farrokh barzideh

OECD as one of the influential institutions on FATF has conducted extensive studies on the relationship between tax crimes and money laundering, the result of which is that tax crimes are among the serious crimes and predicate of money laundering in the year 2012. According to the anti-money laundering law approved in 2015 by the Islamic Council, Money laundering is criminalized and the institutions involved are required to establish anti-money laundering units and implement appropriate mechanisms to prevent, detect and deal with it. The purpose of this research is to identify the structure (main dimensions), components and indicators appropriate to the environmental and economic conditions of the country's tax system in combating money laundering by studying the handbooks and instructions of international institutions such as OECD, FATF, and... And also the internal regulations and approvals of the country such as the Anti-Money Laundering Law and Executive Regulations and Anti-Money Laundering Guidelines in the Tax Affairs Organization using the survey method of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires and the consensus of experts' opinions with the Delphi-fuzzy statistical method. The findings of the research show that the effective factors in 5 main dimensions include identifying taxpayers and main beneficiaries, reporting suspicious and unusual persons and transactions, documenting and keeping records of actions taken, developing internal controls and monitoring and training employees, and finally exchanging and sharing information Are. The experts also agree with the 9 components of the above structure and 80 of the extracted 89 indicators have been approved by them.

In recent years, the dissatisfaction of the beneficiaries and users of accounting information, on the one hand, and the emergence of technological innovations, on the other hand, have made it important to pay attention to the factors influencing the creation of the future of accounting. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to identify and analyze the structure of drivers affecting the future of accounting in Iran from the perspective of new technologies.

In order to identify the drivers affecting the future, semi-structured interviews with 17 experts were used and the most important ones were validated and agreed upon through fuzzy Delphi analysis. It should be mentioned that the structural analysis of the identified drivers was also done by applying the mutual effects analysis method through a questionnaire, using the Mac software. Finally, 72 drivers were accepted as important drivers in exploratory cognitive interviews and after performing fuzzy Delphi, the experts accepted 28 drivers. After the structural analysis of the drivers, the position of each driver in the form of the structural analysis matrix was identified as influential drivers, risk and target, effective and ineffective drivers.

The results show that 13 drivers have the most influence on the future of accounting in Iran.

According to experts, access to the Internet and specialized human resources with interdisciplinary skills are one of the most important drivers that can affect the creation of the future of accounting.Contribution: The results will be effective and useful in providing a systematic interpretation of the key drivers affecting the future of accounting from the perspective of new technologies and the relationships between them, this will also facilitate the formulation of future scenarios and policies.

The present study aims to propose a model for assessing the quality of the internal control structure of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. To achieve this goal, a set of indicators and components of the internal control structure were identified through a review of the theoretical foundations and research background, as well as interviews with experts and specialists in the relevant field. Then, using the fuzzy Delphi process and model validation with the binomial test, quality measurement indicators for the internal control structure were identified. The sample consisted of 36 managers and university professors specializing in internal controls. According to the study, the quality of the internal control structure was classified into three environmental, structural-executive, and results dimensions. The environmental dimension includes three components: the cultural, social, and economic environment of the company's activity location, the legal, political, and economic structure governing the company, and the general structure of the company, with twenty indicators. The structural-executive dimension includes four components: the board of directors structure, specialized committees of the board of directors, senior management structure, and internal supervisory structure, with fifty-eight indicators. The results dimension includes five components: internal control assessment report, independent auditor report, compliance with laws and regulations by the company, company's tax and insurance structure, and transparency and quality of reporting - fairness and justice in the company, with thirty-three indicators

Public Sector Internal Audit, by delivering reliable and consulting services in line with improvement and eliminate challenges can support organizations to achieve goals and provide better services. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for the establishment of internal audit in the public sector entities in Iran. The approach of the research is based on qualitative method by using fuzzy Delphi model. The statistical population consisted of 85 experts and elites in the internal audit who were selected as the expert group of the research by using non-probability sampling technique.Finally, after the consensus of the experts, we establish the framework internal audit in public sector by considering external environment and our country criteria. This framework can assisting ministers and heads of state agencies in promoting the level of performance and evaluation of financial and operational accountability in addition to growth and improvement of the financial oversight system and the increase of efficiency, effectiveness and economic scale in the public sector.

