امیرحسام پاسبان

Floods are one of the natural phenomena that can cause significant damage to infrastructure, farmlands, and the environment. This phenomenon primarily occurs due to heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or a combination of these factors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to map flood hazard zones and examine their relationship with land use using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) model in the Razi Chay watershed in Ardabil Province.

In this study, data from Landsat 8 satellite imagery from 2022, a 30-meter ASTER DEM map, a 1:50,000 scale topographic map, a 1:250,000 scale geological map, and other detailed information of the studied watershed were utilized. Ten parameters influencing flood occurrence were analyzed, including elevation, slope, slope aspect, vegetation cover, geological formations, distance from the river, flow direction, land use, precipitation, and drainage density. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) model was employed to determine the importance of each variable.

Among the studied parameters, slope (with a weight of 30%), elevation (with a weight of 21%), and land use (with a weight of 17%) were assigned the highest weights, indicating their significant influence in controlling flood occurrence in the Razi Chay watershed. The results show that approximately 36% of the Razi Chay watershed falls within high-risk and very high-risk zones. These areas are typically located in the lower part of the watershed, often at the confluence of the two main streams. Considering the spatial distribution of settlements in the region, it can be concluded that most of the settlements in the lower part of the watershed are exposed to flood risks

Soil erosion is one of the environmental problems that is a threat to natural resources, agriculture and environment, and in this regard, time and place information of soil erosion plays an effective role in management measures, erosion control and watershed management. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the amount of soil erosion in Kozehh Topraghi watershed with the model (RUSLE) and its relationship with vegetation indicators. To achieve the goal of the research, the RUSLE experimental model, which includes R, K, LS, C and P factors, has been used. For this purpose, using the rain gauge data obtained from the Meteorological Organization, the soil texture layer 1:250000 of Iran, the digital model of 30 meters height of Aster and also the satellite image of Landsat 8 OLI have been prepared in the environment of the geographic information system (GIS) and after overlapping layers, the amount of annual soil erosion at the basin level was estimated. In the next step, the geomorphic and vegetation indices that are effective in the occurrence of soil erosion include topographic moisture index (TWI), waterway power index (SPI), domain curvature index (Curvatore), section curvature index (Profil Curvatore), surface curvature index (Plan) Curvatore) and Normal Vegetation Index (NDVI) were created in ArcMap environment and zoning maps were prepared. In line with this, GIS 10.8, ENVI 5.6, Excel, Word software were used to prepare maps as well as analysis. The results of this study showed that the amount of soil erosion for the whole basin was estimated between 0 and 26.63 tons per hectare per year. In another study, the relationship between geomorphic indices and vegetation cover with annual soil erosion rate was conducted, and the results showed that surface curvature indices and normal vegetation cover are the most influential with correlation coefficients of 0.39 and 0.26, respectively, compared to other indices. Also, Curvatore has the least effect with a value of 0.021. Therefore, it is concluded that based on the results obtained from the analysis of parameters related to erosion in the RUSLE model, as well as the indicators used in relation to soil erosion, finally, the surface curvature index and the vegetation index as an influencing factor compared to other parameters have the highest performance in the estimation of watershed soil erosion. The results of this research confirm the possibility of combining effective geomorphic and vegetation indicators on erosion, as well as the possibility of using other effective indicators and RS and GIS capabilities to quantitatively estimate soil erosion values. A

The aim of the current research is the zoning of floods in the Balikhlichai River with different return periods in Ardabil province. HEC-RAS hydraulic model was used for flood risk zoning and geometric data processing was done through HEC-GEORAS add-on. Then, using Hyfran software, the return periods of different floods were extracted. The main data required for this research include: 1:2000 topographic maps of Balikhlichai river, hydrometric data and boundary conditions of the river, which were obtained from the regional water organization of Ardabil province. Based on the analysis, the results of flood zoning with different return periods were determined. Flood zoning with a return period of two years, around 101 hectares of land around the river will be submerged and there will not be that much loss of life and money. Flood zoning with a return period of 10 years with an area of ​​131 hectares and the width of the flood zone is 399 meters. Flood zoning with a return period of 50 years will reach an area of ​​145.5 hectares and the width of the flood zone will be about 549 meters, which can cause financial and human losses. Finally, flood zoning with a return period of 200 years will be reached with an area of ​​153.5 hectares and a width of 591 meters, which will cause a lot of damage to the urban and rural areas around the Balikhlichai river. It is concluded that based on flood zoning with a return period of 50 and 200 years, it will be dangerous for human societies. Finally, in order to reduce human and financial losses based on the flood zoning of the Balikhlichai river, measures such as: not encroaching on the river boundary, preventing the change of land use to residential use and Proper drainage of river water is suggested based on flood zone.

, the purpose of the current research is to assess and zonate the risk of flooding using the MFFPI model in Shafarood watershed, Gilan province. In this regard, in order to achieve the goals of the research, 6 parameters of the MFFPI model were used, including the parameters of slope, slope, flow density, soil texture, rock permeability, and land use. For this purpose, Landsat 8 satellite images, topographic map with a scale of 1:50000, geology 1:100000 of Razvanshahr city (taken from the Natural Resources Organization) were used to extract and prepare functional maps. In the next step, the mentioned maps were produced in the Arc Map environment. Finally, based on the scoring table of the MFFPI model, each of the maps extracted using the Raster Calculator plugin was given a weight corresponding to the classification class, and the weighted layers of the parameters of domain curvature, slope, flow density, soil texture, rock permeability, and land use were produced. In the last step, by combining the 6 parameters of the studied model, the final flash flood zoning map for the Shafarood watershed was prepared and produced in 5 classes (very low, low, medium, high and very high risk). The results of the final flood zoning showed that the areas of the southern and southwestern parts of the basin had very high and high risk potential, and on the other hand, the central parts of the basin had medium and low risk potential. The results of this research can help managers and relevant officials to identify and deal with possible flood risks in the future, especially in areas with high flood risk potential, to prevent financial and life losses for the studied area by making correct decisions.

Soil erosion is inevitable phenomenon that seriously threatens soil and water resources; and is a function of several factors, which are based on certain conditions of each region; one or more agents may be effective in its intensifications. So the study of soil erosion, assessment of variables, and affective parameters is essential.In the method study of a library-based research studies, the field, and the use of quantitative models to estimate erosion and sediment, ARC GIS software is used. Considering that in soil erosion, several parameters systematically are effective and recognizing them as affecting factors on the rate of erosion and sediment is very important. So among the various methods of estimating erosion and sediment, EPM method is used as a selected techniques and Environmental Parameters in its model due to conforming weather condition in Iran.The result suggests that the study basin of severity of erosion is in class four –the low erosion-. The rate of total erosion and sediment of basin is respectively estimated by 239997.68 and 206396.3 cubic meters per year.

 the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between land use changes and ground surface temperature in Parsabad city in Ardabil province using Google Earth Engine system. In this regard, the land use map of Parsabad city was prepared by calling the data of Sentinel 2 and Sentinel 1 satellites in the Google Earth Engine programming environment, and in the next step, its correctness and overall accuracy were validated using the Kappa coefficient. In the next step, the data of Sentinel 5 satellite was used to investigate the aerosols of the studied city, and its daily trend was calculated using the regression and skewness method during the period of 2023-2018. In the next step, the pollution density map of the studied city was drawn and by calling MODIS satellite data, temperature anomaly map and average temperature during the time period of (2018-2023) were prepared, and the night LST trend and the night LST thermal island profile chart in the mentioned time period In the summer months (July) with an average of 297 Kelvin, and minimum values are observed in the winter months (January) with an average of 270 Kelvin. Finally, by extracting the data of city aerosol density maps with average temperature in ArcMAP software environment, the correlation between these two phenomena was analyzed by simple linear regression method. The results showed that there was an inverse relationship between these two phenomena. Also, the amount of daily aerosols has been increasing since the middle of 2021 and its negative skewness has shown the increase of pollution in the inner city areas in recent years.

