ghader ghanizadeh

 The health and safety of the employees of any industry is one of the most important issues to prevent the occurrence of accidents. This study aimed to identify and assess related risks in a battery-manufacturing industry using FMEA method and estimate the ratio of the cost of accidents to prevention.

 In this descriptive and analytical study, the production activities of the industry were first identified. Then the work process, employee duties, and Potential risks were determined by the HAZID method. Evaluation and prioritization of risks were done using FMEA method. Risks whose RPN was higher than 145 were determined as important risks and the ratio of incident cost to accident prevention was calculated.

In 62 active units of this industry, 716 risks were identified and prioritized, 16 of which (2.23%) had RPN above 145 with the highest priority. The financial pulp unit with falling and fire hazards and the assembly unit with the risk of fumes and lead dust leakage with RPN 245 were among the most dangerous units and hazards identified in the industry. In all units except one unit, the ratio of the cost of accidents to prevention varied from 1.2 to 25.

 The results showed that it is necessary to consider the correction of the important risks by the industry officials, according to the set priorities so that potential accidents caused by these risks are minimized. This prioritization can play an effective role in optimal risk management and reduce related costs.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic at the end of 2019 posed a global health concern. It has been found that health education is one of the best methods for health promotion, changing inappropriate personal behaviors, and increasing people's awareness and attitude through major health concerns, including the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational interventions with environmental health approach on the knowledge, attitude, and practice of people in the COVID-19 epidemic era in one residential complex in Tehran.   

This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran in 2021. The study population was households of a residential complex in Tehran, which was selected by a random sampling method. A researcher-made checklist was used to gather data for this study, and its validity and reliability in the domains of environmental health and knowledge, attitude, and practice in the COVID-19 setting were evaluated before it was used. An intervention was made through social media and the checklist was reevaluated after the intervention.  

A total number of 306 participants were enrolled in this study. In the assessment of the knowledge, attitude, and practice after the intervention, the mean score of the mentioned values increased significantly (P < 0.001). However, the influence of intervention was more prominent in the improvement of knowledge and attitude than practice.

Public health intervention with an environmental health approach can increase people's knowledge, attitude, and practice against chronic diseases and epidemics such as COVID-19.

Chemical poisoning incidents are an important health problem with a long history all over the world and its occurrence in Iran's educational institutions in 2022 and the necessity of preventive, caused the authorities to pay special attention to the Issue. This study aimed to review the principles and requirements for the prevention and management of poisoning incidents in educational centers. The study was conducted by searching for keywords in national and international databases from 1994 to 2022. Due to the unavailability of related articles, several related books, guidelines, and authoritative websites were also reviewed. In intentional incidents, people are often exposed to poisoning by inhalation, eye contact, and skin contact. Children and Students are more sensitive and are the first to be at risk and show symptoms. The optimal management of the incidents requires the existence of preventive strategic plans to eliminate or reduce the risk severity. All the people present in the educational centers should be trained and gain sufficient knowledge about the preventive health tips for exposure to chemicals. In the event of an accident, timely preparation and response, especially the identification and recording of the initial clinical symptoms of the injured and the characteristics of the chemical agent, are essential to quickly identify the agent and speed up action in decision-making for the optimal management of the incident and preventing mass hysteria and disturbances in the psychological security of society. The results of this study show that creating motivation and teaching preventive strategies to perform health-promoting, safe behaviors, and reducing wrong behaviors have an effective role in reducing the occurrence of dangerous conditions and preventing poisonings, and helping in the event of an incident to provide the necessary services asap. It is expected that by informing and correctly implementing the requirements recommended in this article, an effective contribution will help to improve national stability against similar threats in the future, and by reducing the incidence and severity of poisoning, it will create the conditions for maintaining and improving the health of people and minimize the vulnerability of society, and prevent such incidents from reoccurring in the future.

