jafar aghazadeh

Structural and functional changes in the auditory and cognitive system caused by aging can lead to impaired speech perception and speed processing, especially in the presence of noise. This study aimed to enhance cognitive system performance including speed processing and speech perception by improving the temporal information through lateralization training.

In this interventional study, 36 participants aged 65–75 years with normal hearing, who complained about speech perception in noise, were randomly assigned to the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group received twelve 45-minute sessions of auditory lateralization training. The quick speech-in-noise, words-in-noise, and consonant-vowel-in-noise tests are used as behavioral tests of speech perception in noise at the sentence, word and phoneme levels, respectively. The time-compressed speech test was adopted to measure processing speed. The repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the test results before, after, and one month after rehabilitation.

A significant decrease in the lateralization errors, and signal-to-noise ratio loss in both the quick speech-in-noise and words-in-noise tests were observed in the intervention group (p<0.001). Moreover, a considerable increase in the word recognition score in the time-compressed speech test and the consonant-vowel in noise test were observed (p<0.001). Coefficient effects were obtained for the quick speech-in-noise test (0.74), the words-in-noise test (0.59) and the consonant-vowel in noise test (0.12). Statistical analyses revealed the stability of the outcomes one month after rehabilitation.

Auditory lateralization training can improve the speed of processing and speech perception in noise in the elderly.

The writing of political treatises and admonitions in the first Qajar period, as a legacy of Iranian literature and political thought, has an important place in historical studies and political science. The writers of admonitions of this period, in connection with the tradition of Iranian political treatises, after referring to the necessity of the monarchy and kingship and his position in the world as the shadow of God, defined and specified functions and duties for him so that the king, by applying them, would be worthy of the position of the shadow of God and the monarchy. These functions are a repetition of the same duties of the king in the thought of ancient Iran and the Islamic Iran period, which were repeated and rewritten according to the requirements of the Qajar era. After the monarchy, justice is one of the most central discussions of the admonitions. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to answer the question of what place the justice of the king had in the political culture of the Qajar era? The research findings show that after the monarchy, justice is one of the most central discussions of the admonitions. Although justice was a royal privilege in Iranian thought, it had rational roots and was considered necessary for the continuity of rule. The king, in order to ensure the continuity of his reign, had to practice justice and avoid tyranny in order to be worthy of the title of just king.

Many older adults experience difficulty in speech perception in noisy environments and fast speech. Speech perception is dependent on bottom-up and top-down auditory processing information. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Interaural Time Difference (ITD) and speech processing speed in older adults with difficulty in speech perception in noise.

In this study, 36 Iranian older adults with normal hearing (23 men and 13 women) aged 65–75 years who had complaints about the difficulty with speech perception in noise, participated. The ITD test with two stimuli (high-pass and low-pass noise) was used to asess the auditory localization ability. Time-Compressed Speech Test (TCST) and reaction time test were used to measure their speech processing speed. Pearson correlation test was performed to examine the relationship between ITD and speech processing speed.

The auditory localization errors were more significant for ITDs with low-pass noise than high-pass noise. The results showed a negative correlation between localization errors and the TCST score at time compression ratios of 40% (p=0.005) and 60% (p=0.002). The highest correlation was observed between ITD (low-pass noise) and the TCST score at the time compression ratio of 60% in the right ear (r=–0.66). The mean ITD errors were not significantly correlated to the reaction time test score (p>0.05).

Word recognition in the elderly declines with increasing speech rate. The findings of this study can be used in clinical practice for consultation and rehabilitation of older adults with communication difficulties.