Active geomorphology studies the dynamic and dynamic processes that are effective in the formation of the earth and its features (Taghian and Malekzadeh, 1401; Keller and Pinter, 2002). Geomorphic indices can be used as a useful and efficient tool in investigating tectonic and neotectonic activities, because by using them, you can easily identify areas that have experienced fast or slow tectonic activities in the past (Abedini, 2015). These indicators show the relationship between tectonics and surface effects well, and with the knowledge of this relationship, tectonic events can be interpreted by examining the shapes and unevenness of the earth's surface (Morisava and Hack, 2020).Iranian plateau is a folded alpine region. Currently, it is under pressure from all sides and neotectonic movements are still continuing in it. The occurrence of frequent earthquakes in Iran is one of the consequences of active neotectonic movements at present. The location of the epicenter of most of the recorded earthquakes along the two folded and young belts of the northern and southern margins (Alborz and Zagros), Iran, shows this connection well (Berberian & King, 1981). Almost no region in the world can be found that has not been affected by neotectonic changes during the last few thousand years (Keller & Pinter, 2002).

The Dizj Safar Ali Chai watershed is located in the 100,000th sheet of Varzeghan in a part of the Alborz-Azerbaijan tectonic unit that includes Qara Dagh and Arsbaran mountains, and it is one of the sub-basins of the Varzeghan watershed in East Azerbaijan province. (figure 1). Barracks and alluvial cones can be seen on the southern edge of Varzeghan around the Dizaj Safar Ali Chai river. Due to the hard rock units and the mountainous nature of the region and the high slope of the rivers in the northern part of the basin, they have often created narrow valleys. Except for the southern part of the region, which consists of Pliocene deposits and has smooth and worn surfaces, the rest of the region is formed of sharp and rough ridges due to the presence of hard rocks despite rainfall and erosion. Locally and regionally, due to the processes Chemical weathering and alteration, mountains with worn and smooth surfaces are also observed. In Figure (1), the geographical location of the studied area is presented. Figure 1- Geographical location of the studied area, source: authors, 2022.

The AF values for the studied basin are calculated as 300. As can be seen, the degree of symmetry in the Safar Ali basin is low and indicates the uplift on the left bank of the main waterway and tectonic activities and asymmetry (Figure 8 and Table 1). This index reflects the balance between erosion forces (with a tendency to create sinusoidal fronts) and tectonic forces with a tendency to create straight fronts (Verios et al., 2004). Different researchers have expressed different values to indicate the level of activity of the basin by this index (Table 4) and (Figure 10), numerical values close to 1 of the Smf index indicate mountains that are associated with active uplift and have straight fronts and depressions and outwards. They have less impact, but if the amount of uplift is reduced or becomes zero, the erosion process starts and shapes the mountain forehead in a sinusoidal and irregular manner, which becomes more irregular with the passage of time. Therefore, the increase in the slope of the mountain front (Smf index) indicates the tectonic stability of that front. The level of the slope of the mountain front in the Safar Ali watershed is 2.16, which is semi-active. In general, the lower this value is, the more active the area is. The obtained value indicates the semi-active tectonics in the region. Figure (10) shows the SMF index map of the studied basin.

Paying attention and understanding the dynamics and dynamics of the natural environment with a systemic and basin approach is of great importance and necessity in regional development and construction planning, because the accurate knowledge of these features can lead to the improvement of the environment and prevent the occurrence of hazards and financial and life losses. reduce Knowing the morphotectonic and morphodynamic issues and features in the Safar Ali drainage basin, the main purpose of this research was to investigate and analyze the amount of tectonic activities using geomorphological indicators such as asymmetry indicators (Af), drainage density index (D) and hypsometric integral. , the amount of sinuosity or meandering of the river (RS), the sinuosity of the mountain front (smf) and the ratio of the basin shape (BS) indicate the tectonic activity in the Safar Ali Dizaj catchment, and according to these results, it can be said that the Safar Ali Dizaj basin It has relatively high and active tectonic activity and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults of the region. The study and investigation of geomorphological and morphometric indicators in Dizj Safar Ali basin indicates that tectonics is active in the region. The results of this research showed that the Dizaj Safar Ali basin has a relatively high and semi-active tectonic activity, and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults in the region. Due to the existence of many faults around, near and inside the Dizj basin. Safar Ali and tectonic activity in the region, it can be said that the intensification of morphodynamic activity in the Safar Ali basin is related to and affected by tectonic factors in this basin. Finally, due to the presence of numerous faults in Varzghan region and near and within the study area, tectonic movements and earthquakes and range processes (creep, subsidence, landslides and soliflexion) are not far from expected in the area. Therefore, officials and subordinate organizations should apply special measures in civil works and constructions in this area in order to reduce the occurrence of human and financial losses and not to harm the well-being and comfort of the people.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the amount of soil loss in the land uses of the Nirchai watershed using the RUSLE model in Ardabil province. In order to carry out this research, first, the satellite image of the studied area related to the year 1400 and the month of June was received from the American Geological Research Center, and after atmospheric and radiometric corrections, a land use map was prepared using the supervised classification method using the support vector machine method. Then the RUSLE model was used to estimate the erosion rate. SPSS 21, Excel, ArcGIS 5.4, Archydro and ENVI 5.3 software were used to analyze and produce maps in this research. RUSLE model parameter layer includes rain erosion layer, soil layer, topography layer, vegetation layer and soil protection factor as well as various statistics related to rain gauge stations, hydrometry, topographic maps 1:50000, geology 1:100000 as well as DEM (20 meters area) and GIS geographic information system and remote sensing have been used. The results of this study showed that the average amount of annual soil erosion for the whole basin ranges from 0.5 to 14.25 tons per hectare per year. Also, the investigation of the regression relationships between the factors of RUSLE model and the amount of annual soil erosion showed that the topography factor (LS) with the highest value of the coefficient of determination R^2=0.93 is the most important in estimating the annual soil erosion using the RUSLE model.

