فهرست مطالب محمد اخوان قالیباف

Natural hazards are one of the factors that cause financial loss every year, and they occur in most regions of the world, including Iran. One of the hazards that mankind has been dealing with in recent decades, especially in alluvial plains is the phenomenon of land subsidence and sinkhole. Land subsidence and sinkhole due to natural and human causes have been reported in many places. Subsidence or sinkhole will damage human structures that are supported by the earth. Land subsidence is the most important environmental problem in Iran. A major cause of this phenomenon is overexploitation of underground water resources has led to land subsidence, and underground water extraction plays an important role in causing land subsidence. The study area is Abarkooh plain with an area of about 250 square kilometers is a part of the Eqlid-Abarkooh watershed. The lowlands are covered by Quaternary alluvial and some older sediments such as unconsolidated conglomerate, clayey, sandy, and saline areas. Based on geographical location, the study area is located in the geographical range of 53 degrees to 53 degrees and 32 minutes east longitude and 30 degrees and 50 minutes to 31 degrees and 12 minutes north latitude. This area contains medium to fine alluvial fan sediments that end in the salt playa or Abarkooh desert. To determine the high-risk and low-risk areas and routes in the study area, to discover subsurface holes and stratigraphic fractures underground up to a depth of 5 meters and the safe route for contracting works, etc., was used the ground penetrating radar (GPR) method. The results showed that in the areas where there are sinkhole traces in the determined distances around in current research, the attenuation signal of the ground penetrating radar, including the effects of subsurface cavities and stratigraphic fractures was discovered and revealed by GPR. On the side of the mountain slopes and high altitudes in the upstream region, no signal attenuation was observed, and sediments and soil were observed uniformly underground. The ultimate goal of the GPR section is to obtain a cross-section that is most consistent with the geological realities of the region and finally, at the final stage, we can talk about the characteristics, effects, and objectives of the research. The GPR method is an easy and low-cost method that is widely used in the field of natural resources and it is also used in other scientific fields. Regarding the common phenomenon of subsidence and sinkhole, these effects can be found underground, so that humans can prevent the development and expansion of this phenomenon. Also, this method can determine the route and safe area for contracting works, urban development, etc.

The aim of this study was to model the subsidence of Abarkouh plain using inSAR and artificial intelligence techniques. At first, the subsidence map was prepared using the 46 Sentinel - 1 radar images (2014 – 2018) and radar interferometry techniques. Then, the Feedforward artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm was used to model the subsidence. In this algorithm, groundwater level changes (2014-2018), groundwater level, aquifer thickness, clay thickness in the aquifer and the clay thickness in the range of groundwater level changes (2014 - 2018) were introduced as input layers and the subsidence layer obtained from the radar interferometry method was introduced as an output layer to model training. These five parameters were obtained from the measured data set of 34 piezometer wells and 77 logs available in the archive of Regional Water Company of Yazd province. After initial checking of the data accuracy, the Kriging interpolation method was used to extend the five parameters to the whole region and the raster layers were prepared. The results of inSAR showed that maximum subsidence in parts of the studied area, i.e. in east, north - east and north, were 6, 2.7 and 1.6 cm/year respectively. Also, in order to verify the accuracy of the map resulting from using a neural network model, it was compared with the map with the radar imaging method. For this purpose, model evaluation criteria such as Nash-Sutcliffe (NS), RMSE,,MAE)and MARE were used, which 0.9524, 0.0018, 0.0012 and 0.1545 were obtained respectively.

Rapid population growth, increasing water demand, decrease in precipitation, and occurrence of drought may increase the use of water resources, especially the extraction of groundwater resources, leading to a drastic decline in groundwater level, and consequently the occurrence of land subsidence phenomenon. There are various methods for monitoring land subsidence. However, from among ground and space-based methods for the detection of earth crust deformations, the application of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) on the collected data is considered as the most proper method in terms of accuracy and continuous spatial coverage. 