Environmental health issues and epidemic pandemic aspects including infection spread during managing dead bodies revealed that infectious diseases and the associated mortality were often caused by infectious pathogens due to mismanagement of dead bodies. Dead body management is one of the main environmental health challenges during and after disasters and emergencies, especially following epidemic. This systematic review aimed to investigate the dead body management of epidemic victims. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. In this study, electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Pro Quest, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library, were searched from March 1, 1970, to September 30, 2021. A comprehensive literature search was performed using scientific databases and gray literature. A thematic synthesis approach was used to analyze the data. In total, 2764 articles were identified, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria for entering the process of final synthesis. The findings showed three main sections, including (1) dead body management in the hospital and transfer of epidemic victims, (2) mortuary, shrouding, funeral, and burial of epidemic victims, and (3) management of families and risk communication. Implementation of the standards and protocols during dead body management of epidemic victims is essential with the aim of saving the lives of service providers and participants in ceremonial washing and burial.

Green Hospital is a concept that protects the environment from destructive human actions. It has emerged to achieve the goals of sustainable development, following the world wars, the industrial revolution, and the increment of environmental destruction. Further, Hospitals have moved towards the implementation of green hospital criteria according to their social responsibilities. This study aimed to investigate the challenges of achieving green hospital indicators.

The present study was conducted as a Mixed Method (quantitative and qualitative) in a military, educational, and selected reference hospital in Tehran in 2016. The first phase was quantitative which was performed based on collected information through translated checklists and initial hospital statistics. In the second phase, qualitative information was obtained by using semi-structured interviews with 10 hospital employees working in the fields related to the green hospital, Finally. the data were analyzed with EXCEL and ATLAS.ti software (Version 7) by utilizing central criteria (quantitative) and conventional content analysis (qualitative).

Based on quantitative findings of the checklist, the rate of compliance with the Green Hospital criteria was 56.8 percent. In the qualitative phase, the main challenges of the hospital were divided into two main categories (Internal and External factors) and 7 sub-categories, including the challenges of human resources, organizational and managerial, technical, financial, laws and foreign issues, cultural, and factors related to the organization's clients.

Based on the identified challenges, hospitals should work with external collaboration on educating and cultivating the clients and staff, amending government laws, modifying management thinking against environmental issues, and prioritizing these issues to pave the way for achieving green hospital criteria.

Establishing field hospitals is a critical task for governments to complete following disasters, with the first step being to identify suitable locations. Although field hospitals are similar to permanent hospitals and temporary shelters, no research in English has been conducted to extract the location selection criteria for field hospitals from those for hospitals and temporary shelters.

A meta-synthetic approach was used to review all related qualitative, quantitative, and mixed studies published in English between January 2010 and June 2020 to identify new field hospital site selection criteria distinct from those used to select a permanent hospital and temporary sheltering sites.

From 4317 screened records, 24 articles were eventually identified as eligible studies, through which 151 open codes, 21 axial codes, and nine themes were identified. The top three axes included proximity to main roads, proximity/distance to permanent hospitals, and proximity/distance to other medical centers.

By considering a field hospital as a facility with certain characteristics similar to permanent hospitals and temporary shelters, it is possible to identify specific new criteria and sub-criteria by extracting items common to permanent hospitals and temporary shelter site selection studies.

Legionella is an aquatic bacterium that causes Legionnaires' fever.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Legionella stopper pipes and fittings of George Fisher Company on controlling Legionella growth in indoor water supply systems.

Fifty-six samples of hot and cold-water systems were collected and characterized. The culture was performed in BCYE agar. Molecular detection was performed by PCR.

The mean residual chlorine was 0.73 to 0.88 mg/L. Culture results were positive in 58.8% of George Fischer samples and 23.5% of Ray Ho samples. Sixty percent of Taleghani hospital samples were positive. The PCR results based on 16sRNA in the George Fischer system, Ray Ho piping, and Taleghani hospital were positive in 35.2%, 45.4%, and 54.5%, respectively. Based on the mip gene, 82.3% of George Fischer samples, 54.5% of RayHo samples, and 20% of Taleghani hospital samples were positive.

GeorFischer's Legionella stopper pipes and fittings demonstrated appropriate antibacterial properties against Legionella pneumophila. Due to the growth inhibition of Legionella in the indoor water supply system, it can be a suitable option for plumbing systems.

 The role of environmental determinants in the community's resilience in flood, as a predominant hydrological disaster, has not been investigated.

