javad khoshhal dastjerdi

Each plant needs a certain amount of heat at the time of planting and during its growth and development. The purpose of this research is to determine the thermal requirements of grain corn in the stages of growth phenology in the climatic conditions of Moghan and to determine the suitable cultivation areas in terms of heat requirements in northwest Iran. For this purpose, the technology of corn variety Single Cross 704 recorded consecutively from 2011 to 2014 at the Moghan Meteorological Research Farm and agricultural data from 51 synoptic stations in the northwest of the country (1996-2016) selected from the General Meteorological Organization of the Country have been used. To carry out this research, thermal requirements in each of the 5 main phases of phenology have been determined at the Moghan station, then using the regression equation between the 15-day average of temperature and altitude, a temperature-temperature history map for seed cultivation in all stations from the first half of the year was drawn using Geographic Information System software. Also, the length of scientific periods and the degree of growth day were calculated and the relevant maps were drawn using the Kriging method. Then, it was combined with the layers of altitude, slope of the region and land use, and finally, a zoning map of lands suitable for grain corn cultivation in the northwest of the country was drawn. Based on the results obtained, 27.6 percent of the study area is capable of cultivating this plant.

Among natural disasters, floods have the highest human toll. The economic impacts of floods are greater in developing countries, including Iran, and are particularly severe in the colder months of the year in the west of the country. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the most severe historical synoptic floods that occurred in Karkheh Basin  (1 April, 2019). Descriptive - analytical research method and its environmental approach into circulation. Analysis of synoptic systems of large floods such as the April 12, 2019 floods show that Western Europe's high-pressure systems, Black sea, East of the Caspian and low pressure north of the Red Sea, Eastern Mediterranean in harmony with the high-rise systems of Western Europe, Low Mediterranean East with a temperature drop of about 50 degrees Celsius(The temperature at sea level In the eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea about 25 degrees Celsius and in the middle of the atmosphere -25 degrees Celsius) also the climb Humidity from the Arabian Sea, North Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Oman Sea and Persian Gulf and Along with Mid-width cold air loss On the area and the establishment of the Polar jet stream) Core up to 70 m(And the establishment of the front jet stream And positive rotation area On the area shows the structure of the synoptic systems causing the flood in the area.

In this research, the daily data of geopotential height of 500 hectopascals (hPa) with a spatial resolution of 1 degree from the ECMWF database for Southwest Asia and rainfall station data from the National Meteorological Organization (1979 to 2018) have been exerted. The technique used the principal component analysis and cluster analysis. With these analyses, nine circulation patterns were identified. The changes in the patterns were tested at the 95% significance level by the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test, and Sen's slope estimator was exerted to estimate the number of changes. The significance test of the trend for the winter patterns in Iran's rainy season revealed the significant trend of increasing the height of the geopotential, which has led to a decrease in the pressure gradient and a decrease in instability, and finally, a weakening of the winter precipitation patterns. Significant positive trends of geopotential height showed the continuation of these conditions for summer patterns (increasing stability, decreasing rotation, and decreasing precipitation). Of the nine known patterns, only one seasonal pattern showed a significant negative trend in the country. This pattern, with a slight increase in rainfall, indicates the formation of unstable conditions, which can lead to moderate-season rains if moisture is available. The findings showed that a rainy winter pattern had been eliminated in the last two decades, and a summer pattern had appeared instead.

Dates are one of the most important agricultural products exported from Iran. This plant is sensitive to environmental conditions and is not able to live and reproduce in all hot and dry areas in terms of quantity and quality. Dates have different varieties; each of them has the potential to adapt to a region of arid regions and can have the most production and economic yield in its proper place. Global warming in the last century has led planners to design pre-awareness programs and algorithms due to future climatic conditions in order to choose long-lived durable plants that can survive in future environmental conditions and have good economic yield. One of the best is the Maximum Entropy model. The aim of the present study is to identify the growth potentials of dates palm verities using CCSM4 model and scenarios of 2.6, 4.5, 0.6 and 8.5. The phonological data of cultivars were harvested by field method in 2016 and 2017. According to the model,  The results showed that the dates of Astamaran and Berhi dates are different in terms of the length of phonological growth and thermal needs until the fruit ripened, and the places prone to their growth during the 2050 and 2070 periods were not the same based on the model. In addition, to bioclimatic variables for the long-term use of long-lived perennial crops, the location data required for cultivation should be used to introduce different cultivars to the environment.