Located in central Iran in the west of Yazd Province, Abarkouh plain is a part of the Abarkouh – Sirjan basin, covering an area of 1390 km2. The area consists of alluvial fans and plains, surrounded by mountains on the west, south, and southwest and bounded on the east by Abarkouh Playa. This study used 46 satellite images taken from 2014 to 2018 to measure the amount of land subsidence in the Abarkooh plain. Moreover, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM was applied with 30 m resolution to remove the topography effect. A small Baseline Subset (SBAS) time series analysis was also performed to examine the short-term and long-term behavior of the subsidence.Decline in groundwater level and the subsurface sediment thickness are the two most important factors affecting the subsidence. The data used in this study were collected from 34 piezometric wells and 77 geologic logs. Finally, the most effective factors involved in subsidence and their relationship with other factors were investigated by comparing the output of the subsidence map and other existing maps.

The study's results indicated that the subsidence occurred in the east, northeast, and north of the area with the maximum accumulated value of 21, 10, and 6 cm, respectively, over four years. Moreover, the study of groundwater level and the thickness of fine-grained sediments showed that despite the decline in water level throughout the whole plain, subsidence is observed only in regions with clay subsurface sediments. According to different trends of decline in the groundwater level of the study area, groundwater level variations are changed during three periods. Accordingly, the water level declines during the first period in the east, northeast, and north of the area, while it increases in the west and southwest of the region. However, the decline in water level occurs throughout the whole region during the second period, and it is decreased at a lower rate in the east, north, and northeast during the third period.

In the first period, the comparison of the location of areas with increase or decrease in their water level with their corresponding areas on the Landsat showed that the water level declined in those residential and agricultural areas where there are more water wells, and, therefore, the subsidence rate is much more than other areas. On the other hand, the study of areas with an increase in water level suggested that the aquifer of these areas was recharged by mountains and alluvial fans.In the second period, those areas whose water had declined in the previous period experience more decline. Therefore, it can be concluded that the aquifer had not sufficiently been recharged in wet periods. In other words, the increase in the decline of the areas' water level occurred due to the decrease in the recharging of the underground waters because of several years of drought, and the increased groundwater withdrawal caused by the development of agricultural lands. However, despite the sharp decline in the areas' water level, no subsidence was found in the region.In the third period, some piezometric wells were dried, and the water level decline was significant in the west and southwest areas, which could be attributed to factors such as increased acreage, creation of new industrial centers, etc. Therefore, it could be argued that the subsidence rate of this four-year period will certainly return to the hydraulic conditions before this period. Thus, it can be concluded that in addition to the decline in groundwater level, other geological and hydrogeological factors play an important role in causing subsidence.

The goal of this study is to prepare the potential map of subsidence in Abarkouh plain. For this purpose, data of 34 piezometer wells and 77 logs were used. Five factors affecting the subsidence include groundwater level, lithology of the aquifer, land use, aquifer thickness, and the thickness of the clay layer were selected and with Point Count System Model (PCSM) using, each study points leveled and their raster layers prepared with using Kriging interpolation. According to the importance and effect of each studied parameters in the occurrence of the subsidence, the weight of each layer was calculated using the Shannon’s entropy theory. Then, the raster layers multiplied by weight of each parameter and combined together, and the potential map of the land subsidence was obtained. Finally, in order to investigate the accuracy and validation of the produced map, the results compared with the land subsidence map that obtained from Sentinel -1 radar image. The results of the land subsidence potential map (PCSM method) showed that the eastern, northern and northeastern regions of the study area had the highest potential of subsidence. Besides the groundwater table drawdown, these areas contain clay with considerable thickness. According to the Shannon entropy theory, the thickness of the clay layer had a maximum effect on the subsidence occurrence. The comparison of subsidence potential map with the subsidence map that extracted from radar images showed the high efficiency (R=0.87) of the method that used in the present study.

Dust is one of the most important effective factor on solar radiation forcing and reflection on earth's atmosphere, and in this point, it has a significant impact on local climate. Detection of aerosols on desert zones, despite the sea and oceans (dark surfaces), is difficult because of reflectometric interference spectroscopy of bright surfaces. Representing a simple and low costs method for detecting dusts and predicting their effects is essential. One of the most important indexes for dust and smoke detection is the AOT (Aerosol Optical thickness), which provided in large-scale (10x10 km) which is not suitable for local dust scales detection. The purpose of this study is using visible and mid-infrared spectrum of OLI sensor for detection dust of deserts. In this study, by using of mid-wave infrared (2.1 μm), red and blue wavelengths the AOT was calculated. The results indicated that ratio between the red and mid-wave infrared wavelengths is 0.95 and blue wavelengths and mid-wave infrared is 1.05 respectively. The comparison results of AOT index by radiometer showed that the correlation between computational method for data and the direct measurement for the red and blue wavelengths were 0.83 and 0.95 with root-mean-square deviation (RMSE) were 0.91 and 9.4 respectively. Therefore, it can be said that this method for estimating the Aerosol optical thickness at 0.65 μm (AOT 0.65μm) is enough accuracy and is not suitable to measure Aerosol optical thickness at 0.47 μm (AOT 0.47μm).

