ali mohammadzadeh

A Calcified Amorphous Tumor (CAT) consists of calcified nodules embedded within an amorphous fibrous material and represents an uncommon non-neoplastic intracavitary cardiac mass. In this article, we present the case of a 38-year-old Iranian gentleman who experienced a sudden loss of consciousness and right hemiparesis. Brain imaging revealed acute infarction in the left basal ganglia. Echocardiography identified a large heterogeneous echodensity in the posterior AV groove, with central echolucency extending to the base of the posterior left ventricular (LV) wall and the basal posterior mitral valve leaflet (PMVL), findings consistent with CAT. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) demonstrated an intramural calcified mass with a necrotic core located in the lateral annulus of the mitral valve, extending into the left atrium and ventricle. The mass was deemed responsible for the cerebral infarction, which was classified as cardioembolic. This case report highlights Calcified Amorphous Tumor (CAT) as a potential embolic source, underscoring the importance of early recognition through multimodality imaging. Comprehensive management, which may include regular follow-ups or surgical intervention, is crucial for patients diagnosed with CAT.

Histrionic personality, at a clinical level, is characterized by attention-seeking, extroverted, provocative behaviors, coupled with superficial emotions and heightened emotionality. At a social level, this disorder may manifest differently. The present study aimed to investigate the semiotics of histrionic personality within Iranian culture using factor analysis on a large sample of students. This research adopted a correlational design. The study population consisted of students from universities in Tabriz. A sample of 716 students was selected and assessed. Participants completed the Histrionic Personality Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. The results of the principal component analysis yielded a two-factor solution, labeled as "attention-seeking" and "exaggeration/independence." These findings can be interpreted in light of cultural differences between Iranian and American societies in the manifestation of histrionic personality traits.

Background and Aims:

 In noisy environments, one of the skills that is critical for speech perception is spatial auditory processing. The spatial auditory processing ability of older adults decreases due to structural and physiological changes in the auditory cortex, central auditory pathways and peripheral auditory system. This study aims to compare the dynamic spatial auditory processing in Persian-speaking old and young people with normal hearing.

Methods:  

This study was conducted on 35 older adults aged 55-70 years with normal hearing (16 men and 19 women) and 35 young people aged 18-25 years with normal hearing (15 men and 20 women). To investigate the dynamic spatial auditory processing, after performing preliminary examinations such as otoscopy, audiometry, and tympanometry, the Persian version of the speech, spatial and qualities of hearing scale (SSQ) and the spatial hearing questionnaire (SHQ) were completed through interview. Then, the dynamic spatial-quick speech in noise test (DS-QSIN) and the binaural masking level difference (BMLD) test were taken, and the values ​​of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss, SNR-50 and masking level difference (MLD) were recorded for each person.

Results:

 There was a significant difference between older adults and young people in the SSQ and SHQ scores, SNR-50, SNR loss and MLD (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in these scores based on gender (P>0.05).

Conclusion:

 Despite normal hearing, dynamic spatial auditory processing in Persian-speaking older adults has a weaker performance than in young people.

Previous research has shown that musicians have better performance in consonant recognition in noise compared to non-musicians. This study aimed to determine the effects of age at onset and years of musical training on consonant recognition in noise in musicians.

Thirty-six Persian-speaking young musicians with normal hearing whose age at onset of musical training ranged 4–8 years and had at least 10 years of musical training, were asked to listen to Consonant-Vowel-Consonant (CVC) tokens presented in 12-talker babble noise and transcribe them. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the ability of age at onset of musical training and years of musical training in predicting the recognition of stops and fricatives.

The age at onset of musical training significantly predicted consonant recognition in noise (p<0.001, R2= 0.614), while years of musical activity had no significant effect (p=0.055).

Early start of musical training seems to improve the ability to recognize consonants in challenging listening environments.

