f. ahmadi

The purpose of this study is to propose a solution for using large fuzzy sets in assessment tasks with a significant number of items, focusing on the assessment of media and educational tools. Ensuring fairness is crucial in evaluation tasks, especially when different evaluators assign different ratings to the same process or their ratings may even vary in different situations. Also, previous non-fuzzy assessment methods show that the mean value of assessors scores is not a good representation when the variance of scores is significant.  Fuzzy evaluation methods can solve this problem by addressing the uncertainty in evaluation tasks. Although some studies have been conducted on fuzzy assessment, but their main focus is fuzzy calculations and no solution has been proposed for the problem arising when fuzzy rule set is considerably huge.  Fuzzy rules are the main key for fuzzy inference. This part of a fuzzy system often is generated by experts.  In this study,15 experts were asked to create the set of fuzzy rules. Fuzzy rules relate inputs to outputs by descriptive linguistic expressions. Making these expressions is so more convenient than if we determine an exact relationship between inputs and outputs. The number of fussy rules has an exponential relationship with the number of inputs. Therefore, for a task with more than say 6 inputs, we should deal with a huge set of fuzzy rules. This paper presents a solution that enables the use of large fuzzy sets in fuzzy systems using a multi-stage hierarchical approach. Justice is always the most important issue in an assessment process. Due to its nature, a fuzzy calculation-based assessment provides an assessment in a just manner.  Since many assessment tasks are often involved more than 10 items to be assessed, generating a fuzzy rule set is impossible. Results show the final score is very sensitive to slight differences in score of an item given by assessors. Besides that, assessors often are not able to consider all items simultaneously to assign a coefficient for the effect of each item on final score. This will be seriously a problem when the final score depends on many input items. In this study, we proposed a fuzzy analysis method to ensure equitable evaluation of educational media and instructional tools within the teaching process. Results of none-fuzzy scoring system show that final score has intense variations when assessment is down in different times and by different assessors. It is because of the manner that importance coefficients are calculated for each item of assessment. In fuzzy assessment no importance coefficient is used for each item. In this study, a novel method was proposed to determine the score of an activity, a task, or a tool that is designed for learning purposes based on Fuzzy sets and their respective calculations. Because of the nature of fuzzy systems, approximate descriptive expressions are used to relate input items to final score instead of an exact function that is impossible to be estimated. Fuzzy method is a robust system that ensure us a fair assessment.

The world of tomorrow differs from today’s world. It belongs to those who hold the reins of policy-making and planning, capable individuals who understand the demands of their time and plan accordingly. The education system serves as a key to the future, being one of the most vital social institutions in any country’s development. Its aim is to nurture creativity and talent among students. In this context, emerging technologies like the Metaverse have the potential to revolutionize education, creating a new civilization where place, time, and territory no longer constrain learning. This research focuses on forecasting through future-oriented planning based on scenarios. It delves into uncertainties and changing conditions, painting a panorama of diverse futures for policymakers. Its goal is to envision the future of Metaverse technology in education

This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-combined (synchronization-data transformation model) based on scientific resources, documents, observations, field surveys, and software analysis in terms of research method. The research population included experts in education and technology units of provincial departments who were active in smart schools, media literacy, and electronic content production. A purposeful sampling method (snowball) was used to select 17 participants. In the qualitative section, all statements from the expert panel (10 webinar sessions, totaling 20 hours) were reviewed several times, important points were extracted, and structured questionnaires with Likert scale questions were prepared. Afterwards, the problem definition and identification of components began, and through the analysis of driving forces and existing uncertainties, the development and description of scenarios and the recommendation of strategic options were concluded. Qualitative data identified five key factors affecting the future of metaverse technologies in cultural-social, managerial, structural, physical, and economic dimensions through the expert panel. Quantitative analysis was based on the use of SPSS software, and qualitative data analysis was done through Vensim, MICMAC, and Scenario Wizard software, and strategy presentation was done with the SWOT analytical model. The research tools in the quantitative section included structured interviews with 42 items, which were prepared through the expert panel, and the face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, with an alpha coefficient of 0.82 calculated

The structural analysis matrix of the drivers was calculated using the MicMac software and then through the Scenario Wizard software, the golden scenario (with 2 scenarios), the disaster scenario (19 scenarios), and the believable scenario (3 scenarios) were calculated. Also, through the SWOT table, the internal and external matrix was calculated, the coefficient and final score of internal factors were 1.94 and the score of external factors was 2.2, which indicates the internal weakness of the system and the average condition of the external system.