During the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar, Iran became a focal point for European countries, resulting in frequent visits by representatives and official ambassadors from these nations as well as neighboring states to the Qajar court. These extensive relations led to the implementation of specific protocols and ceremonies for welcoming, accommodating, and receiving ambassadors at Fath Ali Shah’s court. Some of these practices were derived from Iranian court traditions, while others were adapted to meet the demands of the time. This descriptive-analytical study aims to examine the ceremonies and protocols associated with receiving foreign ambassadors at the court of Fath Ali Shah Qajar, addressing the question of what protocols were observed and how these were influenced by external factors. The findings indicate that during the reign of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, there were no specific protocols or ceremonies for welcoming ambassadors. However, the courtiers of Fath Ali Shah, recognizing the necessity of managing foreign relations and the king’s penchant for elaborate court ceremonies, adapted and expanded upon existing Iranian court reception protocols to create lengthy and complex ceremonies for welcoming and receiving foreign ambassadors. These ceremonies were designed to both fulfill diplomatic obligations and showcase the grandeur and magnificence of the Iranian monarchy to foreign representatives. Nevertheless, the intervention of colonial powers led to alterations in traditional reception practices.

Given the unfavorable security conditions of the country (internal and external) at the beginning of the reign of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, when Iran's borders were threatened by foreign forces and internal disputes between the Khans and local powers had led to numerous crises, Agha Mohammad Khan implemented a population transfer policy in order to achieve military and defense goals. This policy, which was carried out in order to suppress the growing power of tribes, clans, and opposition groups and to maintain the integrity of the country, helped him improve the unstable situation in the country and stabilize his government. This research, using library resources and a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer these questions: How was the population transfer policy implemented during the reign of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar? And what were his goals and motivations for implementing this policy? The findings show that the goals of his population transfer policy were mostly military and security. By relocating various tribes, clans, and local rulers, he was able to unify Iran and, by moving towards centralization, suppress the factors of insecurity and unrest.

The Ziadoghli dynasty ruled the Ganja khanate and the Bagratoni dynasty ruled the governorship of Georgia and were considered prominent rival powers in the South Caucasus. After the death of Nadershah Afshar, the rivalry of these two local governments appeared in the form of territorial disputes and reached its peak with the tendency of the Georgians to the Russians and the Ziadoghlis to the Qajar government. The present study aims to investigate the competition of two local families, Ziya Oghli and Bagratoni, in the South Caucasus after the death of Nader Shah, using a descriptive-analytical method, and investigate the role of this competition as one of the reasons for the occupation of the lands of the Khanate of Ganja of Tsarist Russia. The findings show that at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, the two powers of Qajar Iran and Tsarist Russia were looking for part of their interests in the South Caucasus. Thus, under the pretext of the Treaty of Georgievsk and the support of the Bagratoni family and the Qajars, the Russians set out for the Caucasus with the aim of restoring the borders of the Safavian government, suppressing the local centripetal powers and supporting the Ziyaoghli dynasty. Each time, with the support of one of these two extra-local powers, the balance of power between the two local governments of Ziyad Oghli and Bagratoni was upset, and the fate of the lands under their control changed one after another, and finally, this conflict and competition ended with the occupation of Ganja by the Russians.

After coming to power, Fath Ali Shah showed a great interest in luxurious and lengthy court ceremonies, and by taking advantage of Iranian traditions, he successively added to customs and traditions for public presence. He wanted to form a magnificent court like the powerful and famous sultans and emperors of Iran and show off the greatness and majesty of his kingdom to others. This paper, relying on historical data and using the descriptive-analytical method, answers the question that “What rituals and ceremonies were followed to attend the court of Fath Ali Shah Qajar?” and “What was the purpose of their implementation?”. The findings show that this king, expanded the court ceremonies and rituals of the royal presence, especially the public presence ceremony, which had a long history in the government tradition of Iran and was considered a necessity of the royal position. He used it to show the glory of his position and expand the legitimacy of his government.

With the fall of the Safavid government, Ardabil lost its previous prosperity and status. With the formation of the Qajar government and the beginning of the Iran-Russia wars, Ardabil was noticed by Abbas Mirza, the ruler of Azerbaijan, due to its proximity to the battle scenes, and the fortress of this city was repaired and rebuilt by French engineers. From this time on, this castle, which was known as Narin Qaleh, became the center of developments in the city of Ardabil. In this research, we seek to answer the question, what was the architectural structure of Narin Qaleh during the Qajar period, and what were the functions of this castle? The findings of the research show that the Narin of Ardabil Castle was considered as a strong urban fortress in the Qajar period and included a large area. Although this castle had a defense-security function at the beginning of this period, it became a place for imprisoning rebel princes from the period of Muhammad Shah onwards. In the following periods, despite the fact that parts of this castle were still used as a prison, it was also the seat of government and the place of holding various ceremonies.