The production of land cover maps (LCM) provides essential information about land types and their characteristics, playing a significant role in updating urban maps, managing natural resources, environmental protection, and sustainable development. In this context, the use of image processing techniques and free remote sensing data is considered an optimal method for generating land cover maps (LCM). In this study, various artificial intelligence approaches, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, were used to produce the LCM. The ML approach includes two stages: feature extraction and classification. In the feature extraction stage, texture features extracted from the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), including mean, variance, homogeneity, contrast, and entropy, were used. For classification, the logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were employed. In the DL approach, deep learning semantic segmentation models, including U-Net, U-Net++, ResU-Net, and MRU-Net, were used. To evaluate the accuracy of the ML and DL algorithms in producing the land cover map, Sentinel-2 images from two areas located in the west of Tehran were utilized. The results of this study were examined in three different sections: ML, DL, and their comparison. In the ML section, the RF model, which used a combination of the image's primary bands and texture features, performed better than other models with an overall accuracy of 95.21% and a Kappa coefficient of 92.62%. In the DL section, the MRU-Net model produced the most optimal LCM with an overall accuracy of 95.33% and a Kappa coefficient of 92.73% compared to other deep models. The MRU-Net model, without using texture features, improved overall accuracy and the Kappa coefficient by 0.53% and 0.82%, respectively, compared to the RF model using a combination of primary image bands. Furthermore, compared to the RF model, which used a combination of primary bands and texture features, the MRU-Net model's overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were 0.12% and 0.11% higher, respectively.

Since their development the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales have been extensively used to assess schizotypy in clinical and nonclinical samples. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the short forms of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales (SWSS) in an Iranian population.
Research

This research was a correlational design. Three hundred and twelve participants from universities students along with thirty-four schizophrenic patient, and fifty theirs first degree relatives were included in this study. Participants answered to Persian version of SWSS, Short form Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (SO-LIFE) Questionnaire and Coleridge’s STA scale.

The results showed internal consistency in terms of Cronbach's α, and test–retest reliability. The results of the two methods showed a good reliability for the shortened WSS. Concurrent validity was tested by comparing with SO-LIFE and STA which showed acceptable relationship. Differential validity was tested by comparing SWSS scores between schizophrenic patients, theirs first degree relatives and normal people which was acceptable.

Moreover, the factor structure of Persian version of SWSS showed two factor solutions, and resembles that seen in previous related studies, providing further cross-cultural empirical evidence of the two factorial structures of the WSS. The present results provide the further demonstration of the validity of the shortened WSS and support their use in the study of schizotypy particularly among Iranian population.

The primary objective of this study was to delve into the intricate interplay between spiritual intelligence, neurotic personality, and differentiation concerning suicidal ideation among students.

The methodology employed in this research was of a descriptive nature, falling under the category of a survey study. The target population for this study encompassed all students residing in the city of Tabriz. A total of 250 students were carefully chosen to participate, constituting the sample size for this research endeavor. The selection process was meticulously carried out utilizing a random cluster sampling technique. To gather relevant data, instruments such as the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI), NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI; King, 2008), as well as the Differentiation of Self Inventory (Skowron and Friedlander, 1998) were administered.

The normality of the data distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, while research hypotheses were scrutinized via the Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis. All computations were meticulously conducted using the SPSS version 18 software. The outcomes of the study unequivocally revealed a notable inverse correlation between spiritual intelligence and suicidal thoughts among students. Conversely, a noteworthy positive association was observed between neurotic personality traits and suicidal ideation in students. Furthermore, a substantial inverse relationship was identified between levels of differentiation and suicidal ideation among students.

Totally, approximately 40% of the variance in suicidal ideation among students was elucidated by the combined influences of spiritual intelligence, neurotic personality traits, and levels of differentiation.

The Relationship between the Afghan Government and the Taliban Group has experienced many ups and downs. With the Taliban's rise to power in 2021, the group's influence on the policies of Afghanistan's neighboring countries, including Iran, has been subject to varying approaches. This paper seeks to answer the question of how the political developments in Afghanistan and the Taliban's seizure of power will impact Iran's policy towards Afghanistan. This research has been conducted using a documentary-library method. The findings of the research indicate that the Taliban's rise to power and subsequent developments have had a significant impact on Iran-Afghanistan relations. These developments have posed new challenges to bilateral relations and led to greater complexities in these relations, influenced by security issues, power distribution in Afghanistan, and cultural and environmental factors.

