فهرست مطالب اسماعیل پیرعلی خیرآبادی

Aquaculture includes the propagation and husbandry of aquatic plants, animals, and other organisms for various purposes, including commercial, recreational, and scientific use, which has gained significant attention in recent times. However, its uncontrolled development like any other production activity, can have adverse environmental effects, Thus, the removal of water pollutants is crucial. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a mechanized water disinfection device that uses ultraviolet (UV) radiation at different doses to reduce microorganisms in the effluent of rainbow trout farms.  Also, the efficiency of the device in deactivating pathogens was investigated in different flow rates and water turbidity levels.

The study was conducted in a rainbow trout farm with a 30-ton capacity, located in Kiyar County, approximately 30 kilometers from the center of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The UV device, at various doses (60, 120, 180, and 240 mW/cm2 = joule), was applied to the farm's effluent, considering different levels of turbidity and flow rates (ranging from 2.5 to 25 liters per second). Water samples were collected both before and after the installation of the UV disinfection device. Subsequently, the average counts of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fungi, and yeast were calculated with three replications. Probit regression was utilized within the SPSS software environment, with a statistical significance level of 0.001, to examine changes in the removal percentage of microorganisms at different UV doses. Graphs were created using Microsoft Excel 2016 software.

The findings indicated that increased water flow rates and water turbidity reduced the efficiency of removing the targeted microorganisms. The findings indicated that increased water flow rates and water turbidity reduced the efficiency of removing the targeted microorganisms. Moreover, higher UV doses led to a higher removal percentage of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fungi, and yeast. For instance, at a dose of 56 mJ/cm2, the total counts of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fungi, and yeast decreased by 1.7, 3.2, 0.7, and 0.86 logs, respectively. However, complete removal of yeasts required significantly higher UV doses, depending on water flow rates and turbidity (up to a maximum of 240 mJ/cm2). Additionally, the results of the probit regression indicated that at doses of 40.50 mJ/cm2, 20.22 mJ/cm2, 30.31 mJ/cm2, and 14.36 mJ/cm2, approximately fifty percent of the yeast population (P<0.001), fungi (Z=13.5, P<0.001), fecal coliform (Z=22.77, P<0.001), and total coliform (Z=6.8, P<0.001) would be removed.

In summary, this research demonstrated that at a dose of 20 mJ/cm2, the gradual elimination of microorganisms begins, but at doses higher than 120 mJ/cm2, the intensity of elimination decreases. Therefore, adjusting the doses of ultraviolet radiation based on the water quality of fish farms can help maintain system health and subsequently increase productivity. The insights obtained from this study can be valuable for commercial water treatment systems and recirculating aquaculture systems. More studies are needed for the efficiency of removing viruses in water by UV rays. It is recommended to construct a sediment pond and employ various water filtration methods, including sand filters, before utilizing ultraviolet rays. This approach aims to decrease the presence of suspended particles in the water and enhance the efficiency of the disinfection system.

In recent decades, several studies have been performed on the evaluation of probiotics in fish and their positive has been reported on different species. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with 115±2 g average initial weight were randomly assigned to tanks and fed with different levels of Weissella confusa (0 [control] and 3 g W. confuca powder per 10 Kg diet [3× 107 CFU/g count]) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, tissue samples were taken from different parts of the intestine and fixed in 10% formalin. After tissue preparation, sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The results showed that morphology parameters including villi length and width in the anterior and posterior intestines of the treatment group were significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.05). According to the results, W. confusa probiotic can have positive effects on intestinal morphology and its absorptive surface area in rainbow trout.

Distribution of hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) by molecular method (RT-PCR) in rainbow trout breeding centers in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province were studied in 2015. As for the possibility of synchronously involvement of farms with viral diseases of hematopoietic necrosis (IHN), pancreatic necrosis (IPN) and hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) with similar clinical symptoms, from 169 trout breeding centers Rainbow disease and high mortality were sampled. The results showed that the relative frequency of disease (VHS) was 11.83%, of which Kiar city with 17.7% had the highest and Koohrang city with 9.67% had the lowest infection. The average prevalence of disease (IPN) was 24.85% and disease (IHN) was 16.56. Also, the prevalence of diseases (VHS) and (IHN) in river water sources was higher than in other water sources.