Soil erosion is one of the serious environmental threats that can affect the political, social and economic aspects of countries. One of the widely used experimental models for estimating the amount of soil erosion is the modified global soil erosion equation known as the RUSLE model. The purpose of this research is to analyze and zonate the amount of soil erosion and its relationship with hydrogeomorphic indicators and vegetation cover of Khiavchai Meshkinshahr watershed in Ardabil province. RUSLE model factors include rain erosion (R), soil erodibility (K), topography (LS), vegetation (C) and protection operations (P). respectively, by using rainfall data, soil texture layer, digital model of height and land use were prepared in the environment of geographic information system (GIS) and after overlapping the layers, the amount of annual soil erosion between 0 and 150.54 tons per hectare per year in The area level was estimated. In the next step, the hydrogeomorphic and vegetation indices that are effective in soil erosion include topographic moisture index (TWI), waterway capacity index (SPI), domain curvature index (Curvatore), section curvature index (Profil Curvatore), surface curvature index (Plan) Curvatore) and Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) were created in ArcMap environment and zoning maps were prepared. The results of this research also showed that the topography factor with a correlation coefficient of 0.92% had the greatest impact on the estimation of annual soil erosion by the RUSLE model. In another study, the relationship between hydrogeomorphic indices and vegetation cover with annual soil erosion rate was conducted, and the results showed that normal vegetation cover indices and cross-sectional curvature were the most and least effective with correlation coefficients of 0.57 and 0.05, respectively, compared to other indices.The results of this research confirm the possibility of combining the effective indicators of hydrogeomorphic and vegetation on erosion, as well as the possibility of using other effective indicators and the capabilities of RS and GIS to quantitatively estimate the amounts of soil erosion.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between these pollutions in urban areas and heat islands in Ardabil City. In this regard, the land use map of Ardabil City was drawn in the Google Earth Engine system by calling the data of Sentinel 2 and 1 satellites, and its overall accuracy and correctness were checked with the Kappa coefficient. In the next step, to investigate the aerosols of Ardabil City, Sentinel 5 satellite data was used and its daily trend was obtained by regression method. The skewness of aerosols was calculated for 2018-2023 and the pollution density map of Ardabil City was drawn. Then, by calling the MODIS satellite data, the temperature anomaly map and the thermal island of Ardabil City were drawn during 2018-2023, and the night LST trend in the mentioned period and the profile diagram of the night LST thermal island were obtained. By extracting the data of urban aerosol density maps with the thermal islands in ArcGis software, the correlation between temperature and the thermal island of Ardabil City was investigated. The results showed that there is a direct relationship between these two phenomena, such that the amount of daily aerosols in Ardabil City has taken an upward slope since the middle of 2021, and its negative skewness has shown an increase in pollution with high density and occurrence in inner city areas. The pollution density map also showed that the amount of aerosol has increased significantly in the inner city areas and intercity roads of Ardabil City. As a result, the temperature anomaly in urban and residential areas has increased significantly and led to the formation of a thermal island with an average temperature of 8.22 degrees Celsius, which reached its maximum in July.

Environmental hazards, both natural and human, are threatening and capable of harming the human physical and social environment. This damage not only occurs during the occurrence, but is also likely in the long term Environmental hazards are caused by three factors: nature, human and technology The increase in the world's population from three billion people in 1960 to 7.6 billion people a year and the possibility of its increase to 11 billion people in 2050 is one of the reasons for the pressure on nature and the occurrence of hazards Every year many natural hazards and disasters occur in our country, therefore, today it is time for the planners and policy makers of the society to accept that there are always strange events in nature and to predict the possibility of their occurrence in their plans and programs so that when they occur with the volume to face less problems. In other words, knowing the risks is important to reduce them, more important is that people and societies accept the reality of the existence of risks. The frequency and spread of calamities caused by natural hazards has increased In most cases, natural disasters cause severe financial and human losses and disrupt economic and social activities.

Virmoni catchment area is located between 48°43° to 48°50° east longitude and 38°21° to 38° north latitude. This basin is one of the large sub-basins of Talash and rivers in the northwest of Gilan, which originates from the western heights of Astara city (Mount Espinas) at an altitude of 1300 meters and passes through the village of Laton and after passing through the villages of Laton , Turk Mahalle, Awad Ler, Sayadler, Jibreel Mahalle, Sheikh Mahalle, Amir Mahalle and Bijarbin closes at zero altitude near the village of Virmoni, and the branch continues past the middle of Astara city and finally empties its water flow into the Caspian Sea. do The studied basin is limited to Lundville basin from the south, Bezoune basin from the southeast, Caspian sea from the east, Astrachai and Azerbaijan Republic in the north, and Astrachai basin in the west. Its direction is first southwest-northeast and after the exit of the basin in the mountain (the place where the basin closes) it has a general west-east direction. The area of its small water basin at the point of entering the plain is 45 square kilometers, the length of its main branch is 13 kilometers and its shape is elongated, and the average annual volume of the river flow at the point of entering the plain is 28 and 47 million square meters at the Astara station. The water flow of this river has been under investigation and control since 1364, and its power source is the annual rainfall of the area in the rainy season and the melting of the snow in the highlands in the hot season. In (Figure 1) the geographical location of Virmoni watershed is presented.

General Geology of Talash: This mountain range with a north-south (N-S) trend is basically an anticline, which has a north-south axis, the eastern slope has a steep slope and the western slope has a relatively gentle slope. The border of this mountain range with the Caspian sea basin is probably a fault (Astara fault). Talash mountain range is divided into two major parts under the main divisions of Tektunuk: Eastern zone and Western zone. It may be possible to imagine the Noor fault as the boundary of these two zones, as the deposits of the eastern part of the fault are mainly formed from a large amount of clastic sediments along with volcanic activities related to the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene times, and have created anticlines and transgressions in the north-south direction. In its core, in the area of Khutbah Sera, they have found a complex of metamorphosis. Therefore, the oldest rock unit includes metamorphic rocks belonging to the Precambrian, and formations belonging to the Jurassic and Cretaceous, such as limestone, sandy limestone, and pyroclastic rocks of the Cretaceous and Paleogene, including sandstone, conglomerate, gray shales, tuffs, andesitic flows. Agglomerate tuff and basalt and sand and silt sediments along with gypsum and salt layers are outcropped in the west of Astara. There are no limestones that can feed the underground water table of the plain in the region, and only in the headwaters of some rivers, there are Cretaceous limestone formations in the form of silty limestones and sand with many joints and cracks, which play an essential role in the formation of the river's base discharge.

The current research is under the title of zoning the potential of natural hazards in the Virmoni catchment basin, which during the past seasons has investigated the performance of various natural and human factors influencing the occurrence of natural hazards and the effect of these hazards on the environment and finally preparing a zoning map of the potential of occurrence. According to the results obtained in the topographic section, the area under study is located in the extreme north-west of Talash mountains, and it consists of two parts, the foothills and the plains, and the topographical factors that are effective in the mass movements of this area are the slope, direction and height. According to the studies conducted in the climate section, based on the climate coefficient calculated by Dumarten and Amberget methods for the selected station, this region is located in a very humid climate. In terms of rainfall, it is one of the regions that benefit from the highest rainfall in the country. The effects caused by this type of weather due to excessive rainfall have caused the soil of this region to increase the adhesion and adhesion of its particles and grains to each other, and the penetration of water due to heavy rainfall and increased water pressure has caused Slope movements, especially landslides in the slopes, and the occurrence of heavy rainfall for several days also cause floods. According to the vegetation department studies, the majority of the area is of dense forest vegetation type. This factor prevents landslides to a large extent despite the availability of other natural conditions, but in case of land use change, the conditions for landslides occur. Landslides occur after heavy and continuous rains. The geomorphological studies of the region show that, after the stabilization of the structural geomorphology of the region and the creation of the current complications at the beginning of the Quaternary, the dominant phenomenon in the region, apart from the change of the Caspian Sea bed level during the glacial and interglacial periods, is probably chemical weathering with great intensity. has been high Because considering the current climate (Astara synoptic station) where the rainfall is more than 1368 mm, the average annual temperature is 15.9 degrees Celsius, good conditions are provided for chemical weathering; Especially since the number of frosty days in the region is very few. The evidence in the region indicates that the region follows the Caspian system. According to the climatic information of Astara, based on Peltier's morphogenic model, the weathering system will be of medium chemical type with weak ice performance. In such a system, river morphogenesis is intense, mass movement is moderate, and wind morphogenesis is very weak. However, human intervention in changing the environment and manipulating the unevenness has accelerated the occurrence of the normal phenomena of geomorphology, i.e. the process of morphogenesis. In general, the most important results obtained in understanding the risk factors are as follows: The most important factor in the creation of fine surface materials and clays and silts is chemical erosion caused by rain on rocks. The rocks in which the most landslides have occurred are mostly volcanic igneous rocks with volcanic lava, cataglomera and shale with their surface materials such as clay, marl and silt. The lack of proper drainage of the underground waters that are located on the upper level and the infiltration of sewage water on top of some slopes, which increase the water pressure between the holes of the rocks and the surface materials of the slopes, cause an increase in the number of landslides and damages caused by it Will be Another cause of mass movements is the abandonment of agricultural terraces on the slopes in the foothills of the region. The lack of agricultural activity on them blocks the spaces between the stones and drainage is not done well, and in fact, heavy and consecutive rains, water accumulates and cannot penetrate, brings the range to the limit of plasticity and flow. Investigating issues related to the geomorphology and geology of the region revealed that most of the slopes of the basin slope towards the east. Mainly in the slopes between 15-30 degrees due to chemical erosion, abundance of water and fine and soft surface materials (thick-layered soils), the ground for potential and actual slope movements is high.