Audit quality is one of the critical topics in the area of capital markets. Financial reporting quality plays a vital role in building trust and confidence with the users of financial statements. Achieving high-quality financial reporting depends on the accuracy of each component of the supply chain's operation. External audit, as one of the most critical components of this chain, plays a significant role in maintaining and improving the quality of financial reporting. Therefore, employing the fuzzy Delphi method and aggregating experts’ opinions, this study attempts to identify the indicators of audit quality improvement and design a model suitable for the economic environment of Iran using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique. To this end, following the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), 60 indicators are identified and categorized into five dimensions: A) input factors with 21 indicators, B) process factors with 10 indicators, C) output factors with 9 indicators, D) key interactions with 10 indicators, and E) contextual factors with 10 indicators. Data analysis is performed using R and AMOS software programs. The results of this study demonstrate that 54 indicators are accepted that create a model for audit quality improvement.

Financial reporting aims to prepare and present information to provide a basis for rational decision-making by investors and creditors. For this purpose, it is required to provide information that is useful and relevant and has the potential to influence individuals’ economic decisions. This study aims to identify the existing problems of disclosure in financial reporting in Iran and present an appropriate pattern for its improvement based on the analysis of data obtained from interviews conducted with experts using the thematic analysis method. The statistical population of the research includes faculty members, employees of professional institutions, financial managers, analysts, and audit partners. A total of 22 interviewees were selected by using snowball sampling. The data obtained from interviews have been analyzed and investigated using the thematic analysis method. The findings of this research are presented in three sections including what affects disclosure in Iran and the current problems of disclosure in financial reporting and solutions to improve disclosure. The existing challenges in the implementation of standards, reduction in the quality of some audit reports, not providing some relevant information, and in some cases, the existence of information overload are some of the problems. Improving the process of developing and implementing standards, providing guidelines on disclosure, and enhancing the audit quality can improve disclosure and thus the effectiveness of financial reporting

Social status is an individual’s position within the social structure, which determines his or her available resources. Among the most salient of social identities, occupational identities are an important basis for self-image, self-esteem, and personal motivation. In the current research, based on interviews with 20 experts in the field of auditing in 1400 and based on the theme analysis method, a model has been proposed to explain the social status of the auditing profession in Iran. Also, to assess the validity of the presented model, using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability was confirmed, the opinions of 116 experts were received in 2022 and analyzed. According to the results, auditing professions’ social status in Iran included four main themes known as generalities, social stratification, challenges, and solutions improvement. The results show that the challenges of this profession include the professional identity crisis) the negative effect of the profession on the personal life of auditors, weak self-control) and the professional independence crisis (low fees and unprofessional competition, non-comply with professional codes of conduct) have weakened the social status of the auditing profession in Iran. The findings of this research can be used by the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants and the Audit Organization.

The advancement of technology and the innovations based on it in recent years has fundamentally changed the way knowledge, experience, data and information are shared. Accounting as one of the main providers of information is not immune to change, and this highlights the need to think about the factors influencing the creation of the future of accounting. The aim of this study is to identify the drivers affecting the future of accounting in Iran in the field of technology-oriented innovations. For this, the list of drivers is identified by using interviews, and the consensus on important drivers is examined by using the Delphi method. Experts have been selected among university faculty and professional members based on judgmental and snowball sampling, sampling has continued until theoretical saturation. The results led to the identification of 72 drivers, which after four rounds of Delphi implementation, 31 drivers in six major areas were accepted. Interpretation of the results shows that accounting needs updating and change in the field of education, rules and standards, accounting and auditing techniques, which is due to the need for major technological innovations. It should be noted that the amendments require attention to environmental conditions and constraints. It is necessary to pay attention to determine appropriate strategies for future effective changes.

Memory processes is one of the main components in judgment and decision making, so that effects on accountants and auditors significantly. In this context,memory processes are an integral part of judgment and decision making; because that has a profound important on auditors activity. The chief aim of this paper is twofold. First, it reviews the theoretical and methodological strengths and limitations of the previous literature on the effect of memory on judgments and decision-making in an accounting and auditing context. Second, it proposes a framework that integrates memory functions with factors that may cause biases and errors in judgment and decision-making processes. This framework may be useful for future accounting and auditing research aiming to reveal the fundamental causes for cognitive biases and errors in information processing, rather than considering the human brain as black box. This study is believed to pave the way for incorporating the variable of memory into the further studies in the field.

Fraudulent financial reporting is a major concern of the audit profession. In this regard, auditors are responsible according to auditing standards. Given the importance of identification and assessment of the risk of fraud in an audit of financial statements and the importance of responses of auditors, the purpose of this study is to provide a model for identification and assessment of the risks of material misstatement due to fraud in an audit of financial statements.  

