h. rahimi

Reproduction (regeneration) is a fundamental process that drives the dynamics of a forest, occurring continuously in a healthy and natural forest with a specific spatial and temporal pattern. Natural regeneration poses significant challenges in Zagros forests, Iran. This research was undertaken to examine and analyze the current state of reproduction of tree and shrub species in the monitoring sample plots of Zagros forests. This study, while scrutinizing the species composition, origin, distribution curves, and health of seedlings and saplings, explores the interrelationship between reproduction and nurse species. It will serve as the foundation for long-term studies that determine the temporal changes in reproduction and its characteristics in the Zagros forests.

This research was conducted in the permanent monitoring plots of Zagros, spanning from West Azerbaijan to Fars province. A total of 120 sample plots of 100 square meters were studied within these plots. Each province had 30 studied sites in the typical forests, with 10 of them located in the protected forests. The variables studied included reproduction density by species, origin and type of reproduction, nurse species, height of seedling, terminal bud, and health status of reproduction. A height of 0.5 meters was set as the criterion to distinguish reproduction. The t-test was used to compare parametric data in two groups, while the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed for non-parametric data.

In the studied area, the reproduction of 20 forest tree and shrub species was recorded, and the density of seedlings and saplings was calculated to be 366 plants per hectare. However, the reproduction was not uniformly distributed, with 37% of the sample plots lacking reproduction. The abundance distribution diagram in the height classes revealed a decrease in the number of oak (Quercus spp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) reproduction with a height of less than 5 cm. Of the total number of recorded reproduction, 72.5% originated from seeds and 25% were shoots. Overall, 66% of reproduction was dependent on nurses, with oak, hawthorn, stone, and rock playing the greatest roles as nurses. Stones and rocks played a more significant role in the revival of seedlings. Cerasus microcarpa (C.A.Mey.) Boiss., Q. infectoria Oliv., and Q. libani Oliv. had the highest dependence on the nurse, while Pyrus spp., Daphne mucronata Royle, and Crataegus spp. had the least dependence on nurse species. Reproduction sheltered by nurses was significantly healthier than those without nurses. Also, reproduction sheltered by stones and rocks had a higher health rate than reproduction sheltered by trees, although this difference was not significant. Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & Spach, Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl, and Acer monspessulanum L. had the worst condition in terms of reproduction. Despite the presence of mature trees, they had no reproduction (L. nummulariifolia and F. angustifolia) or had very low reproduction (A. monspessulanum). The results showed that the number of reproduction in protected sites was higher than non-protected sites. Although this difference was not significant, the reproduction in the protected sites was significantly healthier.

The results indicated that the reproduction in the Zagros forests is not in a normal situation. However, given suitable spatial and temporal conditions, reproduction occurs and establishes. Although in conditions of disturbance and overgrazing, reproduction attempts to survive by taking shelter near stones, pits, or under thorny shrubs, the conservation of the forest stand by maintaining the tree canopy (oak, hawthorn, and other species) and the forest’s natural structure provides the best conditions for the establishment and survival of reproduction, thereby ensuring the sustainability of the ecosystem.

According to the policy of entrepreneurship of universities and students, creativity and innovative behavior in students  not only can be effective in the development of the university environment, but also, making students become entrepreneurs and creating employment. In fact, it can be said that in the current changing and knowledge- oriented environment, only innovative students can respond to the needs of the labor market in a given time. Therefore, the aim of this research was to predict students' innovative academic behavior based on thinking skills, teamwork skills and problem solving abilities.

This is a cross- sectional and correlation study. Statistical population consisted of all students in university of Kashan in academic year 2022-2023 (N=7873) that by using Morgan table and stratified random sampling 380 ones, selected as sample. The research tools were four questionnaires of innovative behavior, thinking skills, teamwork and problem solving strategy. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics level through SPSS & Smart PLS.