Yersiniosis is known as one of the most prevalent bacterial diseases in fish, which causes high mortality and economic losses in cultured fish farms every year.

The present study was conducted to investigate the changes in hematological indices and gut histopathology in Caspian roach (Rutilus caspicus) exposed to Yersinia ruckeri.

60 Caspian roach broodstock with an average weight of 63.4 ± 2.1 g were divided into three groups (with two replicates for each group), including one treatment, one positive control, and one negative control groups. The treatment group was intraperitoneally injected with Yersinia ruckeri bacterium at a dosage of 3.8 × 107 cell/fish. The positive group just received normal saline (0.9 % NaCl) via intraperitoneal injection. No injection was performed in the negative control group.

Symptoms appeared on the fourth day after exposure and 20 % of the fish in the treatment group died 5 days after the challenge. Cumulative mortality reached 53 % on day 9 after the challenge.  According to hematological analysis, the challenge with Yersinia ruckeri led to a significant increase in white blood cell counts (WBC) compared to the control groups. Moreover, 10 days following exposure, the treatment group experienced hypochromic macrocytic anemia. Gut histopathology was characterized with necrosis and detachment of intestinal epithelial cell and inflammatory cells infiltration in the treatment group.

Based on the obtained results herein, Yersinia rackeri can cause acute disease in Caspian roach; therefore, preventing and controlling this disease is essential for these fish in infected regions.

Fish and other aquatic animals, directly and indirectly, can be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes and consequently, fish and their products are considered a carrier for this bacterium. The present study investigated the contamination of farmed rainbow trout and common carp with this bacterium as well as the phylogenetics of the isolates. A total of 50 samples of farmed fish were obtained from local fish supply centers in Shahrekord City from July to September 2018. Based on the molecular experiments, 18 (36%) of the 50 studied samples were contaminated with L. monocytogenes as 26% and 10% of the isolates were found in trout and carp, respectively. From 18 isolates, 12 samples (66.66%) belonged to serotype 4b, one belonged to serotype 1/2a and the other 5 samples belonged to serotype 1/2b. According to the results of the present study and regarding the importance of the bacteria in terms of public health, continuous and accurate hygienic monitoring seems to be necessary.

Nowadays, the tendency to use food packaging with antimicrobial activity of natural origin has increased. The use of edible and biodegradable films has been considered as an appropriate alternative to non-degradable plastic coatings.

In this study, the effect of coating with wheat starch and Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium essential oil was investigated on microbial and physicochemical characteristics of rainbow trout fillet in cold conditions.

For this purpose, different treatments under the influence of starch, starch and Pennyroyal essential oil (1%), starch and Pennyroyal essential oil (2%) were prepared and physicochemical and microbial changes were evaluated at specified intervals (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days).

In the microbial test, the count of total bacterial and other bacteria by starch and starch + 1% and 2%, the essential oil was decreased in different days, also the difference between the control group and other treatments was significant (p < /em>≥0.05). The highest effect of pH reduction belonged to starch + 1% and 2% essential oil in different studied days. The level of pH was not different among different treatments on day 0 of storage. However, there was a significant difference between the control group and treatments on the fourth, eighth, twelfth, and sixteenth days of storage (p < /em>≥0.05). The results of the oxidative test showed that on the 16th day of storage, the lowest level of TBA was related to the treatment with starch + 2% essential oil and the highest value was related to the control group. In fact, the application of the coating layer delayed the oxidation process.

This study demonstrated antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the composition of edible starch and pennyroyal essential oil on the increased shelf-life of Rainbow trout fillet.