The aim of this study was to compare impulsivity and craving among stimulant dependents, opiate dependents, and individuals susceptible to addiction.

This research was causal-comparative. The statistical population of the study included all opiate-dependent and stimulant-dependent men who sought treatment at outpatient addiction treatment centers in Tabriz, as well as students from Tabriz Payam-e-Noor University. Among these, 150 individuals were selected using convenience sampling: 50 opiate-dependent individuals, 50 stimulant-dependent individuals, and 50 students with high scores on the addiction readiness scale. They completed the Barratt impulsivity scale, the craving beliefs questionnaire, and the addiction potential scale. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The findings revealed significant differences in impulsivity and craving among the three groups. Stimulant and opiate-dependent individuals exhibited higher levels of impulsivity and craving compared to those prone to addiction. Moreover, stimulant-dependent individuals showed higher levels of impulsivity and craving than opiate-dependent individuals.

The elevated impulsivity and craving in substance-dependent individuals compared to those prone to addiction underscore the cognitive challenges associated with addiction. The heightened intensity of craving and impulsivity in stimulant-dependent individuals compared to opiate-dependent individuals may be attributed to the pharmacological properties of these substances.

The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) is a 104-item instrument that has been designed based on a factor analysis of 15 existing scales for the measurement of schizotypy. The present study was an attempt to validate the short form of the O-LIFE (SO-LIFE). This study was a correlational research wherein a sample of four hundred and sixty-eight participants was selected among Tabriz Payame Noor university students via a stratified random sampling in 2022. The data was analyzed using factor analysis. Factor analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) with Promax rotation extracted four factors including cognitive disorganization, impulsive nonconformity, unusual perceptual experiences, and introversive anhedonia. Concurrent validity coefficient of the scale was equal to 0.85 and the correlation coefficient between the total scale and the subscales ranged from 0.46 to .75. Differential validity was tested by comparing SO-LIFE scores between schizophrenic patients, their first degree relatives and normal people which was acceptable. In the same way, test-retest reliability and internal consistency reliability of the scale were equal to 0.83 and 0.75 respectively. The findings of this study revealed some information about the psychometric properties of the O-LIFE short form in an Iranian sample. It was also found that this questionnaire, as a valid instrument, had applications in research on schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Iran.
The employment of this questionnaire can help develop a comprehensive body of research wherein accurate measurement of schizotypy would be of particular importance.

Floods are one of the most frequent natural disasters that affect the society, impact human lives, and make costs for governments. Utilizing new technologies helps managers and first responders to decrease the damaging effect of floods and save time. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles equipped with accurate sensors along with powerful computer vision and deep learning techniques can act as potential platforms for surrveilance, mapping and detection of flooded regions. In this study, PSPNet as the main architecture enhanced by ResNeSt as the encoder, are utilized for semantic segmentation of very high resolution drone imagery acquired from urban flooded regions. Furthermore, in order to interpret and study the performance of the method, Monte-Carlo Dropout (MCD) technique is used as a Bayesian estimator for uncertainty quantification of the results. Comparing the results of our method with other models indicated that increasing the complexity and number of parameters of the model would increase its performance during training and testing by 10% and 3%, respectively, and the certainty of the models will increase in inference time. The Accuracy of semantic segmentation is 97.93% and F1-score is about 89%.

Iran is a country with diverse ethnic, linguistic, religious, biological, and geographical backgrounds. The status of ethnic groups within a country, particularly in smaller divisions like provinces, can influence the awareness and actions of individuals belonging to those ethnic groups regarding the government or sovereignty. In a province like Golestan, known for its diverse ethnic makeup, special attention should be given to cultural policies. The primary objective of this research is to analyze how the cultural policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran affect the convergence or divergence of the Turkmen people in Golestan province. This research, in terms of purpose, application, and methodology, is a survey-based study using a questionnaire as the measurement tool. The statistical population consists of men and women aged 18 to 65 from the Turkmen tribe in Golestan province, with a sample size of 384 individuals determined using Cochran's formula. The results of the research indicate that the ethnic policies of the Republic of Iran have significantly influenced the cultural unity of the Turkmen people in Golestan province. This suggests that as government policies align more with tradition and culture, the convergence variable strengthens. Therefore, this research emphasizes the importance of policymakers considering ethnic groups when formulating cultural policies to promote greater convergence