The findings showed that the mean of innovative behavior (3.34±0.73), thinking skills (3.6±0.53) and teamwork (3.55±0.61) were higher than average. Also, the mean component of confidence in solving problems (47.49±6.16) is higher than the criterion score and the average components of avoidance tendency  (52.98±10.64) and personal control (13.92±4.54) are lower than criterion score. The path coefficients showed that thinking skills (Beta=0.195, P=0.003) and teamwork (Beta=0.377, P=0.001) have a positive & significant effect on students' innovative behavior but problem solving ability (Beta=0.061, P=0.08) has no significant effect on students' innovative behavior.

The results of this research showed that students' innovative behavior is affected by thinking and teamwork skills. Confirming the relationship between thinking skills and teamwork with students' innovative behavior and identifying the dimension or dimensions of thinking skills and teamwork that has the most relationship with students' innovative behavior will help the officials and practitioners of the educational system to consider the development of thinking skills and teamwork provide the grounds for the development of creativity and innovative behavior in students.

In this work we review some common fixed point theorems for four mappings without appealing to continuity in $\mathcal{E}$-metric spaces, where the metric is Riesz space valued. These results cover well-known comparable results in the existing literature by considering fewer conditions.

Web spider mites population playing a major pests on vegetable crops during hot summer months. Effectiveness three biomite doses (1, 1.5 and 2 ppm) on cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon in comparison effects of Neem-Azal 1.2% EC, Propargite 570EW, Abamectin 1.8% EC, 1.5 ml/l detergent liquid soap and water sprayed in controlled agent were evaluated against Tetranychus urticae in Esfahan, Khorasan Razavi and Kerman provinces respectively. Complete randomized block designed with three replications used and each replicate consisted at least 50 cultivated plants in each block. Treatment done when at least 5 mobile spider mite stages in 40% randomly collected leaves observed. By random collection of 30 leaves from each treatment determined, effects of them determined at one day before and 3, 7, 14 days after. Collected data converted into mortality% and mean mortality% analysis done with SAS software. Mean spider mite under leaf side of muskmelon in Khorasan Razavi observed 6 to 12 times and 3-5 times higher in Esfahan and Kerman respectively. Highest mean of 61.6 spider mites recorded under sider of muskmelon leaf for 2 ml/l of biomite treatment in Khorasan Razavi. Higher biomite doses effects recorded 73.46% for 2ml/l up to 7 days in Esfahan and 65.56% and 82.67% up to 14 days after recorded in Khorasan Razavi and Kerman without any phtyotoxicity on plant parts in all treatments. Spraying 2 ml/l of biomite at early morning hours under spider mite incidence, provided higher efficiency, longer toxicity period for controlling vegetable spider mites.

In this paper, we consider some kinds of semiregular frames of translates on the Hilbert space L 2 (R d ). More precisely, we investigate the frames of the form {TAkf}k∈Zd where A is a real invertible d × d matrix, f ∈ L 2 (R d ) and it is a frame for the closed subspace generated by {TAkf}k∈Zd .

For fire water storage tanks internal corrosion will occur due to internal surfaces are in contact with water. In oil and gas industry in addition of coating, cathodic protection is used to reduce or mitigate internal corrosion. According to dimensions of fire water tanks in petrochemical plants and refineries and high current density requirements, impressed current system used for tanks internal protection. Generally suspended MMO tubular anodes in string form used. These strings placed on circle with some offset from tank wall for uniform distribution of current and potential. Due to close distance between anodes to tank shell and bottom plates, using conventional formulas that assume reference potential at infinite distance will introduce error in calculated resistance, also anodes distribution along string is not addressed in conventional methods. Anode system resistance affect transformer-rectifier size in impressed current system, for tank internal cathodic protection this matter is important due to effect on nozzles quantity and location for suspending anode strings that affect tank construction. In this paper finite element analysis by COMSOL software and mathematical derivation used for calculation of anode system resistance and results compared by conventional methods. According to the results it is observed that error in calculated anode system resistance by conventional methods is more than 17% in comparison with finite element analysis results.