 This systematic review aimed to discuss the role of environmental determinants on communities' resilience in floods using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol.

 A total of 50 relevant papers were extracted, including those on the subject of water resource planning (n=32), soil-plant systems (n=8), and air and climatic factors (n=10).

 The results revealed that although most studies have investigated climatic factors, biological effects, surface water flooding, and groundwater contamination, the researchers did not have a comprehensive approach to environmental determinants. This study highlighted the role of water, soil, and air, as the main environmental determinants. In addition, the related subdeterminants should simultaneously be considered in flood risk management and community resilience.

 Eventually, a conceptual model is presented for analyzing the effects of environmental factors on the communities' resilience against floods.
PDF

Hand hygiene is an international priority for the elimination of nosocomial infections. This research aimed to investigate the effects of handwashing conditions on bacterial removal efficiency and its economic estimation in a military hospital in Tehran.

In total, 20 hospital staff were selected from volunteers. The water temperature (WTe) (20 ºC, 30 ºC, and 40 ºC), soap volume (SV) (0.5, 1.25, and 2 ml), and washing time (WTi) (10, 20, 35, and 50 sec,) were investigated. The standard strain of Escherichia coli with identified ATCC (25922) was prepared from a reference laboratory and fresh culture was prepared on nutrient broth medium. Primarily, the hands of participants were thoroughly washed with soap and water, then contaminated with 1 ml of bacterial suspension with 1.5×104 colony-forming unit/ml density. After 3 min of handwashing, sampling was performed based on research protocols. The samples were transferred on eosin methylene blue agar and incubated at 37 ºC for 48 h. After this time, the growth bacteria were considered the residual contamination on the hands.

Based on findings, various studied conditions had no effect on bacterial removal efficiency. Accordingly, WTi=20 sec, SV=0.5 ml, and ordinary WTe (20 ºC) can be used for handwashing with appropriate perfornance. For 500 people, annually 627 million Rials for water and water heating, 135 million Rials for soap, and 316 days a year on handwashing can be saved.

Optimization of the handwashing process while ensuring hand hygiene saves costs.

The importance of drinking water resources and their infrastructure for human health has made these resources one of the most vulnerable targets of terrorist attacks. The present study aimed to identify and assess the risks posed to drinking water facilities in Taleghan, Iran, using the failure modes and effects analysis(FMEA) method.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in all water facilities in Taleghan, Iran, in 2020. The types of potential hazards and threats of water facilities were identified by reviewing the necessary documents, field visits, observation, interviews, and opinion polls of water supply experts in Alborz province. Thereafter, risk assessment was performed, risks were prioritized, and necessary solutions to reduce the risks were presented using the FMEA technique.

The present study identified 40 potential risks. The majority of risks belonged to water wells (37.5%). The identified risks were 7.5%, 40%, and 52.5%, respectively, related to the quantity, quality, as well as exploitation and maintenance of water facilities. The highest risk priority number were 576, 392, and 343, respectively, related to the critical threats caused by point source pollution around water wells, poor protection and security of the pumping station,  as well as fluctuations in water flow in the distribution network and reservoirs. Furthermore, 42.5, 35, and 22.5% of the risks were at the critical, moderate, and non-critical levels.

Ad evidenced by the obtained results, water infrastructure in terms of exploitation and maintenance in the supply, treatment, and distribution sectors is vulnerable to various identified threats; therefore, it is necessary to make the needed adjustments based on the set priorities to prevent possible incidents.

Health organizations such as hospitals have a significant role in the environment and by considering the type of activity and how they affect the environment, we can understand the importance of these centers. Over the decades, the international community has designed and developed various models to prevent the harmful effects of the environment by various organizations. These patterns include various indicators in the health sector. The described indicators include: environmental management, building and environment design, energy and water consumption, air quality and pollutants, waste, preferred environmental purchases and chemical materials. Considering the importance of the indicators and its effects on the performance of the hospital, in this study, which was conducted as a review, a review of the indicators and the reasons for its importance.

There is no comprehensive study addressing all the epidemiological aspects of Lung cancer (LC) in Iran, therefore this systematic review investigated the epidemiological aspects of lung cancer in Iran.