The purpose is to investigate the position of Tehran Municipality in the first Pahlavi period and identify the tools of urban construction expansion in light of authoritarianism. 

Method and Research Design: 

Archival records and government reports were studied, analyzed and described using historical method.

The results show that Reza Shah, aimed to expand urban construction, along with other elements, in light of modernism. Therefore, the implementation of the urban construction projects in light of the rules and regulations specified the necessity of the municipality even more. Reza Shah appointed a military person, Colonel Karim Bouzarjomehri, as the head of Tehran municipality, and he managed the urban affairs with his dictatorial attitude and policy. In this period, Tehran municipality started the process of assimilation based on the policy of centralization and attempted to modernize Tehran with authoritarian policies, omitting the old concepts and clearing up the Qajar’s past. Consequently, Tehran was changed and its urban construction and streets were renewed and expanded. Naturally, some ancient monuments and cultural heritage were demolished while widening streets and sidewalks.

The first step of the Russi’s expansionism in the Caucasus was trying to acquire knowledge about this land and its people, which manifested itself in the form of “Orientalism”. Communicating with the ethnicities and Khans of the region, the creation of the Caucasus defense line and its expansion to the south was an important and final step in the conquest of the Caucasus. In order for establishing their sovereignty in the Caucasus and exploiting its natural resources, the Russians set up a new administrative system in the form of the Caucasus administrative- territorial unit. This descriptive-analytical research seeks to answer the question of how the Caucasus administrative-territorial unit was formed in the political geography of Tsarist Russia. The findings show that the process of integrating the Caucasus into the territory of Tsarist Russia was a gradual process in the form of a long-term strategy. This was achieved by combining the scientific achievements of orientalists and the actions of Russian military forces. The establishment of military bases in strategic places and settlement of Christian tribes in these places was very effective in stabilizing and consolidating the defense line of the Caucasus.

The aim of the present research is to investigate the criteria of women's beauty from the point of view of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. The research community is all historical texts and documents related to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, especially his memoirs and manuscripts. The research sample was the texts related to the opinions and views of Naser al-Din Shah towards women. The qualitative research method is descriptive-analytical. Information was collected using documentary and library methods, and then the obtained data were analyzed. The results showed that during the Qajar era, the women of Naser al-Din Shah's harem behaved in a special style to have a beautiful and attractive face, and one of their important tasks was to adorn themselves for the Qajar king. Sometimes they decorate themselves according to the wishes of Shah Qajar and sometimes according to the customs of the society. Some of the beauty features were similar to previous periods and some were original and specific to their period. They used various tools to make themselves more beautiful, one of the important concerns of Naser al-Din Shah's women was to be beautiful and more beautiful than other women and to be liked by the king. Long and black hair, white skin, obesity, droopy and long eyes, tall, wide and connected eyebrows, clean and well-groomed appearance, healthy teeth and mustache were among the main aspects of women's beauty from Naser al-Din Shah's point of view. With Naser al-Din Shah's travels to Europe and his familiarity with western women, there was a slight change in these standards, but his main views on the beauty of women, which were derived from the culture of Iranian society, did not change much.

In the Qajar era, hunting was one of the common ways of entertainment. During this period, the king and his family members and the governors of some regions were very interested in hunting and hunted in various ways. In the meantime, hunting with peregrine falcons had a special place in the pastime of courtiers and nobles, especially during the era of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, we seek to answer the following research question: What was the position and function (individual and social) of hunting with a goat in the Qajar period? The findings of the research show that those who were able to buy hunting birds by spending a lot of money, hired skilled bird hunters to prepare them for all kinds of hunting on the hunting grounds. Due to the high costs and difficulties related to training and maintaining the falcon, this method of hunting had become one of the most difficult methods of hunting, and only kings, governors, and princes were able to do this type of hunting on a large scale. Hunting with a hawk was used for purposes such as fun and entertainment and to show the greatness and skill of an individual in hunting.