The progress and development of any society depends on the quality of its education and quality of education in turn depends on many factors such as classroom management. The purpose of this study was to predicting of students creativity and academic engagement in University of Kashan based on classroom management components.

This is an analytic, cross- sectional study. Statistical population consisted of all  students at University of Kashan in academic years 2020-2021 (N=7836) that by Cochran formulate and stratified random sampling 328 ones, selected as sample. In order to collect data, three questionnaires of classroom management, creativity and academic engagement were used. The questionnaires validity was confirmed as content. By using Cronbach Alpha Cofficient, the reliability of class management questionnaire was estimated to be 0.82, creativity 0.75 and academic engagement 0.76. Data analysis is done in levels of descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean & standard deviason) and inferential (one sample t-test & linear regression) through Spss.

The findings showed that the mean of classroom management (53.77±8.04) was lower than the cut-off point of 62.5, the mean of students 'creativity (2.28±0.48) was lower than the average 3 and the mean of students' academic engagement (36.47±7.30) is lower than the cut point 45. Regression coefficients showed that among the components of classroom management, components of education management and behavior management are two factors affecting academic engagement, but the component of  managing individuals did not have a significant effect on academic engagement. Also managing individuals and behavior management are two factors affecting students' creativity, but the component of education management did not have a significant effect on creativity (P<0.05).

According to the research results, the situation of classroom management, academic engagement and creativity of students is in a relatively unfavorable situation and the level of creativity and academic engagement of students can be predicted from the classroom management components. Thus faculty members in universities can promote students' creativity and academic engagement by using cultural-educational, educational, research and service indicators.

Effects bifenazate 24% SC doses (0.5 0.6, 0.7. ml/l) evaluated with spirodiclofen SC 240, fenazaquin  SC 20%, fenproximate 5% SC 5%, fenpropatrin, 10% FL on active stages of  Panonychus ulmi on red apple variety in East (Marand), West Azerbaijan (Oromia), Ardebil (Meshkeinshar) and Khorasan Razavi (Golmakan) provinces during 2010 . Blocked randomized design with three replications used and each replicate consisted four apple trees. Treatment done when mean of 5 mobile mite stages observed in 30% apple leaves collected randomly. Effects fo each treatment carried out by collection of 50 apples leaves and alive mite counted on upper leaf surface at one day before and 7, 14, 21 and 28 days accordingly. Mean active stages of P. ulmi mite/leaf found varied between 3.01 to 7.78 mites, 6.70 to 28.15mites, 3 to 36.66 mites and 17.43 to 26.83 mite among treatments in West Azerbaijan, Khorasan Razavi, East Azerbaijan and Ardebil respectively.  Highest mite mortality% threated by bifenazate doses up to 21 days after recorded 98.33% and 94.85% for 0.7 and 5 ml/l in Oromia and Golmakan, up to 14 and 7 days after observed 99.9% and 68.71% for 0.7 ml/l of bifenazate in  Marand and Meshkeinshar respectively. Bifenazate toxicity on mean of recorded natural enemies (predatory mites, Orius sp, and Thrips sp.) in Meshkeinshar reduced their number but did not eliminate them from apple trees. Higher doses of bifenazate application when mean of P. ulmi recorded lest than 5 mites on 30% of collected leaves, will provide effective control.

Predicting corporate financial distress is one of the main issues facing managers, which can significantly contribute to companies' success and survival because corporate managers can be informed of financial distress and bankruptcy by providing warning and timely signals. Therefore, it is possible to avoid wasting resources and damages due to bankruptcy through proper management. This study's main purpose was to select the financial variables affecting the prediction of financial distress of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and then to predict financial distress using the ANN method. Therefore, first, 106 companies were selected by the simple random sampling method. Their financial data were extracted during 2007-2020. The relationship between variables was examined through the Pearson correlation test. Out of 34 financial ratios, 24 ratios with a significant relationship were selected. Finally, the ANN method was used to predict corporate financial distress, in which the financial distressfulness or non-distressfulness of 103 companies was correctly predicted. Comparing the prediction made by the ANN method with the actual values of the dependent variable in 2020, it was found that this method correctly predicted the corporate financial distress with a confidence level of 97%.