This research was conducted with the aim of providing a structural model of the effect of sleep disorders on learning problems with the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in children. This research was a descriptive-correlation study. The statistical population of the research included all primary school students (ages 9 to 12 years) in district 3 of Marand city in 2023. From this society, 300 students were selected by staged cluster sampling method. Data collection tools included Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), Colorado Learning Difficulties Questionnaire (CLDQ) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Data analysis was done using Pearson correlation in spss version 26 and structural equation analysis in AMOS version 21. Data analysis showed that children's sleep disorders have a direct and positive effect on cognitive flexibility and learning problems, and cognitive flexibility also has a direct and positive effect on learning problems, which were statistically significant. Also, children's sleep disorders had a significant indirect effect on learning problems through cognitive flexibility in a positive way. These results mean the importance of maintaining and improving the quality of children's sleep to support the learning process and improve their cognitive performance. Therefore, paying attention to healthy sleeping habits and creating a suitable sleeping environment for children can be effective in increasing cognitive flexibility and reducing their learning problems.

One of the important components in shaping the foreign policy of countries is the view and attitude of the agents of that country to the world. The macro-strategy of countries begins with their leaders' understanding of the international environment, their national goals and interests, and the threats posed to the country. On January 20, 2017, Donald Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States. His approach to resolving the North Korean nuclear crisis has had its ups and downs. In the first year, Trump adopted a tough strategy against Pyongyang. The purpose of this article is to use a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the political leadership style of the two countries, the United States and North Korea, and to make a comparative comparison between the political leaders of the two countries (Trump and Kim Jong Un). The results of an analysis of Trump's leadership style and actions show that he had the least adherence to American political structures and principles. Some argue that Trump lacked a clear and predictable foreign policy. The fact is that although Trump did not have a clear and precise approach to foreign policy, and even his foreign policy team was not completely homogeneous, he himself, based on his leadership style, has a broad and consistent view of the world, politics. The United States's foreign policy and its cost-benefit interests in this area were also the basis of its major decisions and policies toward North Korea.

Beta thalassemia often leads to iron overload in various tissues, including the heart. Current diagnostic methods rely on MRI, which may not be feasible in certain situations. This study aimed to investigate the correlation and diagnostic accuracy between serum ferritin levels, echocardiography results, and T2-weighted cardiac MRI values in patients with beta-thalassemia major to diagnose myocardial iron overload without the necessity of MRI.

This cross-sectional study included 102 patients with beta-thalassemia major who underwent echocardiography and MRI. Serum ferritin levels were measured, and myocardial T2 weighting was calculated. The cut-off values for MRI interpretation were defined as T2>20 milliseconds for normal myocardial iron load, T2*≤2010 milliseconds for mild to moderate myocardial iron burden, and T2*≤10 for severe myocardial iron burden.

The mean ferritin level was 2418.7±2860.8 ng/ml, mean heart T2* was 22.6±14.7 ms, and mean ejection fraction (EF) based on MRI was 51.7±11.2%. The echocardiographic parameter MVDT was identified as a suitable diagnostic indicator for reduced and severely reduced T2*. The sensitivity and specificity of ≤170 MVDT for T2 reduction were 0.72 and 0.62, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity of ≤150 MVDT for severely reduced T2 were 0.52 and 0.96, respectively.

The findings suggest that serum ferritin levels, EF, and MVDT in echocardiography have the highest diagnostic efficiency for detecting reduced T2*. In settings where cardiac MRI is unavailable or contraindicated, the MVDT parameter and ferritin levels can be valuable for evaluation purposes.

Little is known about the factors associated with the desire for makeup addiction. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design a structural model of married women' makeup addiction based on body dysmorphic disorder, sexual self-esteem and body intelligence.