Smugglers were an anti-government movement in the lands of Tsarist Russia. A part of this flow only turned to creating disorder in the society and looting, but a significant part of it, as an active popular force in the South Caucasus region, sought to eliminate oppression and establish stability and peace in this region. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, they clashed with the rule of Tsarist Russia and the local feudal lords dependent on it, and due to the lack of forces, they chose guerrilla warfare on the borders of Russia and Iran on both sides of the Aras. This escape in the border areas caused them to be referred to as smuggling. This research aims to investigate the problem of smuggling in the borders of Iran in Qajar rera and Tsarist Russia in the 19th and 20th centuries by using library sources and in a descriptive-explanatory way. The findings show that the urgent need for land and water and its lack, the arbitrariness of the rich and those dependent on the government, were the main reasons for the emergence of smuggling in the South Caucasus. The issue of lack of land and soil became a big crisis when the tsarist government pursued its policy of Christianization in the Caucasus and accordingly confiscated a significant part of the land and water of the native Muslims in the region for the benefit of the newly arrived Christian populations.

Historical geography sources are very important in examining the location and location of important and strategic areas. One of the most important areas that has had a special place among Muslim geographers for a long time is the northern shores and ports of the Persian Gulf, which were always considered part of Iran's territory. Muslim geographers, while mentioning the name of the Persian Sea, provide valuable information about the geographical location and limits, economic and social status of these regions. The present article aims to investigate and analyze the historical geography of Iranian ports and coasts of the Persian Gulf using Muslim geographical texts based on the descriptive-analytical method and using library data. The results of the investigations carried out in this study show that the geographical location of the Iranian coasts of the Persian Gulf has had a major impact on the social and economic life of these areas, and the different aspects of the lives of its people were influenced by geography and being located on the shores of the Persian Gulf. Also, being located on the shores of the Persian Gulf had caused economic prosperity and extensive cultural exchanges between Iranian coastal residents and the surrounding areas.

Maku with the ancient names of Shavarshan and Artaz, in the northwestern corner of Iran, had a special place in the history of Iran and was one of the areas of conflict between Iranians and Armenians in ancient times. According to Armenian sources, the first settlement in the Maku region dates back to the Medes. Due to the burial of Thaddeus, one of the apostles of Jesus this land has a prominent religious position among the Armenians of the world. There are different opinions about the lexical origin of Maku and its scope, as well as its administrative and political connections with the land of Iran. The purpose of this article is to investigate and analyze the historical geography of Maku, its appellation and geographical boundaries using historical and geographical texts based on descriptive-analytical method and using library data. The results of the investigations carried out in this study show that the geographical location of Maku has had a major impact on its political, cultural and economic life, and the different aspects of its people's lives were influenced by geography and being located at its border point. Due to its location at the border point of the three countries of Iran, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, Maku had a special importance in the relations between these three powers, and the rulers of that country had formed an autonomous government for themselves.