In the last decade, the occurrence of destructive floods has increased due to the increase in temperature, the expansion of urbanization and the change in the characteristics of the catchment area, along with the change of land use and improper use of land. The purpose of this research is to investigate the flood of Meshkin Shahr using WMS and HEC-RAS models. In this research, using the WMS model, modeling of the maximum flood and determination of the flood hydrograph for return period 5, 10 and 25 has been done, the maximum flood for basin A with the mentioned return periods is equal to 0.84, 1.33 and 08.08 respectively. It is 2 cubic meters per second. For basin B, it is equal to 0.80, 1.27 and 2 cubic meters per second, respectively. Also, the maximum flood for basin C with the mentioned return periods is equal to 0.97, 1.55 and 2.24 cubic meters per second, respectively. The results of the flood hydrograph show that with the increase of the return period, the infiltration rate in the basin has decreased and the flood discharge has occurred earlier. Also, with the increase of the return period, the peak time of the hydrograph has decreased. Also, with the increase of the return period, the time of the base of the hydrograph and the subsidence time of the flood also increase. For flood zoning, the information obtained from the WMS model has been entered into the HEC-RAS model. According to the longitudinal profile and the 3-dimensional view of flood zoning, we can conclude that with the increase of the return period, the height of the water level in the longitudinal profile has increased. It is also clearly seen in the 3D view that the flood has covered more areas.

Since the land use changes take place on a large and wide scale, remote sensing technology, geographic information system and updated systems such as Google Earth Engine system are essential, efficient and valuable tools for monitoring changes. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate and evaluate the relationship between land surface temperature, land use and vegetation index in Khiauchai watershed, Meshginshahr in Ardabil province. In this regard, Landsat satellite images were used to prepare land use maps. In the next stage, by performing atmospheric and radiometric corrections, training samples from the region were carried out. In this direction, in order to increase the accuracy of the work from Google Earth images and a field visit to the area covered by land use maps using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification method in 6 user classes (residential, snow, water, pastures, water and rainfed agriculture) were prepared. In the next step, the values of kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were calculated for the years 2011 and 2011, which were equal to 0.89, 91.61 and 0.94, 94.16% respectively. In the next step, vegetation index maps and ground surface temperature of the studied basin were prepared in the Google Earth Engine programming environment. The results showed that the average temperature of the earth's surface for the month of June 2013 indicated that the maximum temperature with 38.71 degrees Celsius occurred in the northern parts of Khiavchai basin and the minimum temperature occurred in the southern areas with an average temperature of 15.87 degrees Celsius. . On the other hand, the average temperature of June 1401 showed that the thermal core is relatively concentrated in higher latitudes and this shows a direct relationship with the vegetation index.

Geotourism or tourism has stated new ways to explain and explain the geosciences and know the natural resources of each region, which in addition to the educational and scientific role, causes the development of tourism in the region. Garmi city is one of the few regions that has three important tourism potentials: the potential of natural resources, the potential of historical monuments, and the potential of cultural factors, which with the investment and attention of the authorities to these potentials, can create employment and tourism industry in this city, and the correct application of this The potentials can cause the growth of Garami city. In this research, the geotourism capabilities of Garmi city have been investigated and evaluated using the Prolong model and the ecological model, which work methods of both models are qualitative. Based on the Pralong model and the results of this model in this research, Gilarlu Lake has the highest average tourism rating (0.51) due to its high scientific and economic-social quality and has the highest geo-tourism potential. . and Belenlu lagoon (0.30) have the lowest tourism rate among the geomorphological places in the study area in terms of the average rate of tourism. From the comparison of external beauty grade, scientific grade,

Land use classification has always been one of the most important applications of remote sensing, and for this reason, different methods have been developed. With the passage of time, more advanced methods with higher accuracy were created, which increased the accuracy and performed better in extracting classes that were spectrally closer to each other. Algorithms for detecting changes in remote sensing images are divided into two categories: pixel-based and object-oriented, based on the minimum processing unit. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and prepare a land use map of the Nirchai watershed in Ardabil province using the object-oriented method. Land use classification including segmentation of image data was done using multi-scale segmentation algorithm in eCognition software environment. Then these parts were selected and classified and evaluated using the object-oriented nearest neighbor algorithm. The results showed that the object-oriented classification has an overall accuracy of 99 and a kappa coefficient of 0.88%, which indicates the high accuracy of the object-oriented method in classification. Also, the land use map showed that the use of water areas and poor pastures occupied the least (70 hectares) and the most (8069 hectares), respectively.

Today، the reduction of land resources due to soil erosion causes many human and financial losses every year. Therefore, in this research in order to estimate soil erosion and sediment production, using the modified PSIAC experimental method (MPSIAC) and the use of geographic information system (GIS) in the Kozetopraghi watershed of Ardabil province. For this purpose, the required information layers were prepared using basic maps and GIS. After collecting, preparing and entering the information layers into the GIS environment and combining these layers, the amount of specific sediment of the basin was calculated between 7.69 and 0.76 tons per hectare per year. The total and average amount of annual soil erosion of the basin was also equal to 0 to 57.62 and 11.66 tons per hectare per year, respectively. Also, the highest and lowest amount of erosion in the sub-basins is based on the prioritization of sub-basins 15 and 36, whose values are respectively It was calculated as 28.50 and 2.83 tons per hectare per year. The average production sediment for the studied basin was estimated to be 3.16 tons per hectare per year. The prioritization of sub-basins based on the amount of soil erosion showed that sub-basins 15 and 34 have the highest and lowest amount of erosion (28.48 and 2.8 tons per hectare per year), respectively. Based on the amount of sediment, sub-basins 16 and 34 produce the highest and lowest amount of sediment respectively (7.16 and 0.76 tons per hectare per year). Based on the results obtained from the analysis of parameters related to erosion in the MPSIAC model, it can be concluded that the prioritization can be considered as the basis for decision-making and management in controlling erosion and sediment production.