Despite the relative progress in the field of quantitative growth of education and technology compared to developed countries, the educational system of Iran has not had much success and technology and the use of virtual reality in the classroom has no meaning and the practionters are only satisfied with the purchase of technological equipment in the school; it is necessary to create a suitable platform to reach the golden scenario. If the goal is

This study aimed to revitalize the historical districts of Shiraz using a foresight methodology, with a focus on the year 2051.

Conducted in 2023 (1402 in the Islamic calendar), the research employed a foresight approach to analyze Shiraz's historical areas. A researcher-developed questionnaire was utilized for data collection, beginning with a review of existing literature to identify key indicators affecting the revitalization process. These indicators were used to design the research questionnaire, which was validated using the Delphi method. The study's sample consisted of 30 experts in urban planning, selected through purposive sampling. To assess the key driving forces, foresight tools such as MicMac and Scenario Wizard were applied.

Fourteen significant factors impacting the revitalization of Shiraz's historical fabric were identified, including the degradation of historically significant buildings, limited financial resources for restoration, declining public appreciation of historical buildings, and the underutilization of tourist attractions in these areas. Among the six potential scenarios, the fourth scenario, which exhibited 13 favorable conditions, was deemed the most optimal, followed by the sixth scenario with 12 favorable conditions. The remaining scenarios (first, second, third, and fifth) were classified as critical due to their negative status. The fourth scenario, with a desirability score of 21.10, was the most advantageous, while the fifth scenario, with a critical rate of 33.33%, represented the worst-case scenario.

Six possible scenarios, each representing different combinations of favorable, static, and critical conditions, may arise in the revitalization of Shiraz's historical districts. The favorable condition is the most likely to occur, followed by the static state, with the critical condition being the least probable.

Polyethylene terephthalate polymer is a member of the polyester polymer family that has high mechanical and chemical resistance. The use of artificial vessel prostheses made of polyethylene terephthalate with acceptable physical and biological characteristics is a suitable replacement for damaged vessels. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of modifying the surface of polyethylene terephthalate with SO2 plasma on the hemocompatibility of the polymer.Polymer films were exposed to SO2 gas plasma. In order to evaluate surface chemistry changes, FTIR infrared spectroscopy test was performed. 3D imaging with atomic force microscope (AFM) was performed to examine the structural changes and MTT assay and platelet adhesion tests were carried out to investigate the changes in cell activity and coagulation.The results of infrared spectroscopy in the sample treated by plasma with SO2gas confirmed the presence of peaks related tothe symmetrical bonds of SO2in SO3 or SO4 in the sample. AFM images showed the surface structure changes. The MTT assay test proved the non-toxicity of the SO2gas plasma surface modification method. Adhesion and cell and platelet activity tests also showed the anti-clotting effect of the modified polymer.The use of plasma method with SO2gas is a suitable method to modify the surface and to increase blood compatibility of polyethylene terephthalate polymer, and probably can be used for making artificial blood vessels.