The authentic culture of the Caucasus can be found in the handicrafts of this region, which is tied to the culture of Iran and shows the creativity, thought and taste of the people of this land. The diversity of climate, weather and culture was well reflected in the variety of handicrafts of the people of the Caucasus during the period of Tsarist Russia, which had a great impact on the family economy.With the occupation of the Caucasus in the territory of the Tsarist Russian Empire, the government's economic policies in the Caucasus, during the period of establishing the sovereignty were accompanied by many problems to determine the relationship of the South Caucasus with the governing body. Different points of view would fail and as a result, neither the central government nor the local government could pursue a coherent policy. Despite this, the Caucasus never found a better place than a reliable raw material depot for Central Russian industries.The first half of the 19th century until the peasant reforms in 1861 AD, handicrafts in the Caucasus in order to strengthen the regional economy, social welfare and restore the relationship between the people and the government, in line with the general policies of the government, found an opportunity for prosperity and active participation in domestic and international markets such as Nizhny Novgorod; To the extent that they do not dominate the sale of Russian products in the region and serve the central Russian industries to supply their raw materials, so that perhaps by changing their customs and traditions, they can become closer to the Russian culture. Handicrafts played a great role in the region's self-sufficiency, depending on the geographical conditions of the region to respond to the needs and solve them or provide welfare.With the peasant reforms of 1861, the economic conditions in the Caucasus underwent many changes and colonial policies became more apparent than before. The Caucasus became a largest warehouse of raw materials and a larger sales market for Central Russian industries. Handicrafts became the target of this policy and Caucasian family management gradually changed. At the end of the 19th century, the number of artisans decreased sharply, but instead, the prosperity of some crafts increased and because these industries had great economic values ​​for the benefit of the government, the government took steps to develop these industries.The South and North Caucasus had completely different conditions in terms of agriculture. Because the share of fertile agricultural land in the North Caucasus was more, agriculture flourished in this region and handicrafts were produced to the extent of their needs, but a large part of the land in the South Caucasus was made up of pastures, which had good conditions for ranching. For this reason, a lot of wool, silk and leather were produced in this region, and due to the lack of suitable land for agriculture and on the other hand, to fill leisure time in the cold season, handicrafts flourished. Research question: The main goal of this research is to answer the question of what role handicrafts played in the Caucasian family economy in the last century of Tsarist Russia.Research Hypothesis: Our hypothesis in this historical research is based on the fact that according to the agricultural and rural structure, climate diversity, available raw materials and socio-political conditions in the Caucasus under the Russian occupation, handicrafts by expanding the spirit of participation of family members and raising the level of employment and increasing per capita income bears a significant part of the economic burden. The current fundamental research is based on qualitative method of content analysis, the tool is historical data which is analyzed with a descriptive-analytical approach. Although the tsarist Russian government could not have a coherent policy regarding the role of the Caucasus in the imperial policy, it turned the Caucasus into a reliable source of raw materials for Central Russian industries. From the point of view of the government, the development of handicrafts in the Caucasus was justified to some extent so that they would not dominate the sale of Russian products in the region and serve the industries of Central Russia. Despite this, the role of handicrafts in the family economy in the Caucasus was large, and it was a function of geographical conditions, people's lifestyle, access to primary resources, culture and politics, and according to geographical and cultural conditions, it had a lot of diversity and most people were engaged in several fields. In addition, handicrafts provided the opportunity for the participation of all family members in strengthening the family economy, and each family member at any age worked in a part of handicrafts depending on his abilities. People's employment during the cold season, when communication routes between villages and cities were closed, provided a very good opportunity to strengthen the Caucasian family's economy, which in addition to entertainment, also brought income. With the industrial development in the region, in the late 19th century and early 20th century, some handicrafts flourished in this region and became the main occupation of the people in the South Caucasus. The share of handicrafts in the family economy of the South Caucasus was higher than that of the North Caucasus, and it covered nearly one third of the living expenses of the families of the South Caucasus, which contributed more to their expenses in the conditions of war, unrest and drought.

The policy writings and Shariat writings of the first Qajar period, in connection with the tradition of Iranian policy writing, after pointing out the necessity of the monarchy and his position in the world as God, defined and specified his functions and duties so that the king could use them. , worthy of the position of God's shadow and kingship. These functions are the repetition of the same functions of the king in the thought of ancient Iran and Islamic Iran, which have been repeated and rewritten according to the requirements of the Qajar era.

This research has been conducted in a historical method with a qualitative approach, relying on library sources and referring to historical sources, especially the policies of the first Qajar period.

The findings of the research show that the monarchy and its duties are the central discussion of the policies of the first Qajar period. According to the thinkers of the Qajar period, the Shiite sultan is the successor and shadow of God on earth, but in order to maintain this position and gain legitimacy, he had to perform a set of duties specific to his position.