Soil erosion is a natural process (Lee et al., 2021). which causes the level of soil loss by various environmental factors such as weather, soil, topography and vegetation (Chen et al., 2019). However, human interventions through land use change and agricultural and construction activities can accelerate this flow (Wenker et al., 2019; Barley et al., 2017). For this reason, nowadays, soil erosion caused by land use change has become the most important issue of land degradation all over the world, and the transformation of the land form and the disruption of the main functions of the natural environment are the consequences of these geomorphic reactions (Paul et al., 2019). T (2017) aimed to study and estimate the spatial and temporal soil erosion in the periods of 1994-1999-2008-2015 in the Manderjan sub-basin located in the west of Isfahan province. Using remote sensing and GIS technologies, they concluded that the amount of soil erosion in 1994-1999-2008-2015 was 0.001 to 233, 0.001 to 297, 0.001 to 231, 0.001 respectively. It is up to 215 tons per hectare per year. Also, the height and height factor in the region with a correlation coefficient of 80% has the greatest effect in B The annual soil erosion rate was estimated by the RUSLE model. Nejad Afzali et al. (2018) used the Revised Global Model of Soil Erosion (RUSLE) to estimate soil erosion in Dehkhan watershed south of Kerman. Their results showed that the annual soil erosion in the study area is estimated at 50 tons per hectare per year. Khosravi-Aghadam et al. (2018), in order to estimate the soil erodibility factor and its relationship with some land characteristics, using the USLE model in a part of the Nazlu Chai watershed of Urmia. Their results showed that the value of K factor varies in the range of 0.079 to 0.029 tons per hour per megajoule mm. Also, in terms of erodibility, the soils of the region are in low and very low erodibility classes.

Ateshgah watershed is located in the southwest of Ardabil city at the position of 47°50' to 48°2' east longitude and from 38°12' to 38°16' north latitude. The main branches of this basin originate from Sablan heights in the west of the basin. The area of this basin is 40.5 square kilometers and the maximum height of this basin is about 3596 meters at the extreme end of the western part of the basin and its minimum height is 1798 meters at the outlet of the basin in the eastern part. The location of Atashgah watershed is shown in Figure 1. Research data and tools The current research is of an applied type and its research method is an analysis based on the integration of data analysis, geographic information system, remote sensing and the use of the revised global model of soil erosion (RUSLE). The data and tools used in the research include 1:25000 digital layers of the National Mapping Organization, digital elevation model (DEM), with a spatial resolution of 30 meters, rainfall data from the National Meteorological Organization, Landsat OLI 8 satellite image for 2020 with a spatial resolution of 30 meters, the studied area from the website www.usgs.gov, the collection of educational samples was also done through field visits and the creation of false color combinations, and the soil laboratory data of the studied basin is from the watershed deputy of the country's organization of forests, pastures and watershed. In this research, ArcGIS 10.3 software was used to draw maps and analyzes related to it, as well as ENVI 5.3 software to prepare vegetation and land uselayers of the study area, and statistical software such as Excel 2016 and SPSS 17 for statistical calculations and The regression relations of the equations have been used.Landsat satellite images include the longest archive of global images with moderate resolution, multispectral data from unique sources for functional planning at various scales, including land use and land cover, change detection and monitoring of natural environment dynamics (Taherparour et al. , 2015). Therefore, Landsat OLI 8 satellite images were used in this research. The specifications of the satellite image used in this research are presented in Table After classifying the satellite image using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method, the obtained land use map was separated into seven land use classes, including good, poor pastures, irrigated agriculture, rainfed, residential and irrigated areas (Figure 2). The accuracy of the obtained map for 2020 was checked using the Google Earth image and ground control points, as well as the false color image of the same year. In this research, the overall accuracy for the land use map of Atashgah basin was 0.90 and the Kappa coefficient was 0.87. 3-2- Soil erosion (RUSLE) According to (Figure A), the results of the rain erosive factor (R) vary from 74 to 34.98 MJ/mm/hectare/hour per year, the highest value of which is related to the north and southeast parts and the lowest value is related to the central parts. and southwest. The average amount of soil erodibility factor (K), according to figure (b), varies between 0.12 and 0.37 tons/hectare per year in the study area. According to figure (c), the value of LS factor in the studied area varies between 0 and 3.98, which is higher in steep slopes, especially around waterways. Using the Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI), the vegetation factor (C) of the Atashgah basin was prepared based on equation 4 and 5, which is presented in (Figure d and e). Based on this figure, the value of the C factor varies between -0.16 and 0.74. In general, it can be said that the eastern and central half of the basin has lower amounts of C due to the presence of dry and unused lands, and the southern and western parts of the basin have the highest amounts due to the presence of pasture lands. The soil protection operation factor (P) was also considered to be 1 due to the lack of available information from the region for the entire region.Annual soil erosion (RUSLE), to prepare the average annual soil erosion map of Atashgah watershed through the product of rain erosion factors (R), soil erodibility (K), topography (LS), vegetation cover (C) and soil protection operations (P) It was calculated in the Raster Calculator plugin in the ArcGIS 10.3 environment using (Relation 1). The annual soil erosion values in the studied basin vary between 0.09 and 11.02 tons per hectare per year. Also, the average amount of soil erosion in the studied area is 0.16 tons per hectare per year and its standard deviation is 0.55 tons per hectare per year. In (Figure 3), the average annual soil erosion (RUSLE) map of Atashgah basin is presented.

Land use is one of the important factors in causing soil erosion, and in recent years, the mutual impact of land use change and soil erosion has become a major environmental concern. Considering the importance of the topic, in the current research, the amount of soil erosion on land use in the Atashgah watershed has been investigated using the RUSLE model. For this purpose, first, the land use map was classified using the Landsat OLI 8 satellite image and using the support vector machine algorithm into seven land use classes, including barren land, good pastures, poor pastures, rainfed agriculture, water, residential areas, and water. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient for the prepared land use map were obtained as 0.90 and 0.87%, respectively. Then the maps of R, K, LS, C and P factors of the RUSLE model were prepared in the GIS environment and after combining these layers through the Raster Calculator in the Arcmap environment, the average annual soil erosion map for the entire Atashgah watershed between 0.09 and 11.02 tons It was calculated per hectare per year. The results of the evaluation of the soil loss map on the land uses of the studied area showed that dry land use with an average soil erosion of 0.48 tons per hectare per year has the highest soil loss and good pastures with an average erosion of 0.21 tons per hectare per year has the lowest. They have soil waste among other uses in the region. In this research, it was tried to use GIS capabilities to create the required data of RUSLE model. Finally, it is suggested to control the process of land use changes in the Atashgah watershed by determining grazing capacity, vegetation management, and take steps to restore, improve and develop pastures. Therefore, it is expected that this study and the results of this research will pave the way for the implementation of better and more scientific management by competent managers and planners in this field.

Attention Due to the increasing attention to tourism and becoming competitive in the tourism market around the world, tourism destinations are increasingly competing with attracting tourists. Geotourism is a new, dynamic and evolving form of tourism that is mainly influenced by the inherent contexts and attractions of disciplines such as geomorphology, geology, mineralogy, fossilology, caving and other related sciences. It is also influenced by the technical exploration of cultural and historical sites associated with mining activities, the discovery of specific museums in a region, or historical monuments. This study evaluates the geotourism potential and analyzes the competitiveness of the geotouristic areas of the case study (Germi, Parsabad, Meshgin shahr). There are various factors involved in the development of tourism, the absence of some of which poses many challenges to the development of tourism. Accordingly, identifying the factors affecting tourism development is a basic precondition for national planning and development and will play an important role in tourism development in the study areas. The reason for choosing these areas is due to having all three areas with almost similar characteristics of geotouristic attractions and on the other hand having the variables of the models of this research in these areas. According to the fields related to geotourism, it is necessary to define and identify indicators and factors assessing the competitiveness of geotourism in each region so that based on these indicators, the attractiveness and competitiveness of the region can not only be determined but can be compared with other regions and low value. To take on. . Therefore, the first task in this field will be to identify the indicators and determinants of competitiveness of the evaluated areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism potential and analyze the competitiveness of geotouristic regions of Ardabil province (Case study: Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein).