Saffron is a very popular medicinal plant and the most expensive spice in the world. It is highly considered in traditional medicine for the treatment of varied diseases. From among Iranian agricultural crops, it is one of the most valuable products. Due to its special characteristics, its production and export can be developed. As the largest producer and exporter of saffron in the world, Iran accounts for more than 90% of global saffron production. In 2018, more than 71% of the global export of saffron belonged to Iran. Lorestan Province is becoming one of the important areas for cultivating this crop due to its natural conditions and farmers’ interest. This study tried to identify the factors affecting the sustainable development of this crop. For this purpose, during the two consecutive years of 2017 and 18, 3 regions in Kuhdasht, Kuhnani, and Khorramabad townships were selected, in which 5 sample farms were chosen based on the field research. The selected farms had a planting history of 1 to 5 years. Several quadrants were established in the farms and the phenological measurements were recorded based on them. The statistics of these farms were collected to determine the required yields. The means and ANOVA comparisons were applied to analyze the results. The studied parameter was farm age from 1 to 5 years in the 3 regions of Kuhdasht, Kuhnani, and Khorramabad townships. In this investigation, saffron flower characteristics and dry weights of stigma were determined simultaneously with daily phenological inspections of the farms. The results in both years revealed that age was the major factor in yield change in all the 3 regions in a way that saffron yield increased with increasing farm age up to 4 years and then decreased. The effects of farm age on saffron flower and stigma yields were statistically significant. It was found that the lowest and highest yields were respectively related to the 1-, 2-, and 5-year-old farms and 3-year-old farms with a peak yield for the 4-year-old farms. During the study of the role of temperature in the two consecutive years, it was observed that the average temperature had been higher in 2017 and thus the flowering duration had decreased. Accordingly, saffron yield in this year compared to 2018 showed a smaller value, which indicated the role of temperature in yield enhancement during the flowering period. Yield differences were significant in the 3 studied regions. The highest and lowest yields were related to Kuhnani and Khorramabad farms, respectively.

Belonging to the Lamiaceae family, Daenensis thymus is a wild plant and native to Iran which grows in habitats with suitable environmental conditions. In the recent decades, by discovering the side effects of chemical drugs, the demand for herbal medicines and substances has been increased; therefore, manufacturers of medicines and industrial products have sought to increase the production of this plant. To do this, the environmental conditions of the farm, especially its weather conditions, should be quite similar to the habitat of the plant to maximize the yield of the crop. The aim of this study was to investigate and determine the calculation of plant thermal needs and also to investigate the dry and wet yields in three elevation zones (950, 1650, 2220) in Kashan, Nabar and Berezk located in northwest of Isfahan in Kashan city so that its favorable cultivation areas in these areas are identified for further production and introduced to scientific centers and pharmaceutical industries of the country..