In this study, a hybrid approach is established for clustering the most favorable regions  in association with magnetite-apatite mineralization at the Esfordi district in the central Iran. An optimum number of clusters is derived from a data-driven methodology through a concentration-area (C-A) fractal model of a synthesized geospatial data set. According to the metallogenic characteristics of the sought deposits, nine evidential layers deriving from geological, geochemical, geophysical, and remote sensing data were extracted. Prediction-area curve (P-A) was used as a data-driven method to determine the weight and importance of those evidences; then an index overlay method integrated them into a single propsectivity map. The number of clusters significantly affects the mineral potential modeling results in clustering algorithms. To determine an optimum number of clusters, the C-A fractal curve of the overlaid map indicated the correct population within this district, and then used as the optimal number to run the unsupervised clustering algorithms. Assuming five clusters, three clustering algorithms, including K-means, fuzzy C-means, and self-organizing map (SOM), were used to identify and localize iron-bearing favourable areas. The K-means algorithm had the highest accuracy in identifying those potential areas, by which 8% of the whole area could predict 65% of known deposits in the main favorable region.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of varying quantities of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on growth performance and mucosal enzyme activity in Japanese quails at an early age. Using a completely randomized experimental design, 160 one-day-old quail chicks were randomly assigned to 4 experimental treatments and each treatment contained 4 replicate pens of 10 birds. The experimental treatments included T1: control (a basal diet containing 35.2 mg Zn only ), T2, T3, and T4  containing basal diet plus 20, 40, and 60 mg ZnO NPs, respectively. Performance characteristics were recorded weekly. After 21 days, one quail was selected and slaughtered from each experimental cage with a body weight equal to the average body weight of quails in the same experimental cage. After slaughtering and opening the abdominal cavity, a 5 cm sample was taken from the jejunum of the small intestine. The jejunum sample was stored at -80°C until the measurement of alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and lipase enzymes. The results showed that live weight was higher in the T3 and T4 groups than in the control group (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio was also lower in birds fed with basal diets supplemented with 40 and 60 mg ZnO NPs/kg  (T3 and T4, respectively), compared to control treatments (P>0.05). The results showed that amylase and lipase activity increased in the birds fed with 40 and 60 mg ZnO NPs/kg  of the basal diet, in comparison to the control treatment; however, they were not significant (P>0.05). The results of this study indicated that the addition of 40 or 60 mg ZnO NPs/kg to the basal diet could be used as a supplement to improve performance traits and enhance mucosal enzyme activity in Japanese quail in the starter stage.

The issue of the quality of the urban environment has gained significant importance in recent years within society. It is imperative to prioritize the consideration of third places in order to foster local communities and enhance the well-being of urban life. The primary objective of this study is to identify the factors that influence third places and the quality of the urban environment.

This research employed a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey method and drawing upon targeted library documentaries and Delphi studies to determine conceptual indicators in the year 1402 in Ahvaz city. The sample size consisted of experts and specialists in the field relevant to the research topic, totaling 30 individuals. Through the application of the cross-effects analysis technique and the Micmac program, this study examined the components of third places and the environmental quality of Ahvaz city. For the purpose of this study, the Delphi method was employed to identify 55 components and 10 dimensions as indicators of the third place and the quality of the environment. The data was then analyzed using path analysis test with the PLS Smart structural equation model.

The analysis of the 55 factors revealed 11 key factors that have the greatest impact on the future state of Ahvaz's environmental quality. These factors were identified by examining the direct and indirect effects of the factors on each other and the future state of Ahvaz's environmental quality.The findings of the prioritization of the effective dimensions in the third places and the quality of the environment in Ahvaz city indicate that activity and utility indicators, perception, and mental image and relaxation are ranked as the most important factors.

There is a comprehensive and multidimensional relationship between the quality of the environment and third places in Ahvaz City. This is due to the fact that the enhancement of environmental quality in this particular urban area is closely intertwined with the robust structural interdependence among these fundamental factors.

The moral sensitivity of nurses is related to patient care. The more sensitive nurse in facing ethical challenges in care causes the better patient care he/she provides. Providing better ethical care leads to increased patient satisfaction and reduced societal burden. We investigated the relationship between nurses’ moral sensitivity and patient satisfaction in the Iraqi emergency wards.

This cross-sectional study was done on nurses (200) and patients (400) in Iraqi emergency wards. Three questionnaires were used, including demographic, Newcastle Satisfaction, and Moral Sensitivity. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.

There was a positive relationship between patient satisfaction and nurses’ moral sensitivity (r=0.662; p=0.001).

Nurses often face difficult situations when caring for patients in the emergency department. To deal with these situations and make ethical decisions, nurses must have an acceptable level of ethical sensitivity. When nurses are ethically sensitive to patient care, patients realize this, and satisfaction with receiving nursing care increases.

