فهرست مطالب علی علایی

Mental imagery is the brain's ability to create extraordinary images, smells, sounds, feelings, and events, similar to those experienced by other senses without the presence of an external stimulus, and is defined as a combination of all senses to create or shape It is designed to recreate an image or mental condition in the mind. The current research has been conducted with the aim of designing a positive mental image model with an emphasis on digital technology in the field of tourism in Ardabil province, and it is fundamental in terms of its purpose. The statistical population included all experts in the field of tourism in Ardabil province, according to the available sample and their declaration of readiness, 35 people were selected as the population. The number of statistical sample for identification and screening of indicators was used from the opinions of tourism organization experts, and 35 experts were identified and selected. The analysis method and data collection tool in the first round was the three-round Delphi method. The findings of the research showed that the final model of positive mental image with emphasis on digital technology in the field of tourism in Ardabil province is confirmed according to the opinion of experts with 23 indicators and 3 dimensions of semantic image, physical image, and social image.

Today, with the rise of technology and the dramatic increase in mass communication, human definitions of psychological and cognitive issues have largely changed hands. Spatial identity is one of these concepts related to environmental sciences, particularly architecture and urban planning. The role of emotions and semantic relationships in shaping spatial identity is discussed and the effects of these include the creation of self-esteem and a sense of community. The identity of a place that has gradually developed over time will create an inextricable link between one's feelings and personal characteristics with the place in which one lives. The Second Pahlavi period was the beginning of the modern movement and the transformation of architectural styles into modern styles and presenting new patterns in it. This has led to the design and implementation of prominent and prominent architectural monuments, especially in residential architecture, which still has physical, semantic, and functional attractions after decades of implementation. In this regard and expressing the importance of spatial identity, this study seeks to read the citizens' mental perceptions of their spatial attachment based on the identity elements of the second Pahlavi era residential architecture. The main purpose of this research is to find out the mechanism and mechanisms that characterize the identity of the Pahlavi era residential architecture in the mind of today's citizens of Tehran. In other words, extracting the most critical mental paths of identity structures from these structures using structural equation modeling techniques is considered. To achieve this, the conceptual model of how to understand spatial attachment and spatial identity is explained and defined using a review of research literature and then by using a questionnaire survey method and equation modeling software. Structurally, this model has been examined. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, which is the main purpose of the analysis, investigation of the mechanism, and mechanism of formation of attachment to residential buildings of the second Pahlavi period. Data collection was done through both documentary and quantitative survey, using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of the present study were used by SPSS and Smartpls software using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the most critical path in shaping the factors related to spatial attachment in the buildings under consideration is in terms of perceptions of Tehranian citizens, the path of functional perceptions of Pahlavi architecture-spatial dependence-spatial identity-spatial attachment. Moreover, based on these findings, it seems that the first step in understanding the monuments in question is their functional properties, which in turn will influence the place-dependency factor in their mental imagery, and later stages of formation. Identity and place attachment lead. Therefore, it seems that efficiency and performance and meeting the expectations and needs of these buildings are the most important factors in creating the related variables of identity and attachment in citizens. The second path that has led to the formation and creation of spatial attachment in Tehranian citizens in the buildings under study is the semantic path of Pahlavi architecture-cultural capital-social understanding of Pahlavi architecture-spatial identity-spatial attachment.

In today's highly competitive market, entrepreneurial capabilities and cleaner production have become widely used concepts to enhance competitive advantage and increase green performance. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of entrepreneurial capabilities on clean production and sustainable competitive advantage, with the moderating role of social marketing orientation in Iran Khodro Industrial Group. This research is an applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of structural equations. The statistical population is the employees and managers of Iran Khodro Industrial Group, 150 of whom were selected as the sample by available sampling method. In order to perform data analysis, LISREL software was used. The results showed that in Iran Khodro Industrial Group, entrepreneurship has a positive and significant effect on clean production and sustainable competitive advantage. Clean production also has a positive and significant effect on sustainable competitive advantage. Other findings indicate that social marketing orientation positively moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial capability and clean production and sustainable competitive advantage. Due to the gap of studies in the field of investigating the relationship between these variables in a single study, conducting the present study can provide useful information for managers to create competitive strategies and increase their market share.