The study areas are located in Ardabil province. Ardabil province in the northwest of the Iranian plateau, with more than 18 thousand and 50 square kilometers, constitutes about 1% of the country's area. This province is bordered by Aras River, Moghan Plain and Balharud from the north to the Republic of Azerbaijan, from the east to Talesh and Baghro mountains in Gilan province, from the south to interconnected mountains, valleys and plains of Zanjan province and from the west to East Azerbaijan province. it's limited. In this research, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 geological maps, as well as GIS software have been used to identify the study areas. Field study This research was conducted as a field and a questionnaire was completed in the spring of 1401. During the field study, in addition to providing images of the geotourist attractions of the study areas, questionnaires were also completed from travelers and tourism experts based on the model items used. The selection of the study areas is due to the fact that, firstly, the selected areas have geotouristic features and are also among the key areas in Ardabil province. The study method is descriptive, analytical, comparative and the model for assessing the geotourism potential of the regions is Hudzik model and Pavolova model for analyzing the competitiveness of geotouristic regions. In the Hadzik model, both the opinion of travelers visiting the area and the opinion of experts in evaluating the geotourism potential are taken into account. Data collection tools are also based on a questionnaire and the number of experts and tourists has been determined using a simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of geotourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 70 tourists and 25 experts. A total of 285 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas. Also, to estimate the normality of the data, the data distribution fit was tested using the Smirnov-Nekouei Kolmograph test and was confirmed with a significance (sig) of 0.05. In this research, first, the analysis of the geotourism potential of the mentioned areas is evaluated using the Hadzic model, and in the next stage, the competitiveness of the studied areas is evaluated using the model of Pavolova et al.

A: The results of evaluating the scientific value of geotourism in the regions according to experts show that among the sub-indicators of warm scientific value in terms of, the indicator index of geomorphological processes with a value of 4.75 has the highest score. And in terms of index, rarity at the national level with a value of 1.35 has the lowest score. In terms of visitors, Garmi region has the highest score in terms of diversity index in geomorphological forms with a value of 0.80 compared to other indicators and also in terms of educational benefits with a score of 0.39 with the lowest score. The results of experts' evaluation of Pars Abad scientific sub-indices show that diversity in geomorphological forms with a value of 4.60 and sub-indices of rarity at the national level with a value of 1.44 has the lowest score. According to Pars Abad visitors, in terms of diversity of geomorphological forms with a score of 0.70, it has the highest score compared to other indicators and also in terms of scientific index for educational conditions with a score of 0.21 has the lowest value. The results of the evaluation of scientific geotourist values by the experts of Meshkinshahr region show that it has obtained the highest score in terms of integrity with a value of 4.85 and has obtained the lowest score with the sub-indicators of educational benefits with a value of 2.11. Visitors' opinion in Meshkinshahr region has the highest score in terms of Gonaconi sub-index of geomorphological processes with a value of 0.90 and the lowest rank in terms of scientific knowledge sub-index with a value of 0.26. The results of experts' evaluation of the Garmi area surplus value sub-indices show that the access sub-index with the value of 4.95 has the highest score. And interpretive value sub-indices with a value of 1.32 are in low grades. According to the visitors of this region, the index has the possibility of organizing with a rate of 0.90 has the highest score compared to other indicators and in terms of interpretive value with a value of 0.27 has obtained the lowest score. Abad shows that the sub-index of natural elements and cultural heritage with a value of 3.72 has the highest score and the interpretive value with a value of 1.29 has the lowest score. According to the visitors in Pars Abad region, being below the destination index with the value of 0.95 has the highest rank and the degree of relationship with development with the value of 0.13 has the lowest score. The results of experts' evaluation of Meshkinshahr geotourism scientific indicators show that the surplus scientific sub-index has the highest score in terms of access with a value of 4.96 compared to other indicators. And interpretive value sub-indices with the value of 2.63 has the lowest score. Also, in terms of visitors, the access index with a score of 0.97 has the highest rank compared to other indicators and the sub-index has the lowest score with some value of some works of art with a value of 0.46 (Table 5).B: According to the results obtained from field studies and completing the questionnaire, one of the positive factors of competitiveness of geotouristic areas can be the existence of hot springs and medical facilities in the Garmi region with a value of 7.44 and also in Meshkinshahr region with a natural value of 7.44. They have gained competitiveness compared to other factors. In the next ranks of Parsabad geotouristic region, it has the highest level of competitiveness in terms of the existence of several caves with a value of 6.97. Also, Parsabad and Meshkinshahr areas with (0) have the lowest level of competitiveness in terms of spa factor and medical facilities, which indicates the lack of spa in these geotourist areas. The warm region in terms of the factor of fossil sites with a value of 0.46 indicates that this region is not in a good condition in terms of fossils. The highest heat potential in competition with other geotourist areas is in spa factors and medical facilities and natural value, which has provided the best conditions in this geotouristic area to compete with other tourist areas. Parsabad region in terms of positive competitiveness factors such as the existence of numerous caves and pristine and untouched nature has more points to compete with other geotourist areas in Ardabil province. The results show the competitiveness of Meshkinshahr geotouristic region in general in terms of natural value and hydrological sites has the highest score for competitiveness with Garmi and Parsabad geotourist regions, which indicates a tourist and natural region in Ardabil province (Table 6) Conclusios In this research, the geotourism potential and competitiveness of the studied areas (Garmi,

Soil erosion is a global problem that threatens water and soil resources and land use change is one of the important factors in soil erosion intensification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of land use change on soil erosion in Razeychay watershed of Meshginshahr located in Ardabil province. First, Landsat images of the study area in May 1999, and 2019 and were obtained from USGS website. In the image processing stage, atmospheric and radiometric corrections have been conducted, and then the land use maps of the study area has been prepared for study years using support vector machine (SVM) as a supervised classification method. Then, the RUSLE model was used to estimate the amount of erosion in the two time span. SPSS, Excel, Arc GIS 5.4, Archydro and ENVI 5.3 software were used to spatial analysis and data processing.The results showed that, rangeland, irrigated farming and bare lands have decreased during the last twenty years. While, the extent of dry farming and residential area have increased. Meanwhile, the highest change is related to dry farming (an increase of 27.69 hectares). According to the results of erosion modeling, the rate of erosion from 1999 to 2019 has decreased from 6.49 to 6.46 tons per hectare per year.

The type and intensity of soil erosion in a region depends on climatic conditions, lowland and elevation of the land, soil and land use, among which the importance of land use is greater than other factors due to the effective role of humans on it. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the amount of soil erosion in the Balikhlochai watershed using the RUSLE experimental model in Ardabil province. In order to carry out this research, first, the satellite image of the studied area from the year 1400 and the month of June was obtained from the US Geological Survey Center, and after atmospheric and radiometric corrections, a land use map was prepared using the supervised classification method using support vector machine. Then the RUSLE model was used to estimate the erosion rate. SPSS 21, Excel, ArcGIS 5.4, Archydro and ENVI 5.3 software were used to analyze and produce maps in this research. RUSLE model parameter layer including rain erosion layer, soil layer, topography layer, vegetation layer and soil protection factor as well as various statistics related to rain gauge stations, hydrometry, topographic maps 1:50000, geology 1:100000 as well as DEM (20 meters area) and GIS geographic information system and remote sensing have been used. The results of this study showed that the average amount of annual soil erosion for the whole basin ranges from -6.65 to 14.75 tons per hectare per year. Also, the investigation of regression relationships between the factors of RUSLE model and the amount of annual soil erosion showed that the topography factor (LS) with the highest coefficient of determination R^2=0.95 is the most important in the estimation of annual soil erosion using the RUSLE model.