Zagros tooth-carp (Aphanius vladykovi) which belongs to cyprinodontidae family is one of the most important native fish species of Iran. In this study which was conducted in summer 2015, a total of 50 individuals of A. vladykovi were caught from Shalamzar and Salm Lakes in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province and were examined for parasites. The results of this study indicated that all the examined fish were infested by parasites. Different parasite species including Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Ichthyobodo necator, Gyrodactylus sp., Allocreadium isoporum and metacercaria of Ornithodiplostomum sp. were found in the examined fish. Among them, the highest infestation rate belonged to Ornithodiplostomum sp. as 68 percent of the studied fish were infested by this parasite. The infestation rate of Ornithodiplostomum sp.in fishes from Shalamzar and Salm Lakes were 41.66 and 92.3 percent, respectively. The results of this study indicated that Zagros tooth-carp fish is highly infested with different parasite species affecting population of this fish.

In this study, different produced extruded commercial fish feeds in Chaharmahal-V- Bakhtiari Province investigated with the aim of determining growth indices and carcass composition of fingerlings rainbow trout. Total of 3600 rainbow trout Juveniles with initial average weight of 80±2.4 gr, were subjected in triplicate to four diets of 1, 2, 3 and 4 and in a completely randomized design for 130 days. At the end of experiment, 10 fish (294.77.3 g) from each tank were randomly sampled and chemical carcass composition (i.e. protein, lipid, ash and moisture) were measured. The highest body weight gain and daily weight gain were calculated in treatment 1 compared to others (p<0.05). Food conversion ratio (FCR) were lower in both 1 and 3 treatments than other groups (p<0.05). The maximum crude protein of fish fillet was obtained in treatment 1 and the lowest was measured in treatment 2 (p<0.05), but the fat content had not any significant differences among treatments (p>0.05). The highest and lowest fillet ash percent was seen in treatments 1 and 2, respectively (p<0.05). Treatments 1 and 2 were contained the highest and lowest amount of calcium and phosphorous, respectively (p<0.05). In conclusion, growth performances and carcass chemical composition of rainbow trout were not similar which could be related different levels of crude protein of commercial diets, which produced in Chaharmahal-V-Bakhtiari feed factories.

Contamination of seafood products to pathoges like Listeria is a for consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the field prevalence and typing of Listeria monocytogenes in the local fish market of Shahr-e Kord, Iran. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated Listeria was also carried out by the antibiotic disc diffusion method using 13 different antibiotics. A total of 100 rainbow trout were randomly collected from retail market in Shahr-e Kord for examination of the prevalence and typing of Listeria species using biochemical methods. Four isolates of Listeria were identified; One isolate of L. inovaii and 3 islolates of L. monocytogenes. All four isolates showed the highest antibiotic sensitivity (100 % susceptibility) to five antibiotics including cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, gentamicin, erythromosine, and vancomycin. However, all strains showed resistance to oxacillin. As L. monocytogenesis is of the most important pathogens in humans, fish contamination to different species of Listeria could be a potential risk and requires more attention.

The accumulation of the heavy metals Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb were surveyed in the samples of mantle tissues, crusts and so the habitat sediments of C. fluminalis to reveal the probable biomonitoring rule of the bivalve in the ecosystem. The warm-cold seasonally samplings were carried out over the stations of Zayandeh-Roud River in Safi'eh, Isfahan province, during 2014. The warm and cold seasonal average results from the initially acidic digested prepared samples of the bivalves (mantle and crust) and the sediments were recorded by furnace atomic absorption spectrometry methods. The results illustrated that the average of Zn accumulation has the maximum value in the sediment samples of warm-season samples (28.8±3.80 µg.g dry w.-1) as well the cold-season (16.9±1.23 µg.g dry w.-1). Furthermore, the accumulation values of zinc in the warm-season and the cold-season samples had the maximum values in the tissue samples with values 206.2±33.77 and 89.1 ± 19.02 µg.g dry w.-1 and the crust samples with values 35.6 ± 3.06 and 33.1 ± 3.10 µg.g dry w.-1 , respectively. Except for heavy metal Cd, the similarity values of the metals Zn, Pb and Cd in both sediment samples and the crusts of C. fluminalis demonstrates the relative extents of the heavy metals in the habitat of the bivalves with no seasonal effect on the values fluctuation. The levels of measured samples of mantles revealed the tissues of living C. fluminalis rule as the bioaccumulation of the metals Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd in the river ecosystem.