In order to achieve this goal, firstly, researches in this field were studied to identify the effective indicators on assessment of the risk of fraud and other effective indicators were extracted by interviewing experts. Experts' opinion on the extracted indicators was collected through a questionnaire and were agreed upon through using Fuzzy Delphi method and expert opinion poll. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis test was used to determine the factor load of each indicator of each component. The relationship between the influence of different indicators on assessment of the risk of fraud in the form of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was tested and the research model was presented.  

The results of the study showed that 146 out of 162 indicators extracted from theoretical foundations and researches and interviews, in the form of 5 components, reached the Delphi group general consensus and the results of performing a confirmatory factor analysis showed 144 indicators were of sufficient importance.  

The components that influence the assessment of the risk of fraud in an audit of financial statements, importance respectively, are: the characteristics of the client, the characteristics of the audit firm, the characteristics of performing the audit, the environmental characteristics and the personal characteristics of the auditor. Of the 53 indicators approved in the component of client characteristics, five important indicators are: lack of sufficient managers experience; lack of fair dealing with staff; lack of appropriate work environment for employees; lack of job security; ignoring the need to monitor or reduce the risks associated with assets misappropriation. Of the 23 indicators approved in the component of audit firm characteristics, five important indicators are: having sufficient auditing tools; auditor access to databases; giving auditors reasonable rights and benefits; adequate investment in auditing; and fair dealing with Auditors. Of the 27 indicators approved in the component of the characteristics of performing the audit, five important indicators are: adjusting the audit plan and auditing tests in responses to fraud risk factors; adequate understanding of the client and its environment, including internal controls; appropriate allocation and oversight of the audit team; the discussion among audit team members; and auditor access to databases. Of the 19 indicators approved in the component of environmental characteristics, five important indicators are: lack of culture of accountability and answering; sophisticated rules and regulations; numerous laws and regulations; lack of independent oversight bodies; and inexpressive laws and regulations. Of the 22 indicators approved in the component of personal characteristics of the auditor, five important indicators are: Ability to properly understand evidence and identify evidence inconsistent with other evidence; knowledge and awareness of fraud; responsibility; confidence; ability to identification of intentional identified misstatements.

The present study aimed to explain and determine the importance of effective factors on the effective evaluation of internal controls in the companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) during 2018-2019. The initial variables of the model were identified by content analysis technique. Then, for screening the identified variables, the opinion of 19 academic experts in internal control who were selected using purposive sampling were collected. 68 indicators in the form of 8 main criteria were presented using fuzzy Delphi technique in two stages. Then, the factors were prioritized using pairwise comparison questionnaire and fuzzy network analysis process technique. The findings of prioritizing the factors indicate that among the main criteria, the characteristics of the internal auditor are the most important factor in the effective evaluation of internal control. Then, the structure of board of directors, the characteristics of the independent auditor, and the process factors are ranked in the next priority. Also, ownership structure as the least important criterion is in the eighths rank. Therefore, identifying, explaining, and considering the importance of prioritizing the effective factors on the evaluation of internal controls provides a ground for enhancing effective evaluation of internal controls

Corporate Governance debates raised seriously in scandals and financial crisis of recent decades in large companies and banks. The focus of this debate is not merely the corporate governance system, and its main function is to preserve the interests of stakeholders. At the macro level, economic efficiency, sustainable growth and financial stability are important effects of the system. Establishing an efficient corporate governance system in the banking system and evaluating and ranking them requires a comprehensive model that encompasses all the internal and external mechanisms affecting corporate governance and localized indices and relevant international principles. In this research, corporate governance in banks has been evaluated via a model developed in the framework of systematic thinking which includes three dimensions 1)Inputs (structures and inputs), 2)Roles and processes, and 3) Outputs (goals, performance and results of them). The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the compliance status of 27 banks with the indicators of corporate governance model and their efficiency and effectiveness, as well as to examine the correlation between the components of corporate governance within the system including inputs, processes and outputs.
 According to the results, 47.8% of the qualitative indicators are covered in the current situation of the banks of the country, but there is a significant gap between the full compliance with the model. Based on the results in the performance sector, private banks scored the highest and state banks scored the lowest. The results of evaluating the correlation between the components of corporate governance model showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of inputs and processes with the goals, results and performance of banks. Accordingly, by improving the status of input indicators and the corporate governance model process, the status of target indicators, results and performance of banks will also improve

Because of no comprehensive research in this area, the aim of this research is identifying all tax compliance factors for the first time, using the OECD tax compliance model (2004). Using explorative studies and regarding the Iranian environmental conditions, this study categorizes the factors into 8 components and 40 indexes; then it analyzes opinions of 61 experts about the indexes effects on tax compliance, by implementation of Fuzzy Delphi Method. The results show that all factors have impact on tax compliance in exception of the taxpayer type, taxpayer’s revenue type, taxpayer’s occupation, taxpayer’s age, taxpayer’s gender, taxpayer’s religion, taxpayer’s race and nationality, ethnicity backgrounds, establishing tax advisers, social norms, and civil organizations.