To conduct the study, thymus Daenensis seeds were planted in the greenhouse on March 2017. Then, three experimental farms were constructed under three elevation zones of plain, foothills, and mountains in the northwest of Isfahan province located in Kashan city, which is one of the centers for planting and producing medicinal plants in the country. They were located in one area that plain, foothills, mountains have relatively small distances from each other and despite being located in a relatively hot and dry area, due to the difference in height, they have a climate diversity in the local area. When the seedlings were ready to grow in the field in May 2017, they were transported to the constructed sites; farm (1): Dares Salaam area located in Kashan with geographical coordinates were E,(29°51N,̍57°33) at an altitude of 950 meters above the sea level, farm(2): Berzak located in the northwest of Isfahan province and southwest of Kashan E,) ̍14°51N,̍45°33) at an altitude of 2220 meters above the sea level, and Farm (3): Nabar village 17 km in the north of The Berzak district at the position of E (12°51N ,̍51°33) at an altitude of 1650 meters above the sea level. They were planted through a completely randomized blocks design with 3 replications. In this study, the data used in the constructed farms were collected. These data included phenological information and climatic parameters. To record climate data in each region, automatic meteorological devices were installed by meteorologists and the necessary climatic parameters were collected by them. Due to the proximity of the Kashan farm to Kashan synoptic station, the data related to this region were taken from this station. Finally, the collected data were analysed and the findings were extracted.At harvest time, morphological traits were measured on 10 booths each year and dry and wet yields were determined. All data were analyzed by IBMSPSS20 software and Duncan's multi-range test was used to compare the mean of traits.Two common methods of effective degree-day and active degree-day were used to calculate the required temperature in phenological growth stages of the plant. In the effective degree-day method, the biological base temperature of the plant is used and in the active degree-day method, usually the zero degree temperature is used as base temperature.The effective degree-day is determined through the equation 1, where Tb is the base temperature and Tᵢ is the average daily temperature and n is the time space between the two growth stages based on day. Equation (1) the base temperature is considered 4c in order to calculate the effective temperature(Ashorabady et al 2016).

The results showed that thymus Daenensis plant needs 4160.3, 1946.1, 1947.8 degrees per day in terms of effective degree-day and 4820.3, 2298.1, 2391.8 degrees active degree-day, respectively, to complete its biological activities from transplanting to the end of flowering period in the first year. In addition, in the second year, the plant, totally, requires 1091.8, 874.5, 911.7 according to the effective degree-day and 1363.8, 1146.5, 1271.7temperature unit based on active degree-day to complete its biological activities from vegetation to the end of flowering period in Kashan, Nabar, Barzak farms. In the first year, it took 162, 89 and 109 days, respectively from the time of planting thyme until the end of flowering in Kashan, Nabar and Barzak regions (July20 & 21th). Therefore, from the beginning of the flowering phase to the end of flowering in Kashan, Nabar and Barzak areas, it took 109, 32 and 35 days, respectively. The results indicated that although Kashan enters the flowering stage earlier than other regions, the duration of flowering period in this region is much longer than other ones, which can be pertinent to the increasing of air temperature during the flowering period. Hence, temperature increase has stopped the growth period of the plant in the above-mentioned area and caused the flowering period to be longer.

The specific findings of the present study demonstrated that if the date of cultivation is not proportional to the climatic conditions of the planting site and according to the trend of increasing Julius days on which the ambient heat increases, based on the amount of energy from the environment and in the desired range of each phase and from low to high in the growth process, the plant will be disrupted in its different growth phases and will suffer from heat and cold stress. To get rid of it, we have to consume more energy and as a result, if it survives resilience against unfavorable conditions, the duration of growth will be increased and may not be able to produce seeds due to delays in the resucogenic stage and sterilization process. However, when it harvests in determined date, although the duration of each phase and the amount of energy gained in each region are different, the total amount of energy acquired in all regions will be approximately equal. Comparing the findings of the second year of cultivation showed that although the amount of energy gained in each phenological phase and the length of that phase in all three regions in the second year was different, the total degree-days of growth in all three regions were approximately equal. This finding showed that the use of this law as a model of prediction and decision making is absolutely correct and very careful if all stages of growth are done in an environment and under normal (not stressful) conditions. The best weather conditions for obtaining the best yield of wet and dry crops are 24138.2 and 6568.2 kg/ha, respectively. The weather conditions are similar to the foothills (Nabar) area located at an altitude of 1654 meters above sea level. After that, the best weather conditions for this plant are conditions that in mountainous regions during growth period, the average minimum and maximum temperatures are 9 and 23 and in foothills, equal to 12 and 24 degrees Celsius, respectively.Keywords: daenensis thymus, thymus phenology, medicinal plants, Kashan city