Orofacial clefts are the most common congenital facial defect. Genetic and environmental factors play a role in their development. The prevalence of orofacial clefts in Qom province has not been studied so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of orofacial clefts and associated factors in infants born in Qom province during 2010-2018.

In this cross-sectional study, during nine years, the medical files of all infants with orofacial clefts and the files of their mothers in all hospitals of Qom province were examined. The files of 476 healthy infants were also evaluated to investigate the associated factors. Healthy infants were selected one number before and one after the case number of sick infants. Infant-related variables (weight, blood type, and other illnesses) and parent-related factors (age, smoking, alcohol, and medications, illness, consanguineous marriage, and number of children) were extracted through reviewing the files or telephone interview.

Of the 171,270 infants, 238 were found with orofacial clefts (1.39 per 1,000 births). Isolated cleft palate with 39.5% was the most common type of anomaly. Among the studied factors, the percentage of smoking in fathers in the case group (34.5%) was higher than the control group (24.2%) (p=0.004). Moreover, the history of maternal high blood pressure in the case group (7.6%) was higher than the control group (3.4%) (p=0.013). The incidence of diabetes in mothers of the case group (18.9%) was higher than the control group (8.2%) (p=0.001).

The results of the study showed that the prevalence of orofacial cleft is 1.39 per 1000 births and smoking, diabetes and high blood pressure are the associated risk factors.

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate weak amenability of semigroup algebras. We relate this to a new notion of weak amenability modulo an ideal of Banach algebras. As an important result, we show that l 1 (S) is weakly amenable modulo Iσ, where Iσ is the corresponding ideal of the group congruence σ

Job adaptability is essential to the successful employment of nurses, which could be largely influenced by psychological capital. The present study aimed to investigate the association between psychological capital and job adaptability in the nurses at Kashan University of Medical Sciences hospital, Iran. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 190 nurses at Kashan University of Medical Sciences hospital, who were selected via stratified random sampling. Data were collected using two questionnaires of psychological capital and job compatibility. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22 using descriptive and inferential statistics.   The mean psychological capital (5.41±0.77) was above average 4, and the mean job compatibility (3.23±0.43) was above average 3. Pearson's correlation-coefficient indicated a positive, significant correlation between psychological capital and job adaptability of nurses (r=0.43). In addition, the most significant association was observed between psychological capital and value orientation (r=0.43), while the least significant correlation was denoted between psychological capital and autonomy (r=0.15). According to the results, the implementation of programs for the improvement of psychological capital in the nursing community could result in the job adaptability of nurses. Furthermore, a supportive view within hospitals toward nurses and the subsequent perception of being supported on behalf of nurses could effectively enhance their job adaptability.

Class culture, based on its implicit and explicit beliefs and values, can, on the one hand, promote free, motivational and confidential environment for learning in learners, and on the other hand, it may create a cold, negative, and irrational environment. Thus the purpose of this research was to evaluate class culture from the viewpoint of students in Kashan University of Medical sciences. This is a descriptive survey research. The statistical population consisted of 2148 students in Kashan University of Medical Sciences in academic years 2016-17 that 200 ones through stratified randomized sampling chosen as sample. Data gathering tool was class culture standard questionnaire with 8 items response close in term of Likert five scale. Questionnaire construction validity confirmed through factor analysis. Questionnaire reliability was estimated by Cronbach Alpha coefficient equal to 0.88. Data analyzed by descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean & standard deviation) and inferential level (one sample t-test, independent t-test, one way Anova & structural equation modeling) through SPSS . Findings showed class culture score (34.53±2.64) was upper than 30 score and the majority of students considered the class culture in university as open. Male students with score of 35.17±2.97 reported more open class culture than female students with a score of 33.91±2.1, and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference between students' viewpoints on the status of classroom culture in terms of college and degree of academic (p<0.05). based on results, the class culture in Kashan University of Medical Sciences is open. This is especially important in medical science  universities whose graduates at different levels and courses should have a positive balanced humanistic relationship with their peers, in order to be more confident in the quality of the duties and responsibilities involved.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between work engagement and psychological well-being and job burnout in teachers. The present study was applied in terms of objective, and descriptive and correlational based on the type of method. The research method was survey in terms of data collection. The population included all 5185 teachers (elementary, secondary, and high schools). Morgan table was used to determine the sample size which was equal to 200 who were selected using simple random sampling. Schaufeli's work engagement questionnaire, Ryff's psychological well-being questionnaire, and Maslach Burnout Inventory were used to collect the required data. SPSS software was used for data analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression were applied to analyze the examine the hypotheses. The results indicated that there were significant negative relationships between work engagement, job burnout, and total work engagement score with job burnout (p<.01). Furthermore, there was a significant negative relationship between self-acceptance, positive communication with others, environmental domination, individual growth and total score of psychological well-being with job burnout (p<.01).