Contaminated foods with Shiga toxigenic serotypes of Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause diarrhea and severe diseases in consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate frequency of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli serotypes and their antibiotic resistance patterns in vegetable samples from Tehran, Iran.

In this study, a total of 97 vegetable samples from 22 urban areas of Tehran, Iran, were investigated, July 2018 to March 2019. To identify Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli strains, standard method of enrichment and culture in selective media and polymerase chain reaction for verifying presence of stx1 and stx2 genes were used. Presence of eae and ehxA genes was investigated in Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli isolates. Antibiotic resistance was assessed using disk diffusion method for 15 antibiotics and the multidrug resistance phenotype was assessed.

Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli strains were isolated in 14/4% of vegetable samples (stx1, stx2, stx1/stx2 of 8, 1 and 5%, respectively). Presence of eae and ehxA genes was shown in 1 and 2% of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli isolates, respectively. The highest resistance was detected to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (100%), erythromycin (73.33%) and tetracycline (85.7%) and the lowest against meropenem (0%) and imipenem/ceftazidime (7/7%).

In this study, contamination of vegetables with multidrug resistant Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli was verified in Tehran, Iran. Further studies on human samples can clarify this contamination.

We suggest an a priori method by introducing the concept of AP - equitable efficiency. The preferences matrix AP , which is based on the partition P of the index set of the objective functions, is given by the decision-maker. We state the certain conditions on the matrix AP that guarantee the preference relation ⪯eAP to satisfy the strict monotonicity and strict P -transfer principle axioms. A problem most frequently encountered in multiobjective optimization is that the set of Pareto optimal solutions provided by the optimization pro-cess is a large set. Hence, the decision-making based on selecting a unique preferred solution becomes difficult. Considering models with Ar P -equitable efficiency and A∞ P -equitable efficiency can help the decision-maker for over-coming this difficulty, by shrinking the solution set.

Research on natural compounds provides new alternatives for effective and sustainable control of plant viral pathogens. Herein, we prepared and investigated the in vitro antiviral activity of 60 plant species from 22 families. The hydroethanolic extracts of Rhus coriaria, Chenopodium quinoa and Ailanthus altissima have strong inhibitions on Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) infection. Hydroethanolic extract of C. quinoa with half-maximal Effective Concentration (EC50) value of 1.64 mg mL-1 exhibited the highest inhibitory effect against TMV. The extracts of R. coriaria and A. altissima with EC50 values of 2.82 and 4.42 mg mL-1, being compared with C. quinoa, showed an anti-TMV activity at higher concentrations, respectively. The systemic assay indicated that all of the three extracts reduced the symptoms and negative effects of TMV on tobacco plants. The chemical analysis of C. quinoa extract demonstrated a rich profile of saponins and anthocyanins, while A. altissima and R. coriaria extracts were rich in phenolic compounds. These results displayed that C. quinoa, R. coriaria, and A. altissima extracts had significant antiviral activity, and could be used as suitable sources for discovering new antiviral agents.

The purpose of this paper is to simulate the vibrations caused by the aerodynamic force of the wind blowing. Disturbances of air currents over the cable cause the oscillations of the cable with certain amplitude. In this paper, the Dryden turbulence model is used to model wind-induced aerodynamic force. The equations of motion of the cable connected to the electromagnetic damper is obtained by using the Hamilton principle and then they are discretized to a set of linear ordinary differential equations by adopting the Galerkin method. In the following, the transfer functions of the first vibration mode of the cable are obtained and the bode diagrams for these transfer functions are plotted using MATLAB software. Then the effects of random gust parameters, such as length scale, turbulence intensity and wind speed on the frequency response of the cable are investigated. The results show that increasing length scale and wind speed decrease the resonant frequency of the system.