One of the problems of most airborne and space-based sensors is the lack of high spatial, radiometric and temporal resolution, due to the high technical and sensor design costs. On the other hand, the identification and monitoring of the factors in natural ecosystems, such as water, soil, and atmosphere requires high spatial, radiometric and temporal resolution. Therefore, it is necessary using merge methods for integrating two or more spatial, radiometric and temporal resolution. Aerosols, especially dust of mines and industries, are part of the contaminate particles that are important in identifying them. Aerosol monitoring requires high spatial, radiometric and temporal resolution sensor, which is practically impossible in a sensor. For this purpose, it is possible to merge images with a high radiometric resolution like Modis and high spatial images like Landsat. One of the most popular indicators for dust detection is the NDDI index, which is obtained using SWIR (2.1μm) and blue (0.47 μm) wavelengths. In this research, we used several merging algorithms, including Bovery, Gram-Shcmidt, STARFM, ESTARFM, wavelet, PBIM, SIFM and HPF to integrate Modis and Landsat image data of 8 July 2016, and then provided NDDI index maps. The results of the evaluation showed that the best method was STARFM, ESTARFM, and PBIM with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.88, 0.91, and 0.99, respectively with Landsat image and 0.51, 0.5, 0.57 with Modis image. The mean squared error (RMSE) for all three methods was negligible: 0.02, 0.400, and 0.055 respectively, with the original Landsat images and 0.004, 0.6 and 0.1 with the main images of Modis. Therefore, the STARFM, ESTARFM and PBIM methods could be used to merge Modis and Landsat images to extract data with high precision.

The ability of a system to detect changes depends on its capacity to estimate variables on a scale. In any case, observing changes at successive times is the first step towards identifying the active processes and change forces. The assessment of land use change and land cover has been considered as one of the main techniques of assessing environmental changes and has played a major role in environmental planning. Vegetation change and land use due to human activities are among important issues in regional and developmental planning. Given the advantages and capabilities of satellite data, this technology can help identify and discover these changes. In this research, the investigation of the land cover change of the Lake Urmia basin was based on the use of the MODIS Annual Coverage (MCD12Q1) with the HDF format and spatial resolution of 500 m. These images were categorized as Type I with 17 classes of land cover. Then, the image was taken annually by the mask region border and a geometric correction which Converted to UTM system Through entering the annual descriptive information tables into the Excel software, the change trend of land cover area was estimated between the years 2005 and 2016. The review of Tables 2 and 3 showed that there were significant variations in coverage over the period of 2005 to 2016. The area of the water zones had been declining since 2009. The grasslands had a relatively stable area between 2005 and 2015 and showed a decreasing trend over the last two years. Urban coverage during this period had not changed much, and the population growth seemed to be moderated by increasing urban densities. Between 2009 and 2014, water level changes were steeper than they were in previous years. In addition, since 2014, the slope had become even more intense. The area of the water zones in 2008 had a slight and noticeable decline compared to its following and preceding years. According to the MODIS image information, the proportion of land area and water zones in 2016, compared to 2005, were respectively 1.39 and 0.69. Between 2005 and 2016, the greatest increase in the area of use was related to agricultural land and solid or dense floor coverings, respectively with an increase of 1648 and 837.  The greatest reduction in the use of the area was related to water zones and desert cover, respectively with decreasing 1383 and 1159 km2. The results of the research showed that satellite images ha high potential for rapid decoupling of agricultural land, the preparation of map of different types of crops in the region, and determining under cultivation with a relatively accurate accuracy in a regional scale.