Floods and droughts are two Extreme phenomena that will always happen in most parts of the world with different frequencies. The occurrence of extreme climate phenomena has been one of the major challenges in the world. Karkheh River is one of the western rivers of Iran that in times of flooding causes huge human and infrastructure damages. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the trend of floods in the Karkheh basin to identify their increase or decrease trend. Detection and analysis of flood trends in Karkheh basin during the period of 1966 -2019 was performed on the precipitation data of 48 stations and daily discharge data of the Mazhin station by parametric (regression line) and nonparametric methods (Man -Kendall test). Drought analysis of the basin showed that this basin had a severe drought with a period of 10 years (2005 – 2015) which has had a great impact on reducing the discharge and occurrence of floods in the region. Besides, the results of the repeatability of precipitation with the Markov Chain Model showed that the occurrence of droughts in the Karkheh basin is always more likely than other events. Although annual rainfall has a declining trend, maximum daily rainfall at most of the basin has an increasing trend. Analysis of the floods trend showed that the frequency of floods has two different periods. Most occurrences of floods (22 cases in 1969 and 15 cases in 1972) in the period (1966-1991) and is the lowest occurrence of floods Related to the course (1992-2019) But what is important Floods events with greater magnitude for the first time in the second course. So that floods with an instantaneous discharge of more than 5000 and 9000 m3 occurred in the second period. Another result of this research is the time displacement of flood events So that until 1992 Of the 64 floods, 53 occurred in April, But after 1992 floods occurred one month earlier in March(The decade 1992 – 2001), in February(The decade 2001 – 2011) and the third decade in January.

The amount of precipitation measured by the radar is different from the amount of precipitation received on the ground. This difference has many causes, some of which are related to the nature of the radar and others to the climate of each region. As a result, radar data needs to be corrected for radar data based on terrestrial data to determine the amount of ground-level rainfall received from the radar data. Weather radar used for estimation of rain in the large areas. The relationship between rain and reflectivity radar is exponential Z = aRb. Radar estimated rainfall amount is incorrect if the coefficients of this model are wrong. Drop size and distribution of rainfall is Effective on the coefficient of this model. The change in the coefficients of this model is very high. In this study, to calibrate radar data, rain from 2 to 3 December 2016 and 11 to 13 February 2018 at the stations, Kermanshah, Eslamabad, Sarpol, Ghasre Shirin, Harsin, Javanroud, Tazabad, Songhor, Ravansar, Ghilan Gharb and Soumar at distance of 30 to 100 kilometers from Kermanshah’s radar are investigated. In the first rain, using soft Rainbow for each of the stations and radar beam elevation angle optimization and correction factors relating to the extraction station, respectively. With this relationship, the radar rainfall estimates from 31 percent to 96 percent Increased and the average total rainfall from 8.9 to 32.4 millimeter increased an average radar rainfall estimated only 1 millimeter less than actual rain by gauge. In the second rain, using data from all stations, only one equation and correction factors were obtained. The results rainfall radar will be accepted at this stage, good approximation, and the average estimate rainfall radar from 9.6 to 23.5 millimeter increased those 4 millimeters less than the actual amount by gauge. If radar coefficients are corrected correctly for different areas, precipitation can be predicted and prevented from occurring unexpected events.

Changes the Sea surface temperature and lake can have significant impacts on marine ecosystems and the lives of human societies on the edges of these seas. By trend analyzing the temperature of sea surface temperatures, we can examine the extent of its impact on global climate change. Given the fact that the Caspian Sea is known as the world's largest closed water body, these changes in surface water temperatures can cause great damage to the sensitive and fragile ecosystem of this sea. The purpose of the present research is to analyze the trend of sea surface temperature in the Caspian Sea in order to investigate the effect of this sea on global climate change in order to apply it in management plans to maintain the balance of this valuable water ecosystem. This research was performed using non-parametric statistical methods on 720 cells using network data with a spatial resolution of 0.25 * 0.25 * arcs in a 29-year statistical period. The results of the study showed that the monthly, seasonal and annual monthly water temperature of the Caspian Sea has a significant upward trend, which requires the attention of planners and decision makers in the margins of this sea to maintain ecosystem balance. Considering that the Caspian Sea is a closed system, any appreciable increase in surface water temperature can have adverse effects on aquatic life, water resources, evaporation from the sea level and, consequently, on the level and status of pollution of the sea.