Plagiarism is the most prevalent type of scientific misconduct, and various rules and strategies have been proposed to combat it in different countries. A review of other countries' experiences in this area contributes to good policymaking. The present study was conducted to introduce preventive interventions of plagiarism in the leading countries. The present study was a qualitative review study of applied practices. In this study, preventive interventions of scientific plagiarism in the 27 European ::::::::union:::::::: countries were studied due to the appropriate coherence and structural similarity at national, organizational, and individual levels. The national-level interventions were analyzed using the content analysis method in mentioned countries. The results of analyzing the national-level interventions were categorized into eight main themes, including reaching a national agreement on examples of scientific plagiarism and misconduct; policy development; monitoring and supervision; financial support development; development of databanks and software; compiling educational programs for faculty members and students; dissemination and use of successful experiences; and eventually establishment of laws related to scientific misconduct, plagiarism, and punishments activities. Using preventive interventions at a national level proves the commitment and determination of policymakers to control and prevent plagiarism. Proper use of preventive interventions at a national level strengthens the controlling and preventive infrastructures of this issue at the organizational level, and enhances moral commitment and professional skills among the country's researchers.

In this paper we investigate some hereditary properties of amenability modulo an ideal of Banach algebras. We show that if $(e_alpha)_alpha$ is a bounded approximate identity modulo I of a Banach algebra A and X is a neo-unital modulo I, then $(e_alpha)_alpha$ is a bounded approximate identity for X. Moreover we show that amenability modulo an ideal of a Banach algebra A can be only considered by the neo-unital modulo I Banach algebra over A.

Isolated radial nerve palsy is caused by pressing this nerve and it is usually caused by the excessive pressure either in the uterus or during the labor. Isolated radial nerve palsy should be considered different from brachial plexus damages. In brachial plexus damages depending on the damage degree and involved spinal roots, different disorders such as disability in brachial abduction, disability in elbow, wrist and digital flexion and extension may be observed, however, in isolated radial nerve palsy weakness is only reported in extension power. In isolated radial nerve palsy depending on the level of pressure and damage, different symptoms are suspected but the most common symptom is inability in extension of wrist and fingers, which is called wrist drop. This phenomenon is a rare condition and usually recuperates by itself. In the present case report, we have described a newborn case with isolated radial nerve palsy. This male newborn was born after a long labor during which his radial nerve was pressed, so he was born with wrist drop. By prescribing Physical therapy modalities including IR (Infrared), Gentle Massage, Electrical Stimulation (IDC), Gentle Rang of Motion, the patient was completely revealed from the disease.