Background and Expanded industries and incorrect management led to land pollution, which caused irreparable damage to nature and organisms. Therefore, investigating the role of industrial centers in soil pollution is among the most important measures in field of pollution control. This study aimed to evaluate the Heavy Metals contamination in Surface Soil Caused by Steel Industry. In this study, to determine the concentration of Cadmium and Lead in soil, 6 soil samples with a depth of 0-5 cm from surrounding areas were collected. Lead and Cadmium levels were measured in soil samples by flame atomic absorption. The statistical indices for concentrations of elements in soil dust were calculated, then the concentrations of the elements in soil before and after the factory were compared, and In order to evaluate the contaminations of heavy metals and to study the environmental impact of the modified degree of contamination, the degree of contamination and the potential environmental risk were calculated. The minimum and maximum amounts for Cadmium and Lead contamination in soil were 24.60, 99.30 and 35.60, 156.30 mg/kg respectively. The results indicated there was a meaningful difference between the amount of Cadmium before and after the company. The pollutant index for Cadmium was extreme and dangerous, whereas the pollutant index for Lead was not critical. Concentrations of two measured elements showed that only level of cadmium was higher than global standards and this indicates polluting role of this factory. Therefore planning for control the release of this metal and other pollutants should be considered.

This study has been carried out in the alluvial fan of Abarkouh. The magnitute of the ground holes in the studied area is up to one tenth of a hectare, and their depth is up to about 10 meters. In most cases, this phenomenon is hidden under the ground surface. The purpose of this study is to find a simple criterion from a few indicators and by soil sampling to identify the potential of land for the occurrence of holes. The findings are believed to of help in land management and land use. In this research, integrated land surface observations were combined with the quantitative methods of geoelectric surveys, common soil chemistry, and physics tests. A 400-meter-long route was studied along the Abarkuh shrubs with a geoelectric device, small and large cavities underneath the surface were identified, and the images of the susceptible sites were prepared. Then, in the direction of the geoelectric route and with the difference of micro relieves in the region, some samples were taken from the depth of 0 to 30 cm. Then, a diagnostic criterion was obtained for sensitivity zoning. This criterion was calculated from the geometric average of three parameters including the electrical conductivity, the frequency of effective ions in divergence to calcium extracted from a one-to-five ratio of soil and water, and the liquid limit. The evaluation of the railway lines under construction in Yazd-Eghlid and the power transmission networks indicated that almost the entire rail lines in the Abarkuh area and a part of the route of the power pylons are located in a  high-sensitivity zone.

Water scarcity is one of the most important challenges for development and sustainable agriculture in the world especially in desert area. Thus finding and advising the methods in order to increasing water use efficiency in order to sustainable development and agriculture as well as nature conservation is a vital need. This study was conducted to investigate of decreasing water consumption in greenhouse of Yazd city (in central of Iran with annual precipitation equal to 60 mm) by using different superabsorbent within soil. Experiment was designed in a split plot based on completely randomized block design with three replication. Irrigation periods (3 periods including 4, 8 and 12 interval days) were considered as main factor while additive soil including hydrogel, plastic cover and cotton waste materials were sub. factor. Results indicated waste cotton is the best soil amendment among others and increasing irrigation period from 4 to 8 days is possible without significant reduction of the fruit production in condition of study area. Results indicated 31% increasing of production in 8 days irrigation by using of cotton waste compared to the control. Thus, using of cotton waste as sustainable production in greenhouse systems should be attended in arid regions.

One of the main strategies to achieve the forestry objective and to minimize the environmental crisises, planning use of the forest by taking a natural ability is for users desired. In this research, using the Analytic Network Process (ANP), the criteria of ecological, economic and social, in the BOCR structure frame work in forest habitat of Jouzk-darekhsh (Northern Khorasan) were evaluated and prioritized. The results showed that the sub network of profits with a total weight of 0.55 is located in first priority and sub network of risks with total weight 0.07 in the last priority. In sub network of earnings, revenue increase was in the first priority and the first priorities of the risks sub network also was allocated public acceptance. Among the strategic criteria also social criteria were to assign high weight (0.49) and then economic criteria weighing 0.31 and ecological with weighting 0.19. Finally the results showed that ecotourism options with a total weight of o.62, protection with a total weight 0.19 and option exploitation of ancillary products with a total weight 0.18 respectively in the priority first, second and third. According to the results, the forest can be pushed to the client-side tourist undoubtedly made an impact in preventing the destruction of all the fields, employment and public participation, public participation and respect for the policies followed by the increase in the residents of the area, helping to prevent migration to urban areas and overall development of villages surrounding the forest area will be followed.