The search was performed until the Aug. 2020 on the in international databases based on PRISMA protocol by Pulmonary Neoplasms, Lung Neoplasm, Neoplasm, Lung, Lung Cancer, Cancer, Pulmonary Cancer, Cancer, Pulmonary, Cancers, Cancer of the Lung, Iran, incidence, death, risk factors keywords and different combinations of them. Articles that evaluated epidemiological aspects of lung cancer were included in the analysis.

Of 1420 articles, 82 cases were entered the analysis. Based on studies, in Iran, lung cancer has been the most common cancer and its prevalence is increasing. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer in men and women, respectively. Cigarette smoking, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, mustard gas, occupational risk factors and genetic factors considered as the major reported risk factors for lung cancer and vegetarian diet as a protective factor.

In according to the increasing trend of incidence and mortality of lung cancer in Iran, elimination of the major risk factors can decrease this issue and national comprehensive planning should be considered in health promotion plans.

Economic resources, vital and gravity centers like food material and pharmaceutical warehouses are threatening by natural and man-made crises. Implementation of the passive defense fundamental’s is preventive measures, which can lead to elevation of the warehouses safety. This research was investigated assessment and implementation of the passive defense fundamentals in hospitals’ food and pharmaceutical warehouses.

This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on hospitals food and pharmaceutical warehouses in two universities of medical sciences districts. Assessment of the research goal was performed by valid and reliable researcher made checklist. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods.

In the first step, a checklist as the passive defense assessment tool for warehouses assessment was designed. In 20%, 70% and 10% of warehouses, the implementation of passive defense fundamentals is desirable, moderate and weak respectively, Site selection in 71.26%, camouflage, coverage and dispersion in 64.35%, fire safety and early warning systems in 68.92%, outdoor security in 36.47%, indoor security in 48.47%, structural reinforcement in 58.35%, door and window safety in 76.06% and in other important cases, 66.65% was appropriate.

The passive defense status in warehouses is in the moderate to optimal, indoor and outdoor security and the principle of camouflage and dispersion due to lack of initial construction of structures is weak. As a result, elimination of the mentioned shortcomings, safety improvement, and implementation of the passive defense fundamentals are necessary.

Infused black tea is one of the conventional drinks in Iran. Soil contamination with heavy metals can lead to accumulation in tea and causes adverse health effects. This study investigated the hazard potential of the residual heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd) in infused black tea samples in military centers.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study conducted in 2019. Six brands of high-consumption tea samples in military centers, including three Iranian and three foreign brands selected and randomized triplicated 5 g samples collected from each brand. After twenty minutes of infusion in boiled distilled water, the concentrations of heavy metals measured using ICP-OES. The results analyzed using Excel and SPSS software (Ver. 13) and the hazard potential indices calculated by THQ, TR, and HI.

Heavy metals concentration in Iranian brands was higher than the foreign with no significant differences (P >0.05). The maximum and minimum concentrations of arsenic in foreign brands (Ahmad and Golestan) were 0.019, 0.011 mg/l and in Iranian Brands (Damaneh and Fumenate) were 0.021, 0.006 mg/l respectively. The maximum and minimum concentrations of cadmium in Golestan and Ahmad were 0.002 mg/l and non-detectable and in all of the Iranian brands were 0.002, 0.001 mg/l respectively. The maximum and minimum concentrations of lead in Golestan and Ahmad were 0.068, 0.006 mg/l and in Refah and Fumenate were 0.021, 0.006 mg/l respectively. Hazard potential including THQ, TR, and HI indices for all brands, was lower than the recommended guideline values (>1).

Concentrations of arsenic and lead in all of the samples were higher than the national standards and WHO Guidelines. However, the hazard potential of the residual metals based on the calculation of indicators was lower than the recommended values from points of health consequences.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the security of water facilities in Hashtgerd with a passive defense approach.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2020 in Hashtgerd city of Alborz province. The assessment of the degree observance of passive defense principles was performed by completing the checklists for each of the drinking water facilities by field visits, observation, and interviews, review of necessary documents as well as consulting and polling the head of operation and ABFA expertschr('39') opinions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.