Gavkhuni Playa Lake covers about 520 km2 and is located at the downstream of Zayandeh-roud River. This playa is composed of three main flats including mud, sand and salt flats. The muddy deposits mainly spread in Zayandeh-roud Delta and underly a saline sublayer. The fine grained sediments of Gavkhuni Playa Lake have potential for concentrations of heavy metals due to the climatic conditions, petrology and presence of lead and zinc ores in the drainage basin and the flowing of the river through the industrial and agricultural regions.Variations of characteristics are: calcium carbonate (35.5-73%), organic matters (2.53-17.12%), clay (6.45-60.88%), pH (6-8.53) and Eh (-334 -+ 47 mv). Calcium carbonate, pH and organic matters increase and clay and Eh decrease from north to south of the playa. Clay minerals of the muddy sediments in order of frequency include illite, chlorite, kaolinite and montmorionite, respectively and the amount of these minerals do not vary from north to south of the playa. Heavy metals concentrations in ppm are: Mn (395.5-1040), Sr (100.4-725.76), Ni (37-73.66), Cu (13.83-29.83) and Ag (3.03-4.76) in order of abundance. Ag, Ni and Sr concentrations are higher and Cu and Mn concentrations are lower than the mean concentrations of these elements in natural soils. Geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor show that the sediments are highly polluted only by Ag. Exchangable cation contents are much lower than the total concentrations. Organic matters have a more important role in the exchangeable concentration of the heavy metals relative to the type and content of clay minerals and their elevation leads to increase the exchangeable concentrations.

Spatial segregation in most metropolises is widely interesting issue because of their potential to foster segregation process and because of globalization impact to reinforce it. Goal of this paper is to study spatial patterns of segregation in Tehran metropolis. To examine segregation indices, we use three indices including two-group spatial segregation index, multi-group spatial segregation index and deviational ellipses respectively. The variables used for analysis from 2006 national census made by Statistics Centre of Iran and are organized in eight variables including: occupation, literacy, quality of home, area of house, family dimension, headship age, religion and ethnic status. Results show although different among variables, spatial segregation exists in Tehran. Compared with other variables, Religion and ethnicity have higher level, respectively, of two-group and multi-group spatial segregation. Despite spatial assimilation theory, religion exhibits more clustered pattern than ethnicity. Standard deviation ellipse indicates Tehran has strongly dual structure according to area of house. Also, unlike the discussed theories, increase in family size do not accompany increase in Area of house, then, sizable houses are occupied by married-couple households with few children and tend to move to North parts of the metropolis and married-couple households with more children has been deprived of ample houses and located in Northern Tehran.

Vegetation is known to increase hillslope stability by reinforcing soil shear resistance. This reinforcement depends on the density and tensile strength of the root systems. This paper presents the results of research carried out in order to evaluate the biotechnical characteristics of the root system of Parrotia Persica. The profile trenching methods was used to obtaining root area ratio (RAR) and number of roots in each depth and RAR and numbers were counted. Single root specimens were sampled and tested for tensile strength measurement. The findings indicated that the general behavior of root density and number of roots is to decrease with depth. Maximum RAR values and number of roots were located within the first 0.1 m, with maximum rooting depth at about 0.60 m. In general root tensile strength tends to decrease with diameter according to a power law, with an average of 29.34±1.5 MPa. The resulting data have been used to calculate the reinforcing effect in terms of increased shear strength of the soil. The results show that root reinforcement exerted by Parrotia Persica is about 44.90 kPa in upper layers and 1.65 kPa in deeper horizons. The results presented in this paper can be used in practical bioengineering.

Thermoplastic honeycombs based on polypropylene are one of the latest types of cores used in sandwich structures. Up to now there have been few experimental and modelling studies on the mechanical behaviour of sandwich structures with thermoplastic cores. In this paper, by considering the similar properties of foams and thermoplastic honeycombs, attempts are made to model the static indentation behaviour of honeycombs based on a crushable foam material model using the ABAQUS finite element programme. Comparison of the experimental results and numerical predictions for indentation values show a good correlation up to 20% depth of the panel thickness. It must be noted that in static indentations it would be irrelevant to study the rupture of the skins or cores and, therefore, the crushable foam model should be suitable for modelling the behaviour of thermoplastic honeycombs.