The research method applied in this study was correlational with the type of structural equations. Participants statistical of the present study include 200 clients of beauty centers (18 to 50 years old) at Miandoab city in 2022, that have been selected by convenience sampling. Smith and Et al.'s makeup addiction scale, Rabiei et al.'s body dysmorphic questionnaire, Zeanah and Schwarz's sexual self-esteem scale, and Anderson's body intelligence scale were used for data collection. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, Sobel and Bootstrap test, through statistical software (SPSS version 21) and AMOS.

The direct effect of body intelligence (-0.44), sexual self-esteem (-0.36) and body dysmorphic disorder (0.45) in the estimation of makeup addiction was significant. Also, the indirect effect of body dysmorphic disorder (t-value=3.14) and sexual self-esteem (t-value=-2.81) mediated by body intelligence was significant. and total of 41% of the variance of makeup addiction is explained through model variables.

Considering the role of the body dysmorphic disorder, sexual self-esteem and body intelligence variables in explaining the makeup addiction model, it seems that by strengthening sexual self-esteem and body intelligence and by reducing the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder, women's addiction to makeup can be treated.

Detecting small objects such as vehicles and swimming pools in high-spatial-resolution drone images is challenging due to their similar geometric and color features. The increase in the number of vehicles is not only a major challenge from the perspective of urban traffic but also leads to environmental problems such as pollution and warming. Therefore, monitoring these targets can play an important role in managing these problems. On the other hand, the construction and maintenance of swimming pools also require a significant amount of water, and monitoring these targets in urban environments is essential for water conservation. In this regard, drone remote sensing images and deep learning networks, which have a high ability to detect objects from these images, are considered suitable tools for monitoring these targets. Although valuable research has been done in this area to address each of the environmental challenges mentioned, there are still shortcomings in them. In this study, a new deep learning network YOLOv5+ has been developed to simultaneously detect two targets, vehicles and swimming pools, from drone images, in which the network's performance in extracting efficient features has been enhanced due to the use of the Inception mechanism in the intermediate layers. Additionally, in this study, DJI Mavic and DJI Mini Se drone data from Tianjin regions in China and the city of Cannes in France were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed network and compare it with the YOLOv5 and YOLOv7 deep learning networks. Finally, the results showed that the proposed network achieved an overall accuracy of 95% on the test set, which is an improvement of 2% over the YOLOv5 and YOLOv7 networks, indicating the efficiency of the approach proposed in this study.

The present research aimed to predict resiliency based on childhood trauma, psychological distress, and difficulty in emotion regulation in individuals with substance use.

The present research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all individuals with substance use under treatment in addiction treatment clinics and private and public maintenance camps in the city of Tabriz in 2022. Among them, 384 people were selected according to the inclusion criteria using the convenience sampling method. The tools used in this research included the childhood trauma questionnaire, the psychological distress scale, the resilience questionnaire, and the emotion regulation difficulty scale.

The results showed that childhood trauma, psychological distress, and difficulty in emotional regulation were significantly and negatively correlated with resiliency. The regression results also indicated that childhood trauma, psychological distress, and difficulty in emotional regulation simultaneously explained 34% of the variance of resilience.

The results of the current research emphasize the roles of childhood trauma, psychological distress, and emotional regulation difficulty in the level of resiliency in substance users. These variables can be regarded as causal and preserving factors in substance use.

Multi-grade classes, in which a teacher is responsible for teaching students in different educational levels, is a way to make rural children more accessible to education. Despite the negative effects of this type of education, such as less attention to the individual needs of learners, few researches point to the increase of learners' social skills, richer educational environment, better social participation and growth of self-esteem. One of the fields to resolve this contradiction is the comparison of multiple intelligences in multi-grade and one-grade students, but there is a research gap in the relevant research background. There are different views on multi-grade classes. Some researches consider multi-grade classes as one of the problems of the educational system that must be eliminated, and some others consider the existence of these classes as an opportunity for optimal education. The results of previous studies on the benefits and limitations of multi-grade classes for students are contradictory. One of the areas to resolve this contradiction is the comparison of multiple intelligences in multi- grade and one-grade students, about which there is a research gap.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing moral intelligence, emotional intelligence and social intelligence in students of one-grade and multi-grade classes.