One of the key components of energy and hydrological processes is soil moisture, which is measured indirectly, because of exiting some problems in measuring directly. Some existing methods such as thermal inertia, vegetation indices, temperature and water indices (e.g. NDWI) has certain limitations such as difficulties in capturing images of day and night times, and differences in method of calculating of thermal inertia for different hours in a day. Therefore, finding a new method for calculating of soil moisture based soil temperature or water and soil spectral changes is very necessary. Although soil moisture is not calculated directly in the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), since all parameters that have effect on soil moisture changes, consider for calculating evapotranspiration in SEBAL, this model can be used to calculate soil moisture. Jarghoye-Sofla, as the study area, is located adjacent to the Gavkhoni playa, Isfahan province. The study area, has faced with declining in soil moisture, as a result of climatic fluctuations, and drying of the wetlands in recent years. The purpose of this research is assessing of the remote sensed based surface energy balance model, and evaluation of biophysical parameters derived from satellite imagery to estimate soil moisture. Data used in this research, consisted of MODIS satellite images and measurements of 33 soil samples taken at depth of 0-30 cm. By measuring point soil moisture, and calculating volumetric soil moisture, the rate of evapotranspiration was estimated using the SEBAL model. Then, correlation between the parameters used in the SEBAL and ground measurements of soil moisture was evaluated. Results show high correlation between parameters of the SEBAL and soil moisture. The highest correlation was determined between the SEBAL algorithm daily evapotranspiration and soil moisture for days of 16 and 17 November, 2014 with values of 0.51 and 0.68, respectively.

Desertification, is a complex phenomenon, which as environmental, socio-economical, and cultural impacts on natural resources. According to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification defination, desertification is land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid regions, resulting from climate change and human activities. Because of limiting access to qualified water resources in arid lands, it is necessary to use, all forms of acceptable water resources such as wastewater. Since irrigation with sewages has most effects on soil, in this research, desertification intensity of lands irrigated with sewages and natural lands of the area, where located near Yazd city, has been analyzed considering soil criterion of the Iranian Model for Desertification Potential Assessment (IMDPA). Several studies have done in Iran and in the world in order to provide national, regional or global desertification assessment models. A significant feature of the IMDPA is easily defining and measuring criteria, indicators, and ability of the model to use geometric means for the criteria and indicators.
In first step, In first step, in a random method, soil samples were taken in each of the defined land units with considering of the size of area. Next, all indices related to the soil criterion such as soil texture index, soil deep gravel percentage, soil depth, and soil electrical conductivity were evaluated in each land use (both irrigated lands and natural lands) and weighted considering the present conditions of the lands. Each index was scored according to the standard table of soil that categorized desertification. Then, geometry average of all indices were calculated and map of the desertification intensity of the study area were prepared. Thus, four maps were prepared according to each index. These maps were used to study both quality and effect of each index on desertification. Finally, these maps were integrated to prepare the final map that shows current status of desertification in the region by calculating geometric mean of all indices based on following formula: QS = [EC * STI * SDI* SGI]1/4
Where: QS: Soil criteria score; EC: Electrical Conductivity index; STI: Soil texture index; SDI: Soil depth index and SGI: Soil deep gravel percentage index.
Integrating of thematic databases and spatial analyst and mapping were done using ESRI Arc GIS v.10 software. Statistical analyses such as Mann-Whitney and t-statistic were done using SPSS v.21 software for comparing land irrigated with wastewater and natural land area.
Results show that in the land irrigated with wastewater, soil texture index with weighted average of 3.74 classified in severe desertification intensity class, and soil depth gravel percent, soil depth, and soil electrical conductivity indices with weighted average of 1.23, 1, and 1, respectively were classified in low desertification class. In general, soil criteria with weighted average of 1.21 classified in low desertification class. In natural lands of the area, soil depth gravel percent index (1) classified in low intensity class, soil depth index (3.06) grouped in severe class, and soil electrical conductivity (4) and soil texture (3.93) indices with were classified in very high desertification intensity classes.
In natural lands, soil criteria with weighted average of 2.89 classified in severe desertification class. General results show that in the lands irrigated with sewages, soils tissue index and in the natural lands, soil electrical conductivity index are the most effective indices in increasing of desertification intensity. Totally, soil criteria with the weighted average of 2.8, which are grouped in the very high desertification intensity class, are the main factors affecting desertification in total study area. Totally, soils tissue index is the most effective index of increasing in intensity of desertification in the total study area. However, the intensity of desertifcation in the land irrigated with wastewater is lower than the desrtification intensity in the natural lands of the study area, but this issue caused by losing of large amounts of good quality purified wastewater and converting of a large part of the area to wetland which can craates numerous environmental problems in the region in future. Finally, it can be concluded that the natural land of the study area, are not suitable for afforestation and agriculture in present condition, and if the land is irrigatted, salinity of the soil depths transferred up to the surface and can be cause some environmental problems in thi region.