Artemia Cyst is a kind of live food which has external hard cuticle which should be de membrane before usage. Artemia Cysts membrane can be eliminated with the use of capsule remover. In this study, in order to determine the most effective capsule remover, Cysts (Artemia franciscana) were primarily exposed to 8%, 16%, and 24% levels of chemical material including Sodium sulfate (Na2So4), Aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3) and Aluminum acetate (AlC2H5O4) respectively for 10 minutes and Hypochlorite was used as the control treatment. After that, the Cysts with 2 g/l density at 27 ºC for 24 hours were hatched. The results showed that the most hatching rate (70 percent) was related to ALCOH3 and the least rate (21 percent) was related to Na2Co4 revealed a significant difference between them (p

Strepotococcosis caused by Streptococcus iniae is one of the important emerging bacterial diseases in aquaculture sector worldwide.
In this study, the genetic diversity of S. iniae strains was assessed in some rainbow trout farms in Iran.
Gram positive and catalase negative bacterial isolates were first obtained from 100 trout fish farms in 8 states using routine bacteriological and molecular (PCR) works. The genetic diversity of these bacterial isolates was then assessed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method.
Seventy-seven strains of Gram positive and catalase negative cocci were isolated from diseased trout. PCR analysis resulted in identification of 27 strains as S. iniae. RFLP analysis of these strains using 9 digestive enzymes resulted in production of 29 bands with different molecular weight (62-940bp). Phylogenetic relationship of these strains grouped them in two distinct clusters. Twenty-six strains from Tehran, Mazandaran, Gilan, Lorstan, Fars and Charmaha-va-Bakhtiary provinces showed high homogeneous similarity above 99%, while one strain from Mazandaran province showed some differences with other strains.
S. iniae isolates in trout aquaculture in Iran possess low genetic diversity.

Strepococcosis and lactococcosis are economically important zoonotic diseases in aquaculture industry particularly in farmed rainbow trout. The annual loss due to the disease is tens millions USD. Because of the disease occurrence in farmed rainbow trout in Iran، this study was aimed to identify 20 risk factors in 38 trout farm in Fars (16 farms) and Lorestan (22 farms) provinces. Infected fish were sampled for the confirmation of the disease occurrence by bacteriological and molecular methods. The obtained results showed that there was a closed correlation between the presence of the risk factors (90%) and clinical signs (100%) of the disease. Also، bacteriological and molecular diagnosis methods، confirmed that the disease occurrence in 30 trout farms (15 fish farms in Lorestan and 15 fish farms in Fars) were involved in clinical farm of diseases. The results of this study also showed that the number of fish farms infected with Lactococcus garvieae was higher than Streptococcus iniae. Also، presence of both risk factors and clinical signs of the disease were significant in the trout farms of Fars and Lorestan provinces.

Sterpococcosis/lactococcosis is an economically important zoonotic disease in aquaculture industry particularly in farmed rainbow trout. The annual loss due to the disease is tens millions US dollars. This descriptive study was aimed to identify the regional distribution of these economically important bacterial diseases in 50 farmed trout in Charmahal-va-Bakhteyari (25 fish farms) and Kohgiloyeh-va-Boyerahmad (25 fish farms) provinces plus detection of the relative prevalence of the presence of 20 risk factors. Each trout farm was clinically inspected to identify the risk factors، followed by sampling of the clinically affected fish for bacteriological and molecular studies. The results showed that form 25 fish farms examined in Charmah-va-Bakhteyari، 56. % (13 fish farms) were affected with Lactococcus garvieae and 20% (5 fish farms) were affected with Streptococcus iniae، while these were 64% (16 fish farms) and 12% (3fish farms) in Kohgiloyeh-va-Boyerahmad، respectively. The relative prevalences of the presence of 10 and 16 risk factors were above 80% and 50% in the trout farms of both provinces. These results clearly demonstrated that occurrence of streptococcosis and lactococcosis in farmed trout has a wide regional distribution in trout farms of these provinces and the presence of risk factors are remarkable in the examined fish farms.