Making developmental changes in a society requires systematic modifications. Education is a powerful driving force behind it. Due to the limitation of budget and space in most Iranian schools and time-consuming nature of fundamental changes in teaching methods, the capacity of non-formal education should be considered to compensate for these shortcomings in order to achieve the educational goals of students. Museums and science centers are part of these opportunities. Iranian Museum of Science and Technology (INMOST) was established as an institution in the science and innovation system of the country and can play an important role in non-formal education by adopting different methods in representing science, and by communicating science and society, it can nurture and promote the students’ understanding of the nature of science along with the institution of formal education. To understand how this function is performed, the relationship between science museums and the concepts of science and science education must be studied from different perspectives. Due to the novelty of scientific studies in this field, the present study analyzes INMOST from the perspective of the nature of science and how it represents by museum exhibits. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to understand the status of representation of the nature of science in the Mechanics Gallery of the INMOST to clarify how educational visits to this museum help formal education.

For this purpose, the concept of "nature of science" is described and the classification of Chiappetta, Fillman and Sethna (1991) is used as a conceptual framework. In this classification, the nature of science includes four categories: Science as a body of knowledge, Science as investigative nature of science, Science as a way of thinking, Science as interaction of science, technology and society. To understand the presence of features of the nature of science in museum exhibitions, deductive qualitative content analysis is conducted so, the statistical sample of the research are (1) all the labels explaining the displays and objects that are in the Mechanics Gallery of the National Museum of Science and Technology and (2) all the oral explanations of the museum guides to the visitors which were collected and analyzed. Therefore, purposive sampling was utilized.

Analysis of the content of 14 devices in the Mechanics Gallery of the INMOST shows that each device has some components and lacks some other components, and there are fewer devices in this gallery that have all four components of the nature of science. This also is true for the descriptions of the guides. Comparison of the data shows that both in the description of the guide and in the labels, the level of attention to the dimension of "interaction of science with society and technology" is less than other dimensions. The highest extent of attention is paid to “Science as a research method” and “Science as a set of knowledge” in the labels and the guides’ descriptions, respectively.

Science museums as a non-formal education institution can play a vital role in increasing scientific literacy, scientific understanding and improving the process of non-formal science education in society and contributing to the formal education. The INMOST can meet this expectation when museum exhibits, labels, and oral explanations are represented, designed and compiled based on communication principles, museum exhibits, and informal design instruction.

The Esfordi 1:100,000 geological sheet is situated at the Bafgh-Posht-e-Badam district in the central Iran structural zone. Due to the high mineral potentials in this region, many studies have been dedicated to investigate geological phenomena and seek minerals such as iron, phosphorus, lead and zinc. The present study attempts to delimit and explore new mineral potential zones in the Esfordi area through several satellite imagery data. Whereby three types of satellite imagery data including, Sentinel-2, Landsat-8 and ASTER, have been incorporated in this analysis to provide more reliable and powerful outputs. The processing algorithms such as band ratio, false color composites, principal component analysis and directional filtering were used to extract geospatial ore-bearing indicators. Note that areas covered by iron oxides were identified from the band ratios of Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 images. Based on the color composite images, the rock units that have more impact on mineralization zones were separated. To map alteration zones in association with iron oxides, selective hybrid principal component analysis of bands from ASTER sensor and sentinel-2 satellite data was utilized. By employing directional filtering on the Sentinel-2 images, lineaments were extracted. In addition, prediction-area (P-A) plot was used to determine the weight of each alteration layer and lineament in identifying mineralization zones. The results show that the argillic and propylitic alterations have the lowest association with the mineralization, meanwhile the phyllic alteration with the highest weight has played a significant role in introducing mineralized zones. Outputs show that the mineralization in the study area is mainly related to rhyolite, rhyodacite and carbonate rocks.

Enriching the fatty acid composition of poultry meat is an important issue. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Algasan pigment on the fatty acids profile of Japanese quail meat with four treatments, three replicates, and 17 chickens per replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets include: 1- Basic diet (control), 2- Basic diet + 0.1% Algasan (A1), 3- Basic diet + 0.2% Algasan (A2), 4- Basic diet + 0.3 % Algasan (A3). At 38 days of age, two male quails were randomly selected from each replicate to determine the fatty acid profiles of the meat. The data were analyzed by SAS software and the mean squares of the parameters were compared by Tukey test. The results showed that the control treatment had the highest percentage of myristoleic acid (0.245), oleic acid (0.260), and trans linoleic acid (0.150), A1 treatment had the highest percentage of heptadecanoic acid (0.160), oleic acid (35.350) and total fatty acids with an unsaturated bond (43.035) and the lowest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids (30.060), A2 treatment had the highest echosamenoic acid (0.185), cis linoleic acid (30.185), omega-6 fatty acids (32.485) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (33.100) and A3 treatment had the most trans linolenic acid (0.200) (P≤0.05). In general, the results of the present study show that Algasan pigment at the level of 0.1% of the diet can be effective in improving the fatty acids profile of quail meat.