Landslide is one of the most important geomorphological processes of slopes, which in addition to its significant role in the evolution of slopes, is sometimes considered as a serious hazard. In this regard, the preparation of landslide risk zoning maps is one of the basic strategies to reduce the risks of this phenomenon. In the present study, the risk of landslides in the Nirchai catchment area, located in Ardabil province, was evaluated. The research methodology is based on the Network Analysis Process (ANP) model in the context of GIS. For this purpose, 10 variables affecting the occurrence of landslides including the variables of slope, slope direction, height, slope length, convexity of the surface, geological formations, precipitation, distance from waterway, vegetation and land use were included in the model. The results show that the three variables of slope (weight 0.217), lithology (weight 0.217) and precipitation (weight 0.167) are the most important and, in fact, the main controllers Landslide processes at the surface of Nirchai catchment area are considered. The results of landslide risk zoning also indicate that about 9.8% of the surface of Nirchai basin is in the high risk class and about 19.3% of it is in the high risk class. High-risk and high-risk areas are mainly scattered in the middle parts of Nirchai basin. In this part of the basin, various variables such as suitable slope (especially 20 to 40%), vulnerable geological formations, average altitude, receiving favorable rainfall, high drainage density, etc. have increased the potential for landslides.

Modelling the SSY in Ardabil Province watersheds using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was the aim of the present study. The available suspended sediment data of 29 watersheds were used to develop the SSY estimation models through validation by six watersheds. The 15 different physiographic, climatic, geomorphic, geological variables were used in the modeling after applying PCA. Finaly, the MRA models were evaluated based on the percentage of error, and Adj-R2 as statistical measures. The results of PCA showed that the first four principal component explain about 86.39% of the total variance, which were selected as the main components for MRA input variables. The most influencial variables includes main river length, maximum precipitation, maximum elevation, and area. According to the results the Best Model with maximum height and maximum precipitation variables, Forward and Stepwise methods with perimeter variable, the Backward method with minimum elevation and maximum elevation, area, perimeter, total main stream length, maximum precipitation, mean precipitation, annual precipitation, and sensitive geological formations were selected. According to the Backward model, Minimum elevation (0.073), maximum elevation (0.001), area (0.002), perimeter (0.053), total river length (0.01), maximum precipitation (0.001), mean precipitation (0.008), and erosive geologic formations (0.082) were the final significant parameters in estimation of SSY. The drainage density and vegetation cover were excluded from the modelling process and the selected variables had a great impact on SSY over the study area, and the results can be generalized to the ungauged watersheds to SSY estimation.

Today, soil erosion is one of the major problems of watersheds and agricultural areas and natural resources, which causes land degradation and decreases soil fertility. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between vegetation and geomorphic indices with the values of erosion and sediment in the watershed of Koot-e-Tootraghi basin, which was done by using the capabilities of GIS to extract the geomorphic characteristics of the basin. For this purpose, erosion and sedimentation rates were calculated using the modified Psiac model (MPSIAC). Also, in order to extract physiographic and geomorphic features including: TWI topographic moisture layers, SPI current strength, SLOPE slope, domain curvature, profile curvature and sub-basin plan curvature, from the height digital model with a spatial accuracy of 30 meters, as well as other layers used in the MPSIAC model including1:25000 topographic maps, 1:100000 geological maps were used. According to the box diagram, the indices related to curvature have little changes in the studied area. Also, the indices related to curvature have little changes in the studied area. Based on the results, there is a positive and significant correlation of 0.47 (p-value less than 0.01) between the standard index of vegetation cover and topographic humidity index. In addition, there is a significant correlation (0.63) between waterway power index and slope. It was also found that the relationship between the slope and the normalized index of vegetation has an inverse and significant relationship (0.48) (p-value less than 0.01.).

Rivers are considered as the main sources of water for humans and other organisms, and sometimes this source of life causes destruction and irreparable damage. Predicting the hydraulic behavior of rivers in the face of potential floods to reduce damage to urban and rural areas, facilities under construction, farms and other existing uses around the river is of particular importance (Askari et al., 2014) because they can be used to provide measures and solutions to control floods and minimize the damage caused by it. One of the key topics in geomorphology, engineering and river management is the morphology of river canals, which provides useful information about the geometric shape, bed shape, longitudinal profile, cross sections and their deformation and location over time (Yamani et al, 2012). ). Hejazi et al. (2020) zoned for flood risk in the Varkeshchay catchment using the HEC-RAS model. The results of these researchers showed that 110 km of the total catchment area is affected by floods with a return period of 50 years and 63 km of it is affected by floods with a return period of 25 years. Shafiei Motlagh and Ebadati (2020) used HEC-RAS software (Case study: Maroon River - southwest of Iran) to perform zoning of the flood and simulating the hydraulic behavior of the river. They concluded that the flood area for different return periods of 5, 10, 25 and 50 years is equal to 1265, 1651, 2334 and 4450 hectares, respectively, and the number of endangered villages is equal to 5, 3, 2 and 9, respectively. In a study aimed at producing flood risk maps in Kazakhstan, Ongdas et al. (2020) stated that the village of Volgo was flooded during a 100-year flood event. Aynalem (2020), in a study on the Muga River, reported floodplains for 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-year return periods of 18, 21, 26, 34, and 43 km2, respectively. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to morphologically simulate the occurrence of floods in the Nooranchay River using the HEC-RAS hydraulic model.

Geological maps 1: 100000, topographic maps 1: 50000, and 1: 2000, data of synoptic stations, rain gauges, and flowmeters are among the most basic data of the present study which were prepared by Ardabil Regional Water Organization. HEC-RAS software or software river US Army Engineering is a set of tools that allows the user to perform river hydraulic calculations in steady-state and non-steady-state flow. The HEC-RAS system includes three components of one-dimensional hydraulic analysis to perform water level profile calculations in steady-state flow, non-steady-state simulation and sediment transport calculations at the moving boundary. These three components share a common geometric representation and use the same geometric and hydraulic calculation process is set of tools that can be used in the GIS software environment. This add-on creates a link between ArcGIS software and HEC-RAS software, and is specifically designed for spatial data processing for use in RAS modeling and for processing RAS results in the GIS environment. Processing ground data and other GIS data in ArcGIS software using GEO-RAS allows the user to create and export a geometric file for RAS analysis. To perform hydraulic calculations using the HEC-RAS model, first the cross sections must be defined, for which the desired layer of the TIN map is extracted in the ArcMap software environment. After forming the TIN layer, different layers such as center flow line layer, river bank line layer, flow range layer and cross-section layer are drawn and after processing by ArcMap software, it is ready to be extracted for HEC-RAS hydraulic model work. The HEC-RAS model can perform water level profile calculations for Gradual variable steady flow in rivers and artificial canals in subcritical, supercritical and mixed flow regimes.