Politicians of this period, by theorizing in the field of monarchy, tried to introduce him as the successor of the Prophet and Shia imams by removing the position of the sultan and giving him the sacred position. However, according to them, this position was not eternal and stable, but required the performance of special functions, where justice and justice were at the center of these duties.

The city of Baku became the main center outbreak of cholera in the Caucasus region on June 6, 1892, due to an extensive rail network, a modern shipping line, and a large population of migrant workers. With fleeing 75% of the infected and frightened people of Baku via the rail network, shipping lanes and carriages, the entire Caucasus region quickly contracted a deadly cholera epidemic. The main aim of this research, which is done by analytical-descriptive method, and conducted via library resources, is to answer the important question of what was the role of the government in the catastrophic outbreak of the cholera epidemic of 1892 in the Caucasus region. With fleeing 75% of the infected and frightened people of Baku via the rail network, shipping lanes and carriages, the entire Caucasus region quickly contracted a deadly cholera epidemicAnalysis of the evidences indicates that the government did not take effective action to prevent and control cholera in the Caucasus region, especially in the city of Baku, which led to the rapid spread of the disease and the death of many people in this region and compared to the European part of the Russian Empire, it had a very high relative intensity.

The conflict between autocrats and constitutionalists entered the stage of military war after Mohammad Ali Shah closed the National Council and the resistance of Tabriz mujahideen and constitutionalists against him. Supporters of the autocratic system, including Iqbal al-Sultaneh Makoui, led by Mohammad Ali Shah, rushed to the only base of Iran's constitutionalism in Tabriz to establish an autocratic government throughout Iran. Killing, looting and creating terror were among the most important tactics of Makoui's army in the war against the freedom fighters. The current research seeks to answer the question, what role did the Makoui army play in the Tabriz wars and what were the results of their performance? In the current research, an attempt has been made to investigate the performance of the Makoui forces in the war with Tabriz Mujahideen during the period of minor tyranny by using the descriptive-analytical method and using library and documentary sources. The findings show that the autocrats had high hopes for the victory and success of Mako forces, which was one of the most important government forces present in Tabriz, but they did nothing against the fighting tactics of the Mujahideen of Tabriz and were defeated, and their retreat weakened their morale and fighting power of  tyrants was present in Tabriz.

After gaining power, Reza Shah Pahlavī started political, administrative and social reforms with authoritarian centralist policies and modernization. The management of urban affairs and municipalities was one of the areas where structural and administrative reforms took place. One of the duties of municipalities in that period was monitoring the price of bread. The hoarding of grain and flour and the shortage and increase in the price of bread had created a chaotic situation in Tehran. This article, relying on written sources and especially official documents, has answered the question, what solution did Tehran municipality take to solve the problem of bread shortage and monitor its price and what actions did it take? The Pahlavī government tried to manage urban affairs, especially the issue of bread, by choosing a military person, Colonel Karim Khan Bouzarjamhari, as the head of Tehran municipality. This measure was effective and Tehran municipality took control of the affairs to a large extent and started a fundamental reform. Reforms that included the issuance of health booklets, inspection of bakery shops, determination of working hours of bakeries, reduction of prices and the writing of regulations for the punishment of high-priced sellers, and the approval and application of trade union and food regulations

With the victory of the constitutional revolution the constitutionalists did extensive propaganda among Maku villagers to draw them to their side. This propaganda, which was centered on the end of lord-serf relations, became effective and a big rebellion was formed in the Maku villages against the owners and landlords. The following article is based on these two questions: firstly, what were the causes and grounds for the formation of this movement? Secondly: What were the consequences of this movement? By using the data of publications, archival documents and historical books, and with descriptive-analytical method, the main topics of the article will be discussed. The result of this research shows that the unfair lord-serf relations in Maku and the dominance of the Bayat poets over the lives of the peasants, along with the widespread propaganda of the constitutionalists among the villagers, were important factors in the formation of this movement. The confiscation of Khanin's properties, the establishment of village associations and the expulsion of Iqbal al-Saltaneh from Maku were among the most important consequences of this movement. Also, although the constitutionalists of the state of Azerbaijan were the driving force of this movement, they did not provide any support to the Mako peasants in the continuation of the work, and this caused Iqbal al-Saltaneh to severely suppress the Mako peasant movement with the broad support of the autocrats, and the lord-serf system in the villages more severely. established