Achieving an effective, efficient and economical performance is the main responsibility of each organization's management. The efficiency and effectiveness of management in each organization means the ability of its managers in the preparation, development, allocation, maintenance and utilization of the existing resources, and the performance audit is one of useful instruments in improving the planning and control of operations and presentation of methods for the advancement and development of performance. The present research aims to evaluate the present situation of performance audit in the public sector of Iran and present strategies for its improvement. Evaluation of the present situation of performance audit requires experts' opinions considering their mindsets. In the present research, dimensions, components and indices of the performance audit pattern and the functional status of each index were evaluated and the difference between the present situation and the desired one was determined using the experts' opinions. According to the results obtained from the statistical analyses, all of the research indices are important and considering the significance-performance analysis, the functional situation of performance audit indices in the country is in the "acceptable" and "weak" areas.

If companies want to compete and succeed in today’s highly competitive and fast changing world, they need correct, precise, relevant, and reliable information to make correct decisions. Management accountants, as one of the most important providers of the information needed by managers, need to adapt themselves to development and changes of the environment. It terms of data collection method, it was a descriptive-survey one, and considering the type of data, it was a mixed one. In the present research, the driving forces of management accounting in terms of science and information technology were identified in the next 20 years. To identity the main driving forces, the panel of experts, open questionnaires, interviews, and phase Delphi in 2016-2017 were used. In order to select experts from Iranian university professors and experts, the method of sampling used was judgment sampling and snowball sampling and it continued up to theoretical saturation. The results indicated that management accounting does not have a suitable and high status and needs careful attention. Based on experts’ views, developing software and intelligent accounting systems are the most important requirements of management accounting, implying that in the future, accounting systems tend to be influenced by technology and made intelligent. Intelligent business was ranked the second driving force and both developing the use of personal technologies and cloud computing were equally ranked the third. It is suggested that influential agents of the profession embark on careful and long-term planning to promote and develop the profession in the future.

The impact of different risks is of great importance in banking industry on financial sustainability, given its functional entity. Given the lack of consensus on the relationship between financial risks in banks, in particular, in credit risk and liquidity in banks, this research investigates the relationship of these two types of risks and their impacts on financial sustainability in banking industry in Iran during 2005-2014 with panel data method. In this regard, in order to investigate the impact of liquidity and credit risks on financial sustainability, Quintile regression method. The results indicate the negative and significant impact of these two types of risks on financial sustainability in most reviewed decimals. This means that with an increase in financial sustainability, the impact of these two types of risks is reduced. In other words, those banks placed in the higher decimals of sustainability distribution are affected less by credit and liquidity risks.

Risk management is an integrated procedure which helps banks to measure and control their risks. Due to the recent banking crises and nature of banking activities, central banks have made it compulsory for banks to have independent risk committees. Also, financial instability is another factor which can lead banks to distress and bankruptcy. This study investigates the simultaneous relationship between credit risk and liquidity risk and their impacts on financial stability of Iranian banks over the period of 2005-2014 using panel data approach. Results of the simultaneous equation modeling show that in general, liquidity risk and credit risk have significant positive relationship with each other. In other words, every one unit increase in liquidity risk will cause the credit risk to increase by 0.38 unit and every one unit increase in credit risk leads to 0.51 unit increase in liquidity risk. Moreover, we employ the quantile regression to examine the effect of these two types of risk on the different quantiles of financial stability of commercial banks in Iran. Results show that credit risk and liquidity risk negatively affect the financial stability and increase probability of bankruptcy of the Iranian banks. Moreover, we demonstrate that the magnitude of the negative impact is much higher for the banks in the lower quantiles that have lower financial stability comparing with the banks in upper quantiles having higher financial stability.