The TIN layer is the basis for extracting the alignment lines and the required RAS layer, and the more accurate the obtained river elevation figure, the closer the 3D model will be to reality. In this study, due to the use of topographic map 1: 2000 and also the adaptation and casting of existing maps on the ETM satellite image of the region, it was found that TIN obtained from digital maps is able to significantly simulate floodplains and plains around Nooranchai River. The basis can be a good reference for conducting research and creating flood simulation layers of the Nooranchai River. The minimum altitude is 1220 meters and the maximum altitude is 1530 meters above sea level. According to the flood zoning map (Figure 11), the flood area with a return period of 2 years along the Nooranchai River is about 122 hectares. These zones mainly correspond to the bed of Nooranchai river, which locally surround the river channel. The average width of areas exposed to floods with a return period of 2 years is about 160. In general, such floods do not pose a threat to human communities living in urban and rural areas. Finally, the highest flood zone with a two-year return period covers the lower part of the Nooranchai River, which has entered the Ardabil plain, and the lowest flood zone with a two-year return period can be seen upstream of the Nooranchay River. However, these floods are of great importance in the formation and morphological changes of the Nooranchai River duct due to their high frequency and potential for shaping the channel platform. Also, the average flood width of 50-year-old floods is about 307 meters. These floods cover flood zones with return periods of 2, 5, 10 and 25 years. As a result of this increase in area and width in areas (3), (4), the areas leading to the Ardabil plain, which are lower than areas (1), (2), has led to more flood zones in the above areas This has caused the flooding of agricultural lands around the Nooranchai River, and even damaged some residential areas of Ardabil and the villages through which the Nooranchai River passes, and even resulted in casualties. In general, such floods can pose a threat to human communities living in urban and rural areas. Finally, the highest flood zone with a return period of 50 years is downstream of Nooranchai River, which flows through Ardabil, and the lowest flood zone with a return period of 50 years can be seen upstream of Nooranchay River. The impact of floods with a return period of 200 years along the Nooranchay River increases by about 329 hectares. Also, the average flood width of 200-year-old floods is about 500 meters. These floods cover flood zones with a return period of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 years. As a result of this increase in area and width, more can be seen in all parts of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Nooranchai River. In other words, during the return period of 200 years, the flood zone of Nooranchai River has covered all parts of the river. Due to high discharge and the participation of discharges of different tributaries, such floods can affect a large part of the floodplain area of ​​the river and in addition to human and financial losses and destruction of agricultural lands, have many morphological consequences such as shortcuts, and so on. Floods with a return period of more than 200 years affect the residential areas of the villages around the Nooranchai River and even the riverbed in the part entering the Ardabil plain; they can also affect part of the residential areas of Ardabil.

Considering the flood simulation of Nooranchai river using HEC-RAS hydraulic model, it was concluded that it shows a very high spatial variability of flood risk along Nooranchai river. This variability stems from variable geomorphological conditions along the river. The results show that floods with a return period of 2 years do not pose a serious threat to human communities living in the vicinity of the Nooranchai River. These floods mainly affect the agricultural lands along the river. The risk of floods also increases with increasing return periods. Floods with a return period of 50 years due to the inclusion of a large area of ​​the river and affecting residential areas will lead to property and human losses. These floods can also lead to morphological changes around the river, as well as extensive damage and loss of life and property. Rather similar findings were obtained by scholars such as Rad et al. (2018), who conducted a study in Khorramabad watershed located in Lorestan province and indices such as flow boundary conditions, maximum instantaneous flow with different return periods, cross sections and their distance and manning roughness coefficient for each section in HEC-hydraulic model RAS implementation and water level profile were obtained in different flood return periods. In addition, Shafiemotlagh & Ebadati (2021) used HEC-RAS software to zone the flood and simulate the hydraulic behavior of the Maroon River. They concluded that the flooding area for the return periods of 5, 10, 25 and 50 years is equal to 1265, 1651, 2334, 4450 hectares, respectively, and the number of endangered villages is equal to 5, 3, 2 and 9, respectively.

Attention Due to the increasing attention to tourism and becoming competitive in the tourism market around the world, tourism destinations are increasingly competing with attracting tourists. Geotourism is a new, dynamic and evolving form of tourism that is mainly influenced by the inherent contexts and attractions of disciplines such as geomorphology, geology, mineralogy, fossilology, caving and other related sciences. It is also influenced by the technical exploration of cultural and historical sites associated with mining activities, the discovery of specific museums in a region, or historical monuments. This study evaluates the geotourism potential and analyzes the competitiveness of the geotouristic areas of the case study (Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein). There are various factors involved in the development of tourism, the absence of some of which poses many challenges to the development of tourism. Accordingly, identifying the factors affecting tourism development is a basic precondition for national planning and development and will play an important role in tourism development in the study areas. The reason for choosing these areas is due to having all three areas with almost similar characteristics of geotouristic attractions and on the other hand having the variables of the models of this research in these areas. According to the fields related to geotourism, it is necessary to define and identify indicators and factors assessing the competitiveness of geotourism in each region so that based on these indicators, the attractiveness and competitiveness of the region can not only be determined but can be compared with other regions and low value. To take on. . Therefore, the first task in this field will be to identify the indicators and determinants of competitiveness of the evaluated areas. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the geotourism potential and analyze the competitiveness of geotouristic regions of Ardabil province (Case study: Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein).

The study areas are located in Ardabil province. Ardabil province in the northwest of the Iranian plateau, with more than 18 thousand and 50 square kilometers, constitutes about 1% of the country's area. This province is bordered by Aras River, Moghan Plain and Balharud from the north to the Republic of Azerbaijan, from the east to Talesh and Baghro mountains in Gilan province, from the south to interconnected mountains, valleys and plains of Zanjan province and from the west to East Azerbaijan province. it's limited. In this research, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 geological maps, as well as GIS software have been used to identify the study areas. Field study This research was conducted in the field and a questionnaire was completed in the spring of 1401. During the field study, in addition to providing images of the geotourist attractions of the study areas, questionnaires were also completed from travelers and tourism experts based on the model items used. Data collection tools are also based on a questionnaire and the number of experts and tourists has been determined using a simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of geotourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 70 tourists and 25 experts. A total of 285 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of geotourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 70 tourists and 25 experts. A total of 285 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas. Also, to estimate the normality of the data, the data distribution fit was tested using the Smirnov-Nekouei Kolmograph test and was confirmed with a significance (sig) of 0.05. In this research, first, the analysis of the geotourism potential of the mentioned areas is evaluated using the Hadzic model, and in the next stage, using the model of Pavolova et al., The competitiveness of the studied areas is evaluated.

 A: The results of the dynamic model (Hadzic): The results of evaluating the scientific geotouristic value of the regions according to experts show that among the sub-indicators of scientific value in terms of hair, the index showing geomorphological processes with a value of 4.15 and diversity in geomorphological forms with a value of 4.36 has the highest score. And in terms of index, rarity at the national level with a value of 1.69 has the lowest score. In other words, hair is less important in terms of rarity at the national level. B: Results of competitiveness of tourist areas: According to the results obtained from field studies and completing the questionnaire, one of the positive factors of competitiveness of geotouristic areas can be the existence of spas and medical facilities in Hir region with a value of 7.44 and also in Sarein region with a natural value factor of 7.44 with the highest competitiveness. Compared to other factors. In the next ranks, Khalkhal geotouristic region has the highest level of competitiveness in terms of the existence of several caves with a value of 6.97. Also, Khalkhal and Sarein areas with (0) have the lowest level of competitiveness in terms of spa and medical facilities, which indicates that there is no spa in these geotouristic areas.

In this research, the geotourism potential and competitiveness of the studied areas (Hir, Khalkhal, Sarein) have been evaluated. Therefore, it is concluded that Sarein tourism region in terms of geotourism potential and competitiveness compared to other studied tourism areas has suitable potentials to attract tourists to Ardabil province. Based on the models used in this study, the views of tourists and experts on the use of tourism potentials in the study areas were evaluated and tourism areas were identified in terms of competitiveness, so Sarein tourism area in terms of competitiveness compared to other study areas suitable potentials To attract tourists to Ardabil province. Finally, the studied geotourist areas due to restrictions such as communication routes, housing and lack of amenities have led to a decrease in tourists in the areas of Hir and Khalkhal. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to increase the necessary awareness to attract domestic and foreign tourists, first infrastructure facilities should be provided and then, using media advertisements, the conditions for attracting tourists to the study areas can be provided.