  Increase in the population of the Caspian Sea, particularly in its coastal zones, will force the governments to use water in the years ahead to gain water from the sea. Therefore, the study of seawater fluctuations influencing the sea ecosystem and the changes resulting from these perceptions will be necessary to prevent serious damage to this environment. In order to investigate the fluctuations in lake water, we need to calculate their water balance, to estimate inputs and outputs, and to determine the level of seawater. One of the most important outguns is evaporation. Calculating evaporation from the lakes is carried out in a variety of ways, with different results. The most accurate estimation of evaporation shows the highest accuracy in estimating the sea level. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify the most accurate and easiest method for estimating evaporation from the Caspian Sea water surface based on available data. The data used in this study were collected from three data centers on a daily basis: the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Princeton University of Hydrology, and the NCEP / NCAR database center in 1982-2010. The data were initially reviewed, verified and synchronized. To do this, the data from 1982 to 1998 were selected and the evaporation rate of water was estimated by balance method, Hefner, SHahtin, Meyer, US Bureau of Civil Engineering, Marciano and Ivanov. It should be noted that as in the method, discharge the output water into the Gulf of Kara Bogaz is extracted from the equation of the water balance, in order to compare the evaporation rate with the selected methods, the accuracy of the sampling is decreased. In all these methods, the Gulf of Kara Bogaz is reduced from the Caspian Sea level. Assuming that the water balance method is the most accurate estimation for evaporation, the other methods were compared with. The method that had the least difference in estimation with this method was selected as the optimal method. Then, with the selected method, the evaporation rate was estimated in 1982-2010. The evaporation zonation of the sea level was calculated and plotted on monthly, seasonal and yearly maps. The findings of the research showed that Meyer's method in comparison with other selected methods in this study has the closest distance and the highest correlation with the balance method. The amount of annual evaporation by Meyer method in different parts of the Caspian Sea is not the same and varies from 688 mm to 1769 mm from north to south. However, the average of the total body weight is from the body. In the Caspian Sea, during the cold season, the least evaporation rate occurs in the northern part and the most in the southern part of the Gorgan Bay. According to the results of the base method (balance method), the results showed that Meyer's method has more potential than the other selected methods for estimating evaporation from the Caspian Sea. The methods main relying on climatology element, such as temperature (USBR method), we cannot accurately estimate the evaporation, as a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon, in the Caspian Sea. On the other hand, among the selected methods, when an influential element such as wind speed can be studied only at one level (the Hefner and Marciano method) alone, we cannot provide an accurate estimate of evaporation changes from the Caspian Sea. Finally, it can be said that among different methods, any method that can check the relationship between at least three factors of wind speed, temperature and water vapor pressure on two levels can provide a better and more realistic picture of evaporation changes from the Caspian Sea level.