Continuous passive movement device after surgery is used to relieve pain, increase general blood circulation in the limbs, reduce edema, improve synovial cartilage joints, delay muscle atrophy, reduce dryness and prevent shortening and adhesions. The system performs linear and controlled motion by a computer connected to the control board of the device with online calculations. An electric motor is connected to the main axis of the system, which controls the movement of the patient's foot. The affected joint moves through a designated arch, guaranteed for a long time. The motor speed control sensor is connected to the motor shaft and the amount of joint movement angle is measured by the sensor. Through feedback and impedance control and motor driver control, linear motion such as damped spring is done slowly. The movements are performed by controlling the amplitude and direction of the force and the pedal of the patient. The pc is connected to the computer to receive the analyzed data through a software system that is sent to the system processor. The computer system also allows extensive data recording, data analysis, and remote monitoring of the patient connected to the network. In this paper, the control angles of a continuous passive motion device are analyzed through mathematical equations and the design method for the knee joint is examined.

With the fall of Isfahan and Ottoman invasion of Iran, Maku region, the centrality of Maku Castle, became one of the first areas to be occupied by the Turks due to its location on the Ottoman-Iranian border. With Nader's rise to power and his attacks on the Ottoman occupiers in Iran, Maku region, like the rest of the south of the Aras River, was captured by him in 1143 AH. The question addressed in this study was, “What was the situation of Maku region in the Ottoman-Iranian conflicts during this period?” The present research attempted to investigate the situation of Maku region in the shadow of the Ottoman-Iranian conflicts (from the fall of Isfahan to Nader Shah’s death) through an analytical approach. The findings showed that the Ottoman-Iranian wars significantly influenced on maku's developments. The location of Maku region at the forefront of the Ottoman invasion of Iran caused a severe decline in its population during the Ottoman rule, while its economic situation got weakened. Maku region was in a weak position between the two powers during the wars due to its geographical location and proximity to the rare Ottoman-Iranian conflicts. Nader Shah consolidated his position at this border point by handing over control of the region to Bayat Tribe, which remained under Iranian rule despite brief interruptions.

With the rise of the Safavid government, Maku Castle, as one of the communication routes between Persian and Eastern Anatolia, became particularly significant to the Safavids, thus being captured by Ismail I of Persia. With the beginning of the Ottoman-Iranian wars in northwestern Iran, Maku region became the center of Maku Castle in the middle these battles. Its sovereignty was exchanged between the two sides. With the fall of Isfahan (1135 AH), the Ottoman invasions of Iran began. In the meantime, Maku Castle was one of the first areas to be captured and the long-standing Ottoman-Iranian conflicts over it were renewed. With Nader's rise to power and his conquest of Azerbaijan in 1143 AH, Maku Castle, like the rest of the region to the south of the Aras River, was conquered by the Iranians. He re-appointed Bayat Tribe, which ruled Maku Castle from the time of Shah Abbas I of Persia until the fall of Isfahan, to the Maku dynasty.The Ottoman-Persian wars significantly influenced on the developments in Maku region during this period. Due to its location at the crossroads of the Ottoman-Iranian border, Maku region was vulnerable to Ottoman attacks. After its initial occupation by Nader, due to Nader's constant conflicts with the Ottomans in northwestern Iran, the sovereignty of this region was changed between the two sides. Maku region was severely damaged due to its situation at the forefront of the Ottoman-Iranian conflict and in the Ottoman Empire's military campaigns. Consequently, at the presence of Ottoman-affiliated tribes, its population was significantly reduced. 