In this article utility of investors contains utility from consumption and utility from fluctuations in their investments. To prove the effect of prior performance of investors on stock price first the utility function was defined based on Prospect theory and variables relating to prior outcomes and loss aversion were factored into utility function and then price equations were defined. In the other form, variables relating to prior performance in utility function were removed and price equations were defined. Next, the P/D ratio and logarithmic growth of stock prices were simulated in both forms and compared against real market data. By utilizing ANOVA and K-Means in the 1381-1393 period, it became clear that the mean and standard deviation in the first form are closer to real market data than those of the second form, meaning that removing variables relating to investor's prior returns from the utility function resulted in weaker estimates, the effect of prior investment performance of investors was confirmed

This article investigates fluctuations in stocks prices at Tehran Stock Exchange, assuming that investor's utility stems from fluctuations in value of stocks as well as consumption. Thus, the two behavioral phenomena discussed in Prospect theory, i. e. Loss aversion and House money effect, were factored into Consumption-based Asset Pricing Model and Investor's Utility Function, which takes into account utility both from consumption and financial investments. Price equations were defined in the two economic environments based on Lucas Theory (1978). The processes of consumption and dividend are equal in the first economy but different in the second economy. Next the P/D ratio was simulated in both economies and then compared with real market data. Utilizing ANOVA and K-Means, it became clear that the mean and standard deviation in the second economy are closer to real market data than those of the first economy. It, therefore, can be concluded that the second economy provides a more accurate estimation of the P/D ratio, implying that the aforementioned behavioral phenomena do in fact exist in the market and affect investor's pricing of stocks.

The present study examines the relationship between net operating assets and conservatism. To this end, the data of about 130 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) from 1386 to 1390 has been collected and statistically analyzed with multiple variable regression models based on combination data. This research uses Givoly and Hayn model to define operating assets and measure conservatism. In this study net operating assets is considered to be the subcategory of net working capital and net non-current operating assets. It was hypothesized that there is the significance relationship between net working capital assets and conservatism and also between net non-current operating assets and conservatism. Findings indicate that there are no significant relationship between net working capital assets and conservatism and also between net non-current operating assets and conservatism. The results also suggest that considering conservatism, there is a significant and negative relationship between leverage, growth and return on assets.

This paper examines the functional fixation hypothesis from the viewpoint of separation of cash flows and accrual components of earnings by investors. The functional fixation hypothesis states that investors interpret earnings regardless of related accounting method. The accrual reversal phenomenon argues that accrual component has less persistence than cash component and accrual growth in current period leads to low returns in future. To test the hypothesis, data from 153 firms listed in TSE from 2003 to 2010 have been collected. The results reject the hypothesis, however, examination of the relation of unexpected changes in accruals and cash flows with current return shows that the rejection is due to different weight of news related to expected cash flows and market discount rate in accruals and cash flows.

This research compares regression analysis including cross section regression and pooled regression for test of functional fixation hypothesis. The Comparison of cross section and pooled regression in case of functional fixation hypothesis is done. The comparison includes some statistical measures like beta coefficients، F test and T test and model assumptions. The results reveal that in both of univariate and multivariate regressions، the results are same statically point of view for cross section regressions and pooled regressions. Of course numbers of mentioned measures are different but it is not significant statically.

This study compares returns from using two different strategies technical analysis and Buy-Hold strategy- of investment in Iranian capital market. For this purpose, we calculate the returns from active strategy arising from Bollinger Bands and Relative Strength Index (RSI) model and compare with the return from using the Buy-Hold as a passive strategy, for the period of 1376-1386.
Our results show that during of our study period, the returns from active strategy by using Bollinger Bands and Relative Strength Index (RSI) model do not exceed the return from   using the Buy-Hold as a passive strategy in the TSE. However, Bollinger Bands and Relative Strength Index (RSI) model has a lower return variance relative to Buy-Hold strategy. Therefore, in point of view of risk, the active strategy is more advantageous than the passive strategy.

At present, following the establishment of the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accounts, the responsibility of expressing opinion on financial statements rests with the independent auditors. This responsibility, which entails rendering reliable services to the society, should be carried out according to pre-determined bases. Such fully thought bases, the objective thereof is to standardize financial reporting, are called Accounting Standards.
The discussion in the present research is whether after several years from the date the Accounting Standards, ratified  by Audit Organization, are mandatory the auditors are aware of these standards and the modifications thereto to implement them  in  the  process  of audit work or are ignorant of these standards and carry out their work relying on their previous   knowledge?
The results of this research show that about 65.5% to 81.9% of auditors have sufficient knowledge of Accounting Standards issue by Audi t Organization but this knowledge in all levels are not the same. Also, the level of auditing society's knowledge of these Accounting Standards is between 62.05% to 67.75%, but varies for different level of seniority and expertise.