although rainfall is regarded as divine blessing in most of the cases, if its volume, severity and form exceeds normal amount, then it is considered as a danger. Among the forms of rainfall, hail is the most dangerous one, however it hardly ever rains. The present research aims to analyze thermodynamically isometropia hail in Gorgan province in 12/ 10/ 2010 as a result of which not only agricultural areas, industrial areas, infrastructures and wildlife were damaged, but also 1500 residential units were demolished so that the insurance organization paid 485 million Tomans for the damage (a clerk working in the department of Accidents at the office of governor general of Golestan Proince).
Data and to conduct the survey climatic parameter data, satellite images and synoptic analyzed maps were obtained from Golestan meteorological office and both the raw data for providing isometropia maps of northern hemisphere in length ranges of 40-80 degrees west and 80 degrees east three days before hailing every 6 hours and the atmosphere data were gathered from the websites of NCEP/NCAR – NOAA, SCDC and the website of Wayoming university. Then by the help of Grads, Photoshop and Excel, maps and graphs were drawn and analyzed.
discussion and The system creating this shower as a result of the formation of a polar low pressure trough in 1000 hpa level or polar vortex in high levels and gradual deepening in later hours and days and then transferring into a short and powerful wave by earth movement and the fall of colder weather in higher altitudes to southern areas and intake from black, Mediterranean, Khazar sea and also thermal contrast with warm and humid weather of india ocean which has been brought by surface systems on the eastern north of Africa and south of black sea and east and south of Mediterranean sea formed a strong front and while passing the area under study the cold front quickly pushes southern warm and humid weather package to altitudes and forms a rather strong cumulonimbus cloud like an ocean one.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in ýchildren and adolescents in five provinces of Iran: Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad.ý
In the present study, we selected 9,636 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years through ýmultistage cluster random sampling method from Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Tabriz and Mashhad. ýWe instructed the clinical psychologists to complete the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ýý(SDQ) for the participants, and those who received a high score on SDQ, completed the Persian ýversion of Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). We used descriptive ýanalysis and 95% confidence interval to investigate the relationship between scores of the K-ýSADS questionnaire and demographic factorsþ. þWe used one-way ANOVA to test the significant ýdifferences among the disorders according to sex, age and province of residence.ýý
Based on the results, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (4.45%) had the highest prevalence of psychiatric ýdisorders in the five provinces and substance abuse and alcohol abuse (0%) had the lowest ýprevalence. In addition, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) had the most ýprevalence in boys (5.03%) and ODD had the most prevalence in ýgirls (4.05%). Among the three age groups, 6 to 9 year olds had the highest rates of ADHD ýý(5.69%); 10 to 14 and 15 to 18 year olds had the highest rates of ODD (4.32% and 4.37% ýrespectively). Among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia.ý
The current study revealed that the overall frequency of psychiatric disorders based on Kiddie-ýSADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was higher than a similar study. Moreover, in ýthis study, among the five provinces, Tehran and Mashhad allocated the highest rates of ODD; Isfahan and Shiraz had the highest rates of ADHD; and Tabriz had the highest rates of social phobia. Therefore, these percentage ýof psychiatric disorders in Iran lead us toward a greater use of consultation and mental health ýservicesþ.þ

Acute infectious diarrhea is the Cause of 16/2 percent of infectious diseases in Iran. Unsuitable hygienic conditions and environmental factors such as weather parameters have crucial role. Khuzestan Province is one of the focuses the dysentery is prevalence .The purpose of this research is determining the role of climatic factors on Shushtar city, which is the fourth high Population in Khuzestan Province.
The research was performed at university of Isfahan in the year 2014. The data related to disease and climate were obtained from Ahvaz university of Medical Sciences and meteorology department of Khuzestan during 2008-2013 respectively. Data were divided to time series of is 15days, monthly and seasonal. Then their relation were specified by SPSS software.
Findings showed that dysentery in rural area is more prevalence than dysentery urban area, In regard to age, age group13-40years old were more suffered from dysentery. The peak of prevalence of dysentery in autumn and spring when the balance of temperature and humidity reached desire. .In addition, Almost parameters including radiation, thermal, humidity and motion weather at15day period have correlation by number of patients at this period although showed down wand trend at monthly and seasonal period.
Despite the interference of different factors in incidence of dysentery, climate is also the important factor for incidence of the illness and it could be used in creating a predate warning system.