A 4x4 factorial experiment with a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted separately on two major pistachio varieties, Ohady and Kaleghoochy, to investigate the effects of shaking amplitude and frequency on pistachio nut and cluster detachment. Four levels of shaking frequencies used for Ohady were 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 Hz, while those of Kaleghoochy were 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 Hz. Four levels of shaking amplitude for Ohady were 20, 40, 60 and 80 mm, while those of the Kaleghoochy were 40, 60, 80 and 100 mm. Analysis of variance and mean comparison showed that the effects of shaking amplitude and frequency on pistachio nut and cluster detachment were significant on both varieties. It was found that in Ohady, at frequency of 12.5 Hz and amplitude of 80 mm, the maximum effective nut detachment occurred. But considering the need to limit both yield loss and limb damage to 5% and minimizing the power requirement of the limb shaker, applying shaking amplitude of 60 mm and frequency of 10 Hz, which detaches 95% of the nuts, is considered as the most suitable combination of shaking amplitude and frequency. Also, at amplitude of 80 mm and frequency of 12.5 Hz, the highest percentage of cluster detachment occurred. Here again, by considering limb damage and power requirement, applying shaking frequency of 12.5 Hz at 60 mm amplitude with 69% cluster detachment was selected as the most suitable combination. In Kaleghoochi, at amplitude of 100 mm and frequency of 15 Hz, nut detachment was 100%, while the need to limit limb damage and power consumption, the combination of 60 mm amplitude and 15 Hz frequency with 97.2% nut detachment was selected as the most suitable one. For cluster harvesting of Kaleghoochy, shaking amplitudes of 60 and 40 mm and frequency of 12.5 Hz with cluster detachment of 75 and 69 percent, respectively were selected as the most suitable ones. The average ratio of tensile force required for removing pistachio nut to its weight (F/W), and the ratio of tensile force required for removing pistachio cluster to its weight (V/W), which could be considered as an index of ease of detachment, were measured 6.2 and 37 for Ohady and 9 and 37.8 for Kaleghoochy, respectively. Finally, we may conclude that by applying the suitable combination of shaking amplitude and frequency, shake harvesting of pistachio could be practiced successfully.

Primary Plasma cell Leukemia (PCL) is a rare disease with no standard treatment, although, combination chemotherapy, BMT and intermediate dose melphalan have been shown to be effective, in some case reports. Patients usually present with anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypercalcemia, and renal failure. Diagnosis is confirmed by peripheral and bone marrow examination. We recently had a case in our department. A 43 years old gentleman presented with history of fatigue, weakness, weight loss, dyspnea and bone pain. Diagnosis of PCL was confirmed by PBS and bone marrow exam. The patient was treated using single intermediate dose melphalan (60 mg/m2/ IV) plus Dexamethasone with G–CSF support after 3 weeks, complete remission was achieved. In the last visit, done 9 months after treatment, he was doing well clinically and his Lab data were normal. This case report confirmed the efficacy of intermediate dose of melphalan in the management of plasma cell leukemia.

The general characteristics of salt-affected soils and soil structure degradation process are partially known, but the effects of saline and sodic conditions on mechanical properties of soils are not well recognized. In this study, the effects of electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) on tensile strength of soils with different organic carbon contents were assessed under laboratory conditions. The soil samples were collected from Dasht-E-Naz, at Sari region in the North of Iran. The samples had the same clay mineral (Illitic) and the main difference between them was the organic carbon content, subjected to different cropping systems. The tensile strength was determined on soil samples which had been treated by solutions having defined EC (0.5 and 4 dS/m) and SAR (0, 5, 15). The tensile strength was positively related to organic carbon content, but negatively to SAR. With increasing SAR, tensile strength decreased, and at a given SAR, the treatments with higher EC showed higher tensile strength. The analysis of variance showed significant differences (at 0.01) between soil samples (four levels), soil sampling depth (two levels), EC (two levels), and SAR (three levels) for all variables under investigation. For soil factor, the order of averages were: Virgin soil > Permanent pasture (Festuca) > Intensive cropping > Permanent pasture (Agropyron).