The making procedures is a neglected aspect of architectural education in many schools and curricula. To address this neglect, some architectural schools around the world use the Design-Build method in teaching architectural design. This method aims to integrate research, design and construction. The questions of the present study have been compiled after a review of the literature, identifying and studying the resources related to more than thirty Design-Build courses in architecture schools around the world. A semi-structured interview method has been used to answer the questions of this research, with sixteen interviews with academics involved in Design-Build courses around the world. The transcriptions of these interviews are than used as the basis for discussions and conclusions. Among the results are outlining the possible scope for replacing mainstream methods with this alternative, the executive structures used, such as those of financing and communication with clients, the role of legal factors, and also failures in shaping design-build projects.Considering the influence of mainstream worldwide education on Iran, the results of this research provide a framework for defining different approaches to Design-Build methods and important theoretical bases for better understanding and implementation of this method in architectural education. A deeper understanding of this field can result in more conscious uses of this educational method in Iran.

Islam, as the most excellent and only source of human happiness, has the ability to achieve an environment with real individual and social values ​​with an Islamic identity. Influenced by religious culture and teachings, the Islamic city has the capability to have a stable and ideal society for the growth of human virtues and achieve ultimate perfection. The purpose of this research is to create an environment in accordance with the principles and values of Islam and with the needs and activities of Muslims to achieve semantic vitality and divine closeness. Therefore, while examining the view of Islam on the subject of the city, Islamic art and architecture, it tries to define and identify different activities along with social and individual areas of human beings in relation to the effective factors on the environmental perception of the Islamic utopia. The findings of this study show that, taking into account the spatial diversity and social, economic, cultural, temporal and spatial conditions of any city with a fixed totality, the spatial qualities of elements and the body of environment are reviewed and applied in the use of resources, principles and value criteria of the Islamic city in order to achieve the ideal city in the apocalyptic government. As a qualitative research and through analyzing and collecting information with the descriptive-analytical method, the present research, from the type of documentary and historical study, examines the characteristics and factors affecting the structure of the Islamic city.

The identity of people in society is formed in the light of various causes and factors. Location or environment is one of the most significant factors in categorizing individuals. The arrival and development of modern thought in Iranian cities has caused a change in the body and shape of the city in the past century. Moreover, this trend has accelerated, particularly in the last decade and after the Islamic Revolution, with the growth of technology. However, there is no comprehensive organization to change the mentality of individuals and their identity adaptation to the new body. It seems that the presence and use of citizens in these transformed environments has gradually led to a kind of spatial attachment in them. This research has been done by descriptive and analytical method and relying on quantitative and qualitative approach. To achieve the purpose of the research, after defining and explaining the concepts of spatial attachment, spatial identity and adaptive capacity, the conceptual model of the research was explained and defined and a structured questionnaire was designed based on it. Citizens and residents of area one of Tehran, according to the conditions of modern buildings in this area, were selected as the study sample. Therefore, after distributing the research questionnaire and reviewing these data by structural equation modeling, the research findings were reported. The results obtained from the findings showed that spatial attachment alone and directly will not be able to build an identity in the modern city and it is necessary for the presence of a mental adaptation in citizens' perceptions of the new environmental conditions.

1. Achieving the indicators of spatial attachment of the citizens of region one of Tehran from modern views. 2. Recognition and study of the effect of spatial attachment of modern urban views on the formation of spatial identity in the citizens of region one of Tehran.

Research questions: 

1. What are the indicators of spatial attachment in the citizens of region one of Tehran? 2. Modern urban landscapes, considering the adaptive capacity of individuals, how and through what mechanism do they affect their spatial identity in a region of Tehran?