The design of the current research was a causal-comparative description. The statistical population of the research included all one-grade and multi-grade students of Khodaafrin city in the academic year of 2021-2022, who were studying in the sixth grade. The sample size was determined based on Morgan's table (239 people) and then sampling was done in three levels: cluster, class and simple random. In this way, to determine a sample of single-grade students from among the one-gradm schools of Khoda Afarin city, a few schools were randomly selected. Also, some schools were randomly selected from the multi-grade rural schools. Then, according to the size of each class (one-grade and multi-grade) in the statistical population, a total of 239 students (147 one-grade students and 92 multi-grade students) were selected randomly. In order to collect data, questionnaires of emotional intelligence (Schutte et al., 1998), moral intelligence (Lennick & Kiel, 2005) and Tromsoe social intelligence (Silvera et al., 2001) were used. Multivariate analysis of variance and SPSS26 software were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the students of multi-grade classes have obtained higher average grades in all three variables of emotional intelligence, moral intelligence and social intelligence, but this difference was not significant in terms of moral intelligence scores (P>0.05), but significant in emotional intelligence and social intelligence. was (P<0.05).

According to the findings, it seems that the students of multi-grade classes have higher emotional and social intelligence than the students of one-grade classes due to more and richer interactions in the educational environment. Considering conducting research in a specific geographical area and sixth grade students, it is suggested to repeat the experiment in other groups and more samples

Depending on the purpose, different species of broadleaf and coniferous trees are used in the urban green space, which has diverse and complex characteristics. In this study, to obtain accurate information about trees and to cover the weaknesses of two technologies, TLS and TOF, their combination was used. For this purpose, 20 trees were selected from broadleaf (Fraxinus Ornus L. & Ulmus umbraculifera) and coniferous (Cupressus sempervirens L. & Cupressus arizonica Greene) species in the green space of Khajeh Nasir Toosi University and their point clouds were produced using TLS and TOF. After processing point clouds, the parameters of breast diameter, basal area, and crown area were measured. The RMSE of measuring the diameter at the breast of broadleaf and coniferous trees using TOF technology was 0.33 and 0.38 cm and TLS technology was 0.59 and 0.62 cm respectively. The diameter measurement error of the broadleaf is less than the coniferous due to the thinner bark. The basal area measured using TOF technology is more accurate than TLS; On the other hand, TLS technology has a precise and unique function in measuring the crown area. The basal area and crown area of broadleaf trees showed more errors than coniferous trees due to the asymmetric and irregular shape of the stem and crown. According to the obtained results and the examination of the strengths and weaknesses of these technologies, the combination of these two leads to more accurate and comprehensive results. Therefore, it is recommended to use the integration of these technologies in detailed scientific studies that are the basis of executive works.

Cyber aggression is a new form of interpersonal violence among adolescents that can cause a lot of damage to their mental health, so it is necessary to address its underlying factors. Therefore, the present study was conducted to predict cyber aggression based on empathy, moral indifference, and rumination of anger in adolescents.
The research method was a correlational description. The statistical population of this research was all the students studying in the second-period boys' high schools in Tabriz in the academic year 2022-2023, and 395 people were selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method based on Morgan's sampling table. Anger rumination questionnaires (ARS), basic empathy scale, cyber aggression questionnaire for adolescents (CYBA), and moral indifference questionnaire were used in this research. The data were analyzed using the simultaneous regression analysis test.
The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between cyber aggression and emotional empathy (P<0.05) and a positive relationship between moral indifference and anger rumination with cyber aggression (P<0.01); Also, the results showed that 0.27 changes in cyber aggression are explained by emotional empathy, moral indifference, and anger rumination subcomponents. Also, cognitive empathy, memories of anger, and understanding the causes do not have a significant contribution to predicting cyber aggression (P<0.0001).
The present study showed that to control behaviors such as cyber aggression, more attention should be paid to emotional and moral components such as empathy, moral indifference, and anger rumination.