Information resources and communication channels, can Informing and notifying role, as an agent of change in knowledge, perception and attitude, the most important role to play in preventing the degradation of natural resources. The aim of this study was the role of pastoralists resources and communication channels in attitude towards the reform and rehabilitation of rangelands in the Qorveh city (Kurdistan), respectively. The population of 400 people were pastoralists who are using Morgan table, 196 individuals were selected in this study. For data evaluation SPSS version software was used 22. The data collected in this study was by a questionnaire. Was used to determine the validity of a panel of experts. In order to estimate the reliability of the test Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. To assess the relationship between independent variables (national channels, local channels and international channels) of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used. Also, to assess the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable of the statements of each of Kendall's tau b rank correlation coefficient was used. The results showed that the national channels, local and international pastoralists attitude positive and significant relationship. Also, the findings demonstrate that local variable with the most channels and international channels with the lowest relative importance of the independent variables. In addition, results showed that the results of the study showed that the index of communication channels and information sources to account for 56% of the total variance of attitude towards the reform and rehabilitation of rangelands were pastoralists.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections in humans, and despite the proper response to treatment, improper use of antibiotics has created resistance among some bacterial strains. This study examines the contribution of each of these strains to the resistance created by each of them.

In this study, 3480 results of urine culture tests were collected, and their antibiograms and ages and gender of the patients were analyzed. The information was collected for 1 year in Ahvaz city. The antibiotic resistance of each urinary tract infection was evaluated separately.

The urinary tract infections had a higher prevalence among women (77.2%) than men (22.8%). Urinary tract infections were more common in people aged 26-35. Among the organisms that cause urinary tract infections, Escherichia Coli and Coagulase-negative staphylococcus had the largest share. The resistance of Escherichia Coli to Cefalotin, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Tobramycin, and Gentamicin was 62.5%, 62.2%, 57.4%, 21.7%, and 20.6%, respectively.

Due to the higher prevalence of urinary tract infections among women, a woman with suspicious symptoms should be treated more rigorously, and according to the status of the urine culture, the treatment will change. Escherichia Coli has been reported to be the most common cause of urinary tract infections, and the best response was observed in patients with Ciprofloxacin or Ofloxacin, Ceftazidime, and Amikacin.

Studying the rural population developments in Kurdistan province of Iran in the last six decades shows that the villages of this province have always been in a downward trend. Accordingly, the present study aimed at determining the most important factors affecting this phenomenon in the studied villages. It was a descriptive-analytical research with a survey approach. For this purpose, the population growth rate was firstly calculated over three decades from 1986 to 2016; and the studied counties were categorized into three classes (unsustainable, relatively sustainable, and sustainable); then, there were selected a total of 23 villages as sample villages and also 264 households as sample size using Cochran formula in a cluster classified sampling method in summer and autumn of 2019. The spatial distribution of sustainability of rural settlements using the GIS software in the studied area indicated the condition of 56 villages as unsustainable, 23 as relatively unsustainable and 6 villages as sustainable. The results of multivariate regression showed that in terms of influencing the unsustainability of the population of rural settlements in the studied area, the economic, physical, environmental and social factors were in the first to fourth ranks, with beta coefficients of 0.511, 0.478, 0.363 and 0.218, respectively.

Improper communication is the most common reason for patients to complain to doctors. Despite numerous interventions to teach communication skills to physicians, the effect of these interventions on patient satisfaction has not been studied or the increase in patient satisfaction has been slight. Given that conducting interventions based on theories and models of behavior change leads to increased effectiveness of educational interventions, in this paper the role of an educational intervention based on PRECEDE PROCEED model on increasing patientschr('39') satisfaction with each of the communication skills of medical interns is reported.