This study was done in Abarkuh plain where the disasters of land subsidence and land slide have been reported in some sites. The current study is limited to the land slide on a farm near Abarkuh. After taking an inventory of morphological properties, soil sampling from land subsidence locations was done. Routine physical and chemical analyses of the soils and depositions were also done. Advanced analyses such as spectrometry, x-ray fluorescence and x-ray diffraction were conducted on the clay fractions and the soil. One of the new concepts of this research was the dolomitic bed rock that has been confirmed after chemical and x-ray diffraction analyses to rarely form karst in arid climates. Therefore, karst cannot be a serious agent for land slide in these areas. The second new concept in this research was that interlayer random mixed minerals of illite and smectite can be intensifier agents for land depression and slide. Also, ground water table fluctuation together with downward level of groundwater can be the third factor for land sliding. As a suggestion, adding calcium compounds to soil can decrease the activity of clay to increase soil stability against soil divergence. More detailed stratigraphy in this area for surveying hazard maps of land subsidence leads to more logical land management and ground water utility.

This research was followed after few introductory surveys of heavy metals distribution in the mining zone of the Central Iran. The research was carried out in the territory of Kushk Mining Company, located at45km northeast from Bafgh city and 145 km from Yazd city. The morphology of the area is mountainous. The major desert shrubs in the polluted area are Artemisia siberia and Salsola vermiculata. The surface soils (depth:0-25cm) and 10 samples from each plant species with root, juicy stems and second years old stems were randomly collected to a distance of about 8 km (where metal concentrations in soil were decreased to a minimum amounts) from mining waste dam. Because of the lead and zinc mining operation in Kushk, the lead, zinc and cadmium in soil and plant samples were measured. Also due to secondary formation of gypsum in mine formations, calcium in the samples was measures as an essential element for plants. Desert shrubs in despite the impressions have an special living pattern and so different behaviors in uptake and excretion of heavy metals. The accumulation of metals (lead, zinc, cadmium and calcium) in juicy and fresh shoot organs were increased about 2.5 times more than roots and were decreased from a mean concentration of 85.82 ppm in juicy stems to a minimum mean concentration in dry stems with the mean of 0.0 ppm in A. sieberi less accumulation of heavy metals in fresh shoots relative to root with a more accumulation of Ca have been shown in A. sieberi and S. vermiculata showed any significant difference in means of metals in its organs but the mean of heavy metals were increased in its shoots (from 4.6 ppm in root to 12.91ppm in shoot) and the mean of metals were decreased in shoots (from 153.52ppm in root to 134.69ppm in shoot).

This study was done in ehe wet marginal part of the Siahkooh playa (Kevir) in Yauf. Iran. which is located in the northwest of Ardakan. The abundance of Ca and SO. iones led to gypsum crystallization ncar the water table in the soil. From depeh to the soil surface, the caC~- CaSO .. ,2H,O -NaCI-H,<)-PCo, soil and water system change to CaSO •• 2H,<)Na1SO .. ·NaCI· Hz{). From water table (I00cm under soil surface) to the soil surface. ionic power was decreased and activty coefteient was incrased respctivcly. Therefore. ncar ground table, gypsum fonn and high concentration of Ca iones from gypsum lead to low amounts of exchangeable Na. This influence has been continued up to soil surface to achieve a relative balance. Replacement ofNa with Ca on the exchangeble surfaces of soil and ex~ of SO .. ioncs formed NaSO .. ineraJs. The precipitation of 1800ton per hectar natrium salts(sulfatic &. coloridic) was estimated wjth respect to the mean of annual evaporation (roughly 900mm) in the studied site. The result also showed that the seventh bands ofI .. odsal7 are more important to diferentiate between sulfate and chloride salts as well as sodium and calcium salts.