The dispute over shared border waters can threaten international peace and security. The danger of the future war over
Productivity improvement and attention to the economic, security, and political values of water are some important general policies of the system to maintain and consume water, and prevent water from exiting the borders. As the conflict over the shared water of the border can threaten the international peace and security, the possibility of war over water was seriously discussed in the early 90s among university professors and researchers. Turkmenistan covers a large land of desert, and takes the required water from the shared and trans-regional water. One of the controversies between Iran and Turkmenistan was the shared water of Atrak before and after the fall of the soviet-union. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The research question is: What are the political-security challenges between Iran and Turkmenistan in relation to the shared use of Atrak and its hydro-politics? The findings suggested that the current diplomacy in Iran with regards to Atrak before and after the fall of the soviet-union was to consolidate, and prevent tension. This has resulted in Turkmenistan’s abusing the water resources of Atrak out of the international regulations. Accordingly, Iran should follow a new approach with regards to Atrak’s hydro-politics and the two countries should cooperate and prevent conflicts through borrowing practical strategies.

One of the most important thematic studies in the field of political psychology studies is the study of the personality and political intelligence of leaders. The present study is an analysis of the personality of political leaders with emphasis on the role of mindfulness and political intelligence and has examined the political personality of one of the leaders of the United States and North Korea in this regard. The main question of the present study was how political intelligence and mindfulness influenced the decisions of the political leaders of the two countries (Trump) and North Korea (Kim)? In this descriptive-analytical study, the relationship between political intelligence and mindfulness with transformational leadership and its components in the personality context of leaders were analyzed. The results showed that leaders' personality traits play an important role in leadership style and their individual and social interactions. Based on the findings, political intelligence and mindfulness of leaders influenced by their political personality in the light of ways of influence, sources of power, individual adjustments and incompatibilities and identity values affect the decision-making and interests of political leaders of the US and North Korea. It has been a transition and it can be said that this concept has had an effective role on the relations between the two countries due to the complexity and challenges of the relations between the two countries, the United States and North Korea.

One of the important components in shaping the foreign policy of countries is the view and attitude of the agents of that country to the world. The macro-strategy of countries begins with their leaders' understanding of the international environment, their national goals and interests, and the threats posed to the country. On January 20, 2017, Donald Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States. His approach to resolving the North Korean nuclear crisis has had its ups and downs. In the first year, Trump adopted a tough strategy against Pyongyang. The purpose of this article is to use a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the political leadership style of the two countries, the United States and North Korea, and to make a comparative comparison between the political leaders of the two countries (Trump and Kim Jong Un). The results of an analysis of Trump's leadership style and actions show that he had the least adherence to American political structures and principles. Some argue that Trump lacked a clear and predictable foreign policy. The fact is that although Trump did not have a clear and precise approach to foreign policy, and even his foreign policy team was not completely homogeneous, he himself, based on his leadership style, has a broad and consistent view of the world, politics. The United States’ foreign policy and its cost-benefit interests in this area were also the basis of its major decisions and policies toward North Korea.

Depressed women have psychological problems that require interventions such as behavioral activation to reduce them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of behavioral activation therapy on learned helplessness and psychological toughness in depressed women.

The research design was a semi-experimental pre-test post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all the people suffering from depression in Babol city who had referred to psychotherapy clinics in Babol city in 2019. Thirty people who scored medium to high in the Beck Depression Questionnaire were randomly selected and assigned into two groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). The intervention group underwent 90-minute behavioral activation therapy from Leahy, Holland & McGinn (2002) in 8 sessions once a week in groups, but no action was taken in the control group. Quinles and Nelson's (1988) learned helplessness questionnaire and Ahvaz Kiamarthi, Najarian and Mehrabizadeh's (1999) psychological toughness questionnaire were applied to them. Data analysis was done with descriptive tests (mean and standard deviation) and covariance analysis using SPSS version 23 software. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

The results of covariance analysis indicated that behavioral activation treatment had an effect on learned helplessness (F = 49.24) and psychological toughness (F = 17.58) in depressed women (P<0.001). The amount of this effect in the variable of learned helplessness based on the square of the eta coefficient was equal to 52% and in the variable of psychological toughness, it was equal to 37%.

According to the results of this research, behavioral activation can be used to reduce the psychological problems of depressed women and increase their toughness.