This study was conducted as a part of a larger quasi-experimental research at internal medicine ward of Shariati Hospital affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Applying a valid and reliable questionnaire, satisfaction rate of 242, 231, 223, and 254 patients with communication skills of 70 interns, was assessed and analyzed before, immediately, two weeks and four weeks after the intervention. Data were analyzed and the strongest and weakest communication skills of the interns were determined.

In each of the four periods of assessment in this study, the patientschr('39') satisfaction with internschr('39') communication skills ranged from 31 to 50 (from a whole of 70). Patients had the highest degree of satisfaction with warm, friendly, and respectful behavior of interns. Patientschr('39') least satisfaction was related to internschr('39') skills in considering their opinions in the decision making process to diagnose and treat their medical problems.

In this study, patientschr('39') satisfaction with internschr('39') communication skills was medium to high. It is recommended that in order to improve internschr('39') communication skills and to increase patientschr('39') satisfaction, interns should be provided with constructive feedback, based on the results of the satisfaction surveys.

Low cutting forces can significantly reduce damage risk on sensitive tissues adjacent to the bone. Applying an ultrasound tool in bone cutting is an interest among surgeons due to its better control in an incision, low cutting force, and reduced postoperative complications. In this study, by applying a full factorial design of experiments, the effects of changes in cutting tool geometry, ultrasonic power, bone-cutting direction, and tool speed on the cutting forces of cortical bone are assessed simultaneously. The analyses of variance and regression are run on experimental data, and the influence of each factor and interactions of the elements on the cutting forces are discussed. The adjusted coefficient of determination (R2adj.) of the statistical models is 91.49% and 91.15% in the main cutting force and cutting resistant force, respectively. Both the blade geometry and ultrasonic power, together with their interactions, are the most influential factors in cutting forces with 82.2% and 86.6% contribution therein, respectively. Creating teeth in the cutting edge improves the cutting process and reduces the cutting force by about 40%. The ultrasonic-powered toothed edge blade with a 1 mm pitch, low vertical velocity, and high longitudinal speed is recommended for high efficiency and low cutting force.

 Today, a positivist one-dimensional view of science, where it considers scientific propositions to be objective, definite, and fixed, is not credible enough, and the interdisciplinary and multidimensional nature of science is considered. Science is a human endeavor to explain natural phenomena that require interdisciplinary knowledge. The product of this effort, in which people from all cultures and branches of science participate, is scientific knowledge. This knowledge is based on empirical evidence, rational reasoning, and skepticism; and while it is enduring, it is transient and temporary. Over the past century, the debate over the definition of science and how science works has given rise to the realm of the "nature of science." The nature of science is a common issue in the philosophy, history, sociology, and psychology of science that addresses questions such as science and how it works. Scientists respond to how society functions as a group and how society and science interact. In this field, various components such as observation and inference, transience and temporality, imagination and creativity, society and culture, laws and theories in science and multiple scientific methods are studied, which are referred to as "components of the nature of science". In this article, with a descriptive-survey design and with a quantitative approach of science students, "students' understanding of science and scientific exploration" was assessed.

 The population consisting of second and third year undergraduate physics students of Tehran and Isfahan universities was considered. A statistical sample consisting of 4 classes from two universities was available. A questionnaire for students' understanding of science and scientific exploration was provided to students. Data were analyzed by one-sample t-test and correlation coefficient.

The results showed that the assessed students have an incomplete understanding of the components of the nature of science. There is a significant positive correlation between physics students' understanding of the concept of mass and their views on the nature of science. In order to provide up-to-date solutions to increase students' familiarity with the nature of science, elements of 21st century super-technology - the Internet - for learning science and understanding the nature of science were introduced. It was shown that observation and inference, fantasy and creativity, society and culture, laws and theories, and in addition the transience of science and scientific methods all need to be taught with modern online methods.

In this article: 1- with normal statistics, we proved that students and the general public do not know about science and its basic components; 2- we discussed the potentials of the web space to introduce science and its evolving and creative nature; and 3- suggestions were made in order to strengthen education and knowledge of science. 