The overall situation of the passive defense principles observance in the Hashtgerd city water facilities was evaluated at a moderate level. The Well N.3 with the lowest mean score (55.31%) was at the weak level and well N.1 with the highest mean score (71.67%) was at the average level. In the overall evaluation of the observance level of passive defense principles, the site selection and safety against fire and early warning with the highest score (78.12 and 77.63%) were evaluated at the average level and the principle of dispersion, camouflage and concealment with the lowest score (48.39%) were evaluated at a poor level.

The results of this study showed that the serious attention of officials and the implementation of necessary reforms in water facilities to reach the desired level, increasing visits and field monitoring in various ways and holding training courses with a passive defense approach for employees is necessary.

 Safety and security are the most imporant for achieving the desired standards for the comfort and Welfare of the people. For this reason, threatening the infrastructure of society such as water facilities is always one of the main aims of terrorists. As a result, precautionary measures based on passive defense principles are a necessery in such facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the security of water facilities in Taleghan city with a passive defense approach.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 in Taleghan city of Alborz province. The assessment of the degree observance of passive defense principles was performed by completing the checklists for drinking water facilities by field visits, observation, interviews, review of necessary documents and consultation with the head of operation and ABFA experts. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. 

The overall situation of the passive defense principles observance in the Hashtgerd city water facilities was evaluated at a moderate level. The Well N.4 and 1 with the lowest mean score (56%) was at the weak level and water storage tank N.2 with the highest mean score (67.84%) was at the average level. In the overall evaluation of the observance level of passive defense principles, the hardening with the highest score (71.25 %) at the average level and the principle of dispersion, camouflage and Concealment with the lowest score (46.2%) were evaluated at a poor level.

The results of this study showed that improving the security situation of water facilities in Taleghan in terms of the quantitiy and quality of observance and implementation of passive defense principles to prevent possible damage due to future dangers and threats is necessary and the necessary reforms must be done until the desired level is reached.

Emerging and communicable infectious diseases are one of the major public health challenges that adherence to the principles of primary health care can prevent the rising of morbidity and mortality in communities. This study investigates the environmental health challenges of Iran in the Covid-19 epidemic as an emerging infectious disease.Insufficient readiness of the health system, delays in quarantine and social distancing, the unpreparedness of health instructions, lack of personal protective equipment and disinfectants, delays in starting necessary research activities, unnecessary disinfection of roads, unknown mechanisms of transmission, poor ventilation of hospitals, lack of attention to reduced contact, parallel work in the development of health instructions, improper management of corpses and the operation of the public transport system were among the major environmental health challenges of the Covid-19 epidemic in Iran.Despite the growth and development of medical technologies, it is necessary to pay serious attention to primary health care services with an emphasis on environmental health as a key strategy of the health system in combating the spread of diseases. In order to effectively deal with the long-term presence of the coronavirus, the authorities, while making policy, take comprehensive preventive and sustainable practical measures in providing and developing environmental health infrastructure, and the people should be seriously and consciously involved in the implementation of prevention programs.

In disasters such as earthquake, health services providing by hospitals has a significant role in disaster impact reducing, so, availability of the programs and incident command system in these centers is important. The aim of this study was comparison of earthquake disasters preparedness in selected military and non-military hospitals in Tehran.

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was done in 41 military and non-military hospitals in Tehran using quota and simple random sampling method. Data were collected using the approved questionnaire and checklist in eight areas of preparedness. The data were analyzed by t-test using SPSS software with a confidence level of 95%.

The average score of preparedness for all hospitals was 63.78 % (SD= 18.88) which evaluated in moderate level. Comparison of the preparedness in military and non-military hospitals in all dimensions revealed that the average score of preparedness in military hospitals was slightly higher than the other non-military hospitals (65.65 in comparison with 63.18%), although in the overall assessment based on the level, each of the two groups were moderate and theirs differences were not significant statistically (p > 0.05).

Increasing the preparedness in military hospitals requires planning to strengthen the weaknesses in four dimensions, including: 1) safety of equipment and hazardous materials; 2) necessary medical and nonmedical equipment and consumable goods; 3) hospital training programs; and 4) support for critical services, in non-military hospitals in the following dimensions, including: 1) construction risks mitigation; 2) hospital evacuation and field treatment; 3) hospital environmental health procedures; and 4) disaster plan management.

