, and HIIT+48hrs Curcumin. HIIT training (8 weeks, 5 sessions a week) carried out on a rodent treadmill. Curcumin supplement (30 mg/kg.BW) injected Intraperitoneally (eight weeks, three times a week; or last 48 hours, every 8 hours) in the supplemented groups. GPX activity was measured by Elisa Kit and the MDA level was assessed by spectrophotometric method.

One-way ANOVA results showed that GPX activity of the HIIT group in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver were significantly (P<0.05) lower, and MDA levels of the heart were significantly (P=0.001) higher than the control group. Also, GPX activity of skeletal muscle (P=0.001), heart (P=0.004), and liver (P=0.029) in the HIIT+curcumin and HIIT+48hrs curcumin group of the heart (P=0.008) were significantly higher than HIIT group. MDA levels of heart in the HIIT+curcumin (p=0.001) and HIIT+48hrs curcumin (P=0.001) groups were significantly lower than the HIIT group.

In spite of different oxidative stress responses of tissues to the HIIT training, curcumin supplementation during the last 48 hours of strenuous HIIT, as well as during eight weeks, could prevent oxidative stress, and improves antioxidant capacity.

Obesity leads to insulin resistance by changing the balance of proteins involved in glucose metabolism, and exercise training can improve glucose hemostasis by effecting obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training using thera-band on serum levels of Netrin-1 and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in sedentary overweight and obese women.

Methods:

 Twenty overweight and obese women (body mass index 32.01±3.01 kg/m2, mean aged 44.9±3.43 years) randomly divided into two groups of resistance training and control. Subjects in experimental group participated in eight weeks of resistance training using thera-band, four sessions per week. Blood samples have been taken before and 48 hours after last training session to measure the blood factors assessed. Data analyzed by Co-Variance and P<0.05 considered significant.

Significant differences existed between training and control groups for serum levels of Netrin-1 (P=0.024) and insulin (P=0.008), HOMA-IR (P=0.009), weight (P=0.001) and body fat percent (P=0.001).

Resistance training presumably results in decreases in insulin resistance through augmentation of serum Netrin-1 levels in sedentary overweight and obese women.

  Exercise is a type of non-pharmacological treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes, and at the same time, the molecular mechanisms responsible for genetic adaptations to it, especially in the pancreas, are less known. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on the function of beta cells and uncoupled protein 2 of the pancreas of diabetic obese rats.

In this experimental study, 24 obese diabetic and healthy rats (220 ± 5 g) were randomly divided into three equal groups: HE healthy, DI diabetic, and DI-AT aerobic training diabetic. The DI-AT group participated in a 12-week aerobic training program with 5 sessions per week, and the control group did not participate in any training program. Glucose concentration was measured by glucose oxidase colorimetric method, serum insulin by ELISA method and UCP2 gene expression by RT-Real time PCR method. The data were analyzed using the statistical method of one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of 0.05.

At the end of the research, the relative expression of pancreatic tissue UCP2 gene and HOMA-B of the DI-AT group was significantly lower than the DI group (PHOMA-B = 0.001: PUCP2 = 0.001). And it was more than HE group (PHOMA-B=0.001: PUCP2=0.001).

Aerobic training improves the glycemic profile and insulin level in type 2 diabetic rats, probably part of this improvement can be related to the change in the relative expression of UCP2 gene in the pancreatic tissue of diabetic rats.

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise at different times of day on hemorheological variables.

For this reason, fifteen healthy male subjects (Mean±SD: age, 24.7±2.3 years, weight, 65.2±7.3 kg, height, 171.1±10.2 cm) participated in the present study voluntarily. All subjects performed an aerobic exercise protocol on a cycle ergometer at intervals of 3 days and at four different times of day (08:00, 12:00, 16:00 and, 20:00). In each session, subjects performed the cycling protocol for 30 minutes at an intensity corresponding to 90% of HRmax after warming up. Heart rate and rate of perceived exertion were recorded during 30 minutes of exercise. In each trial, two venous blood samples (10 ml) were taken before and immediately after exercise. Blood samples were analyzed for hemorheological variables (blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, fibrinogen, albumin and, total protein).

statistical analysis of data revealed no significant effect of time of day on responses of blood viscosity (P=0.056), plasma viscosity at a shear rate of 12 (P=0.070), hematocrit (P=0.152), fibrinogen (P=0.078), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P=0.461), heart rate (P=0.838) and mean arterial blood pressure (P=0.581). However, time of day significantly affected responses of plasma viscosity (P=0.045, shear rate of 60), total protein (P=0.014), and body temperature (P=0.035) to endurance exercise.

According to the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that except for plasma viscosity at the high shear rate, responses of hemorheological variables to exhaustive endurance exercise are not related to the time of day that exercise is performed.  Therefore, it seems that healthy people can probably exercise at different times of the day without worrying about their blood status.