Cancer is one of the leading causes of child mortality in the world. Advances in the treatment of the disease have led caregivers to focus on other issues, including efforts to reduce the anxiety of mothers of children with cancer. Paying attention to family-centered care can be effective in achieving these goals. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the effect of family-centered empowerment model on the anxiety of mothers of children with cancer.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-post design and a control group. The study was performed in Besat Hospital in Hamadan. Sixty mothers of children with cancer were randomly divided into two groups: control (n=30) and experimental (n=30). At the beginning of the study, the Spielberger Anxiety Inventory was completed by the samples and then in the experimental group, 5 sessions of family-centered empowerment model were performed by the researcher. After 5 weeks, data were collected from two groups and analyzed by SPSS-25 software.

There was no significant difference between the mean scores of state and trait anxiety in the control group before and after the intervention, while after the intervention, the mean score of state and trait anxiety in the experimental group decreased significantly (p<0.05). Also, the mean score of general anxiety before and after the intervention was significantly different in the experimental group (p<0.05).

According to the results of the present study, the family-centered empowerment model can be an important step in improving the anxiety of mothers of children with cancer; therefore, due to the low cost, safety and effectiveness of the family-centered empowerment model, it is suggested to use this model on other variables of nursing care.

Aflatoxin M1 is one the most important mycotoxin contaminants of milks. Various methods have been described to detect aflatoxins in milks, including chromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colorimetry. Regarding high sensitivity of electrochemical sensor based methods, the aim of the present study was to fabricate an accurate sensitive voltametric biosensor for the rapid detection of aflatoxin M1.

In the present study, a biosensor based on magnetic and gold nanoparticles modified with pencil graphite electrodes was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography to identify aflatoxin M1. Electrochemical behaviors of the biosensor were investigated at various stages of fabrication, including immobilization of magnetic nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, aptamers and analytics using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques.

Results showed that the current peak and charge transfer resistance respectively increased and decreased as the nanoparticles were immobilized, while the current peak and charge transfer resistance increased, compared to the unmodified electrode with the aptamer and analytics immobilization. Assessment of the functional characteristics revealed that the biosensor desirable repeatability (4.6%), reproducibility (8.8%) and acceptable stability (14 days). The biosensor limit of detection was 40 ng/l and the recovery proportion range was reported 93.5–89.6 and 102–105 for biosensor and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively.

The suggested biosensor presented a limit of detection lower than that of Iranian national standard for milk (100 ng/l). Analysis of aflatoxin M1 contaminated milk samples using the biosensor showed a recovery proportion range close to that of high-performance liquid chromatography.

Salmonella is considered as a main cause of community-acquired diarrhea in humans, however, sources of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains and their link with the disease are not well known.

This study aimed to investigate the frequency, serogroup diversity, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella strains in poultry meat and stool samples of patients with community acquired diarrhea in Tehran.

We compared the frequency of non-typhoidal Salmonella serogroups, the similarities of their resistance patterns to 10 antimicrobial compounds, the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and ampicillinase C (AmpC) genetic determinants, and class 1 and 2 integrons in 100 chicken meat and 400 stool samples of symptomatic patients in Tehran during June 2018 to March 2019.

Salmonella was isolated from 75% and 5.5% of the chicken meats and human stool samples, respectively. The chicken meat isolates mainly belonged to serogroup C (88%, 66/75), while the human stool isolates were mainly related to serogroup D (59.1%, 13/22). The MDR phenotype and the most common rates of resistance to antibiotics, including tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TS) and azithromycin, were detected in 4.5% and 45.3%, 59% and 13.6%, 43% and 9.1%, 42% and 9.1% of the human stool and chicken meat samples, respectively. Carriage of blaCTX, blaSHV, and blaPER genes in the meat isolate with ESBL resistance phenotype and blaACC, blaFOX, and blaCMY-2 among the 7 meat strains with AmpC resistance phenotype was not confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). High prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons was characterized and showed a correlation with resistance to TS and chloramphenicol.

These findings showed a lack of association between chicken meats and human isolates due to discrepancy between the characterized serogroups and resistance phenotypes.