The present paper is aimed at improving architectural design education at foundation levels, which is of particular significance for architecture schools. It focuses on collaborative learning method which, authors believe, is capable of fulfilling many educational objectives. As a learner-centred teaching method, collaborative learning is based on new constructivism theories. The main focus here is on the question of ‘which collaborative teaching approach suits architecture foundation courses best’.
To answer the question, a study of the governing principles of the learner-centred teaching method was conducted, followed by a critical review of the research findings on collaborative learning, and its applications in architecture education. In order to identify the educational objectives of architectural design foundation workshops, two sources were consulted:1- Course descriptions, from the curricula of the Iranian, as well as the world’s five top ranking architecture schools, given that course descriptions incorporate the visions of curriculum designers.
2- Practical and research achievements of design tutors in the architectural design foundation workshops, through their publications.
The research method is descriptive and based on content analysis. The findings portray the main objectives of workshops as developing creativity in students, increasing their confidence, exploring their potentials, and also creating a constructive interaction with their tutors. Bearing in mind the priority of training over mere teaching in foundation courses there is a need to adopt corresponding approaches and methods. This brings the research to the conclusion that collaborative learning approaches best suited for foundation courses particularly due to their stronger training potentials.

Until recent decades, many gardens have been designed and planned according to Iranian gardens’ style and in traditional structure. Many of these gardens are located in rural areas and around the cities of Iran. Therefore, recognition and studying the rural gardens in all around Iran take on considerable importance.
Recognizing and introducing Kashani garden as one of the Iranian rural khani gardens in Ravand region of Kashan, this paper aims at providing a clear picture of the spatially organized structural and physical spaces of this garden, thereby structural and spatial retrieval of the said garden could be provided. Moreover, it has been attempted to refer to the subject of the study and conduct field studies based on written sources and historical documents in order to obtain favorable result.
Having introduced and reviewed the spatial structure of Kashani garden, the main features of the rural Khani gardens are presented, and accordingly, given the said criteria, it has been attempted to compare Kashani garden with other rural Khani gardens scattered over the villages and around the urban areas.
Although significant parts of the garden have been destroyed, it seems that the original structure of the garden could be retrieved using series of the remained documents.
Kashani garden, located in Ravand village, was owned by one of the local wealthy Khans (rulers). The major space of the garden consists of open area which possesses specified limits in a manner which could be easily distinguished from the surrounding areas. Moreover, There is an edifice inside the garden. Kahsani garden occupies a total area of more than 2.5 hectares with a slope of less than %1 which indicates the flat level of the garden location. The area of this garden is in the shape of parallelogram with a summerhouse in the back part which has provided an organized spatial structure.

This paper would be an introductory research on Rural Historical Gardens of Iran. After giving a brief description and definition about Rural Historical Gardens of Iran, the paper in its first stage will provide a list of more than sixty Rural Historical Gardens around Iran. These gardens will be introduced with their locations in a table. The table will also include some more general architectural features of these gardens, such as the period of construction, shape (architectural concept), size and slope. Afterward, the paper will focus on seven gardens of the list, selected from various geographical regions of Iran. These gardens are Afzalian in Gonabad, Sarhangabad around Zavareh, Tabaghabaghy around Khoy, Aliabad around Bojnourd, Nouri around Kerman, Neshat around Neishabour and Sadri around Taft. The author would try to introduce these gardens in more detail,such as their historical background and their preliminary owner or owners, period of construction, size, slope, direction, building and site elements, and also give some specific information about their architectural concepts. At the end of this part a summary of the characteristics is given mentioning for instance the development of these gardens around Iran and that most of them belongs to Qajar period and are still alive. At the final part and according to the information given on the previous sessions, thepaper will discuss on the reasons why research on Rural Historical Gardens of Iran is valuable. Firstly, the number (quantity) and the condition (quality) of these gardens are considered. The data showed, there are many unknown Rural Historical Gardens around Iran, which need to be inspected and introduced to researchers. Most of these gardens are not still known or listed by the organization of National Conservation and Cultural Heritage of Iran or even studied by researchers. The information about the remaining is also rare and incomplete, for instance an architectural plan of the whole garden may not be available. It also showed that most of these gardens are still in a good condition, some still work properly, although most of them need serious restoration and need to be considered in a broad national conservation plan. Through further discussion, the variety of architectural concept of these gardens are considered. The similarities between these gardens and the famous palatial gardens of Iran and also some of their rare or innovative architectural concepts could introduce several issues for further studies. The location of these gardens in rural areas among residential or cultivated fields seems to show a sort of strong historical interrelationship between people and gardens in last decades and centuries. This seems to be an important factor which may lead us towards the reasons, why the Rural Historical Gardens of Iran are still kept alive by the people or how they might bring pride and identity for local residents.