Drinking water disinfection is an essential process for elimination of the microbial contaminations. Water disinfection by chlorine compounds can lead to formation of Trihalomethanes (THMs) as a disinfection by-products and carcinogenic effects. The aim of the study was investigation of potential risks assessment of THMs occurrence in drinking water in selected military centers in Tehran province.

This cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted in 2020. Thirty samples were collected from urban and groundwater sources. Free residual chlorine, temperature, pH and THMs of the samples were measured by conventional methods in which GC Mass measured THMs concentration. The hazard potential of THMs was calculated based on THQ, TR and PTDI indexes.

The average concentration of THMs in groundwater and urban water was 2.25 µg/L and 2.39 µg/L respectively. The THMs concentration had positive but non-significant correlation with free residual chlorine, temperature and pH. Provisional tolerable daily intake of groundwater and urban water was 0.10×10-3 and 0.11×10-3 mg/kg.day, respectively. The target hazard quotient for all selected centers was 0.001 and the target cancer risk for groundwater and urban water was 0.32×10-8and 0.34×10-8, respectively.

The results revealed that in selected centers, drinking water had not health risks from point of THMs concentration.

Warehouses are one of the most important, vital and economic resources of societies which have vulnerability in natural and man-made disasters and Crisis’s. These Crisis’s can have critical consequences for warehouses as economic resources. The aim of this study was to reviewing of the principles of safety and security of warehouses from point of the passive defense approach.

This study is a narrative review, which conducted by search with using of "passive defense principles", "warehouse", "security", "safety" and their combinations as keywords. Search of the related documents was performed in national and international databases that available online from 2006 to 2020. From all of the 45 documents, only a manuscript had included criteria for study was found.

Warehouses are one of the vital infrastructures for strategic needs supply. The passive defense is an architectural, engineering and strategic necessary for elimination of the natural and man-mode’s events and providing of the sustainable security in warehouses. Appropriate implementation of the passive defense principles can lead to elevation of safety and security and appropriate management of Crisis’s and thus Warehouses help in the proper management of Crisis’s. The results showed that for availability of the effective passive defense in warehouses, the adherence of strategic principals nine including site selection, camouflage, concealment, coverage, deception, dispersion, hardening, early warning, division and separation potential is necessary. Adherence of this effective principals lead to elevation of warehouses’ security and safety and helps to assessment of the passive defense criteria’s. 

Based on warehouses roles as an important and vital infrastructure for strategic needs supply, designing and construction of these places based on the passive defense criteria will have critical roles for needs supply and elevation of defense potential and national security in increasing threats. Therefore, using of the existing opportunities for correction and implementation of the passive defense principles in warehouses is necessary.

In recent years, the construction industry, especially hospitals affected by sustainable development, have created concepts such as "sustainable building" and "green hospital". With the development of implementation and evaluation systems of Green Hospital, various methods were presented. The common point of all these methods was the three areas of optimal consumption of water, energy, and less waste generation. This study was conducted to investigate the status of these areas.

This is a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study. The research population includes a selected military hospital in Tehran, Iran. Information on the consumption and cost of energy, water, and also the amount of waste production over a period of three years (2014-2016) in 2017 were collected and analyzed.

On average, the hospital consumes 80.79 kWh of electricity and 12.12 m3 of gas at a cost of 25861 Rials and 10808 Rials per active day bed, respectively. This statistic is active for 1124 liters of water consumption at a cost of 16,993 Rials per day bed. Waste production was on average 3.67 kg per active day bed, of which 42% was infectious waste.

The results showed that water and electricity consumption were 2.20 and 10.1 times the existing standards, respectively. The average production of total waste was 2.5 to 3.7 times and infectious waste was estimated to be 27% higher than international standards. It is recommended that hospitals adopt environmental protection strategies, hold training courses, manage waste, and allocate the necessary funds. In the macro dimension, the binding of these measures and the development of local indicators will be a useful solution. The lack of mandatory standards for measuring and reducing the studied indicators is a national challenge and it is suggested that the hospital reduces the statistics.