The present investigation aimed to study and analyze the developments in Maku region in the shadow of the Ottoman-Iranian conflicts, from the fall of Isfahan to Nader Shah’s death. This article sought to answer the question of how the Ottoman-Iranian conflicts in northwestern Iran affected the situation in Maku region.

Due to its location at the Iranian-Anatolian border crossing, Maku region was one of the first Iranian territories to be captured by pro-Ottoman tribal forces in 1135 AH. The Ottoman domination of Maku region lasted until 1143 AH when Nader Shah occupied it, as well as other Iranian areas south of the Aras River. During this period, with the policy of Ottoman militarism in the northwestern regions of Iran and the dominance of tribal thought supported by the Ottoman-affiliated Mahmudi Khans competing for control of Maku region, its political, economic, and social conditions declined.Nader took control of Maku region in 1143 AH and commissioned Bayat Tribe to protect it. With this action, he continued the Safavid tradition and strengthened his position in the corner of the northwestern territory of Iran near the Ottoman border. After these events, Nader shah waged several wars with the Ottomans in northwest Iran. These battles affected developments in Maku region. Its dominance was handed over between the parties in conflict. Eventually, however, the fort was established as one of the Iranian frontiers as in the Safavid period, while Nader could not gain the lands beyond it. The presence of Nader and the Ottomans in northwestern Iran and the expansionist efforts of the two sides to dominate the region caused Bayat Tribe, the ruler of Maku region, to remain loyal to Nader even though for a short period of time so as to maintain its hereditary rule in Maku region. Nonetheless, Ahmad Sultan as the minor assured allegiance of Bayat Tribe, which had a sensitive position near the Ottoman borders, incorporated them into its military structure.

The annual pilgrimage made by Muslims from the Caucasus region to the holy city of Mecca in the years 1860-1917 witnessed many changes and developments due to the growth of technology and the expansion of the railway network that resulted in reduced costs and increased speed of travel, security and comfort of pilgrims. On the other hand, the traditional ways of Hajj travel underwent great changes, and the Caucasus became the main focus of these ways and became much more important. In these conditions, the Hajj pilgrimage became an achievable dream for the Muslim nations of the Caucasus, Central Asia, China, Afghanistan and Iran, and led to the emerging phenomenon of mass pilgrimage. This emerging phenomenon was accompanied by a deadly epidemic of cholera, which became a major challenge among Muslims and the government with the intervention of the Tsarist Russian government. The main aim of this research, which is performed using analytical-descriptive method, and conducted, using library resources, is to answer the important question of “What was the role of epidemic diseases on hajj pilgrimage in the region”. Analysis of the evidences indicates that the government has not been successful in adopting a balanced policy between the hajj pilgrimage, epidemic diseases and modernization until its collapse and used epidemics as a tactic to limit the pilgrimage to various excuses at different times. Although the pilgrimage was severely restricted due to epidemics, the population of pilgrims from the Caucasus and Central Asia still grew rapidly in Hejaz.

"Islamic Unity" was one of the currents of thought in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Under this title, for a while, the ideal of unity of Islamic countries was included in the work plan of thinkers and even political activists of the Islamic world. In the meantime, Iran and the Ottoman Empire played a more prominent role as two independent Islamic countries. The role of Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi and Sultan Abd al-Hamid II in this regard is especially noteworthy, as the Islamic Unity is associated with the name of Sultan Abd al-Hamid II, and its definition and description is not possible without mentioning Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi. In this article, we intend to examine the similarities and differences of Islamic Unity from the perspective of Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi and Sultan Abd al-Hamid II, using library resources and descriptive-analytical method. The findings show that Islamic Unity was not a homogeneous idea and according to the social and geographical position of its preachers, different definitions have been proposed. This is also true of the understanding of the well-known and main preachers, namely Sayyid Jamal and Sultan Abd al-Hamid, and undoubtedly Islamic Unity considered by Sayyid Jamal al-Din, apart from many similarities, differed from Islamic Unity in the view of Sultan Abd al-Hamid.