Sunflower is one of the most important oilseeds in the world which has adaptation to high temperature. However, its cultivation in many different areas is neither desirable nor economical.Considering that sunflower is a crop that is irrigated by adequate river water in the Province of Isfahan, temperature is a determining role in the final revenue. Appropriate temperatures are shown at different stages of the plant growth and its development in suitable planting dates.In order for the thermal zoning of sunflowers’ cultivation in the Province of Isfahan, temperature data from 41 synoptic and the climatology stations in the Province of Isfahan and its neighboring provinces from their establishment to the year 2010 were utilized. The Province zone was divided into three temperature zones (1, 2 and 3) using the day and night temperatures average by Kriging Method. To determine suitable planting date for sunflowers in spring and summer in Isfahan, the average means of 15 days temperature from February 4 to November 21 were calculated and the regression equation between height and temperature was obtained. Then, suitable planting dates, determined in each temperature zone due to the thermal needs of the crop and the maps, were drawn using DEM in GIS environment.Based on the results, sunflower cultivation begins on February 20 from the east of the Province and then all the other parts gain the temperature needed to grow until the second half of May.According to the sunflower thermal needs, if this plant is planted in different regions on suitable planting dates, it will not face inhibitor temperatures and suitable efficiency is achieved in terms of the climate. Also, second cultivated sunflower is done in the central and surrounding areas of Isfahan and cultivated sunflower is possible in the central areas of the province in July and August.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the epidemiology of psychological problems in adolescents in five provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, East Azerbaijan and Fars in Iran. In the present cross-sectional and descriptive – analytical study, 5171 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years were selected through multistage cluster sampling method from Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi and East Azarbaijan provinces. The self-report form of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to obtain the demographic data of each adolescent. Descriptive analysis and 95% confidence interval were used to investigate the relationship between scores of the SDQ questionnaire and demographic factors. Based on the results, the highest prevalence of psychological problems in the five provinces was related to conduct problems (24%), and the lowest prevalence was related to social problems (5.76%). Also, comparison of 95% confidence interval of prevalence of psychological problems between the two genders suggested a significant difference only in emotional problems of the self-report version of the SDQ between the two genders. The result revealed no significant difference in the psychological problems of the self-report version of the SDQ between the two age’s groups and between the middle and high school graduates (p≤0.05). Among the 5 provinces, Fars allocated the highest rates of conduct problems (28.4), hyperactivity problems (21.5%) and overall criterion problems (17.3%); Esfahan had the highest rates of emotional problems (9.1%) and problems with peers (8.1%); and Khorasan Razavi had the highest rates of social problems (7.6%). In this study, the highest prevalence of psychological problems in the five provinces was related to conduct problems, and the lowest prevalence was related to social problems. It was determined that girls have more emotional problems than boys. Also, no significant difference was found in the psychological problems of 12 to 14 and 15 to 17 year old adolescents or between middle and high school graduates. In the current study, the prevalence of psychological problems in adolescents in the urban population in Fars province was higher than expected.

Aside from its annual and seasonal fluctuation, Caspian Sea level has sudden change with hourly and daily continuity caused by atmosphere circulation patterns. Sometimes these fluctuations are so intense that they make irreparable damage to the economical and social activities in the coastal sea areas. The aim of this study is synoptic recognition of factors causing storm levels in the south coastal Caspian Sea. The results will help up in environmental planning in order to lessen damages. This study has been carried out in 2007 in the south coastal Caspian Sea, in the region 20W to 80E and 20N to 70N.The data used in the study is synoptic data with the hourly statistics taken from CDC and the tide gauge station in the area. The description synoptic method is used in the study.The result of this study showed that in south coastal Caspian sea storm levels above 50 centimeters made up by entrance of systems from 10 regions as fallows Red Sea, Western Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean, Siberian, North Africa, North of Northern Atlantic, Median of Northern Atlantic, South of Northern Atlantic, Black Sea and Arctic. There systems appeared on the synoptic map forms of saddle, cyclone, anticyclone and vector of cyclone, anticyclone. The investigation of time, frequency of occurrence, source and the route of different systems causing storm levels or the reinforcer of systems energy. Also it is probable that the length of the route of these systems over the sea is related to the height of storm levels.