Sanandaj in the west of Iran is one of the main city that suffered from Arabic Dust Storm (ADS). As Sanandaj isn’t industrial city and located in the mountainous region, one of the main sources of air pollution which has adverse effects on citizens and environment is PM10 which comes from Arabic Dust Storm. In this way, the goal of this study was to the assessment of these adverse health effects. So the hourly data of concentration of PM10 (measured by Beta attenuation method) were taken from Kurdistan Environmental Protection Agency in 2015.
the 24-hour average concentration of particulate matter has exceeded about 182 times (days) more than the National Standards and WHO guideline values and the average annual concentration of PM10 were about 1.5 times more than the National Standard and WHO guideline values during the period of the exam.
By means of Air Q2,2,3 software the data analyzed and baseline incidence(BI), relative risk(RR) and attributable proportion(AP) were calculated. The results of this study showed that short-term health effect of PM10 could increase of total mortality except accidents and poisoning(4.13%), hospital admission cardiovascular(4.98%), cardiovascular mortality(4.45%), hospital admission respiratory(4.45%) and respiratory mortality(0.2%).
This study demonstrated that a high percentage of cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality rate increased due to the raising of the concentration of PM10. To reduce the emission of PM10 from main sources and relationship between the hospital and Kurdistan Environmental Protection Agency and whether organization and people to be alert are necessary.

Oral and dentistry (O&D) services processes may lead to exposing of personnel and patients with several microorganisms and arising of health problems. This cross-sectional study was investigated the bacteriological quality of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) in one of the O&D center in Tehran, Iran. One hundred ninety two samples were collected and examined based on standard microbiological procedures for determining and enumeration of heterotrophic plate count (HPC), Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Data were analyzed by t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis and LSD tests with SPSS software (Ver.16). The results revealed that 70% of water samples (126 samples) had a high density of contaminations that higher than recommended values for DUWLs quality. The mean of bacterial density on Saturday was more than Wednesday and was 1838 CFU/ml, 739 CFU/ml and 11 CFU/ml for HPC, P. aeruginosa, and S.aureuse respectively. The LSD test implied that the mean of bacterial density of inlet and outlet waters had significant statistical difference in various wards of the O&D center (p

Background & Aims of the Study: The safe drinking water providing is one of the most crucial objections in these centenaries. Bacterial water contamination and high rate of morbidity and mortality is crucial health threat. Efficiency of potassium persulfat (KPS) associated solar disinfection as a novel water disinfection technology was evaluated in batch scale experiments, using Ent. faecalis (ATTCC 29212).
Material and This research is a descriptive and experimental study which done on Tehran city, Iran. Ent. faecalis (ATTCC 29212) was provided in standard form from reference laboratory. Desired bacterial density in water was prepared by Mc Farland method. Water specimens were exhibited with solar radiations from 10 a.m to 16 p.m of Tehran local time. All experiments were conducted into 1.5 L volume of Damavand bottled water. Non-injured bacteria cells were detected by plating onto Bile Esculin azide agar media. Turbid water samples were provided by spiking of sterile slurry. Contact time (1-6 h), turbidity (30-200 NTU), KPS concentration (0.1, 0.7, 1.5 and 2 mMol/l), Ent. faecalis density(1000 and 1500 cell/ml) and UV intensity were independent and disinfection efficiency was a dependent variable, respectively.
Intensity of UVA solar irradiation varied from 3770 to 6263.3 µW/Cm2, with the highest value was measured on 13.30 p.m. In single SODIS and 1 hour contact time, increasing of bacterial closeness from 1000 to 1500 cell/ml implied disinfection performance decreasing in which, the vital bacteria was 10 and 20 cell/ml, respectively; but beyond of this contact time, a complete disinfection was occurred. Disinfection of Ent. faecalis was achieved within 2 h with single solar irradiation but KPS associated solar disinfection with applied dosage of KPS provide completely disinfection in 1 h in which the process efficiency was not influenced by increasing of bacterial density and turbidity up to 200 NTU.
Association of KPS with SODIS enhancing water disinfection which can be used in remote area and emergency status.