Most of the major universities try to establish their vision statement, based upon which move toward the future. These statements were not always disclosed to everyone in past, but the universities are gradually understand the importance of presenting their future programs. It is not only to prove their respect for a preplanned program as an intellectual institute, but also to acquire appropriate and enthusiast people (both students and staff) to join them.The article however, aims to analyze and discuss the concept, content and characteristics of the vision statements of some (30) major universities around the world and try to classify them with particular emphasis on their visions, values and goals. The findings revealed that all of the studied cases have already determined their visions, values and goals in which the institute’s future development, knowledge creation, academic freedom, social justice, empowered instruction and improvement of educational programs were particularly emphasized.

Arthur Upham Pope and his wife Phyllis Ackerman are both among the most wellknown recent researchers who have published various books and articles about Persian art and architecture. One of their most famous and significant works is their 16 volume encyclopedia titled “A Survey of Persian Art: From Prehistoric Times to the Present” and published in 1977. This book has been used by researchers around the world as one of the basic references for studying history of Persian art and architecture. The book has been translated into Farsi in 2008. The last part of the third volume of the book contains an article named “Gardens” in which the authors have considered various aspects of historical gardens of Iran in a rather compact text. The text does not have any detailed sub-headings and includes just two drawings, so the reader should refer to other volumes to view the pictures and plates. Since the authors have a broad research background on the history of Persian art and architecture, it is worth having a more detailed look at the article here which could be useful for those researchers and scholars in the field who may not be familiar with the article or may not have access to it. The article discusses several related issues on Persian gardens such as their history, aim and such objectives of creation as their space, their critical role in people’s life in the region, their properties, design layout and their elements such as ponds, water canals, trees, flowers, animals and decorations. The article also provides a vast and complete list of original and historical references on Persian gardens.

Introduction & Hemorrhoid is one of the most common anorectal disease which presents with pain, bleeding and mass protrusion from anus. One of the most important reasons to avoid operation in these patients fears of the pain. Pain control specially during the first 24 hour postoperation period results in decreasing urinary retension and constipation as well as increasing patients pleasant. In this study we assisted the effect of pudendal nerve block to reduce pain in posthemorrhoidectomy period and compared with those patients without pudendal nerve block. We randomized 120 patients with average age of 37.7 year who referred to the hospitals of Ahwaz university for hemorrhoidectomy into 2 groups (N1: 60 N2:60). In the first group pudendal nerve block was done but in the second group we didnt. Then pain scores by analogue scale method were calculated in each group at 2, 6, 12& 24 hours after operations. The scores were matched with Chi- Square test. Also we calculated and compared the dosages of injected narcotics. The average pain scores at 2, 6, 12, 24 hours after operation in the first group (with nerve block). Were 2.53, 2.4, 1.91, 2.7, 2.38, and in the second group (without nerve block) were 3.43, 3.23, 2.98, 2.81, 3.11. The average of narcotic dosage in the first group was 0.69 and in the second group was 1.3. P-value in two groups in those times were 0.001, 0.002, 0.001, 0.66. P-value for comparison of two groups was 0.01. P-value for comparison of narcotic consumption was 0.003 In this study, we showed that pudendal nerve block in post hemorrhoidectomy period, reduced pain significantly and decreased narcotic consumption as well.