javad rafinejad

Myiasis is an infestation of vertebrates caused by the feeding of fly larvae on the living or necrotic tissue of hosts. Human myiasis is more prevalent among people who live in unsanitary conditions or have close contact with domestic animals. In this report, a case of nasopharyngeal myiasis in a 63-year-old patient admitted to the intensive care unit is presented.

A case of nasopharyngeal myiasis in a 63-year-old man with heart and respiratory failure in a hospital in Tehran City, Iran, is reported. By investigating the morphological characteristics of the isolated larvae and cultivating the pupa, Lucilia sericata was identified. 

It is recommended that necessary operations be carried out to prevent the entry of insects, including flies, into hospitals and control of them.

Superficial cancers are one of the most common cancers in humans and animals. The use of maggot therapy as an alternative treatment is expanding and has achieved great success in treating superficial. Maggot extracts and secretions have been also demonstrated to have beneficial biological effects. The present study aimed to perform the first systematic review of the use of maggot, as well as its secretions and extracts, in neoplasms.

In the current review study, online databases, such as Pub Med, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase, were searched to retrieve the published studies from 1985-2021. The used keywords were Maggot therapy, Larval therapy, Larval extract, Larval secretions, Cancer, Neoplasm, and Tumor. Only research on the larvae of the order Diptera was included in the present study.

Out of 387 screened papers, 9 articles met the proposed inclusion criteria. There were three articles on the use of maggot debridement therapy in tumor lesions and six articles on the effect of maggot secretions and extract on neoplastic cells. Maggot debridement therapy has been able to control the complications of skin tumors and breast cancer. Several studies have also reported anti-tumor effects on larval extracts and secretions.

Maggots were able to improve the appearance of lesions and prevent further tumor growth that was progressing before larval therapy. It seems that maggot therapy can be used to treat necrotic tumors; moreover, its extract and secretions can be used to treat a wider range of cancers in humans and animals. Nonetheless, more studies are needed in non-progressive cancers to determine the true effects of this method.

Skin is the largest organ of the body and is of particular importance in the beauty as well as economic value of the horse. Equine sarcoid disease (ESD) is the most common skin tumor in horses. So far, various methods have been used to treat equine sarcoidosis though no fully effective treatment has been proposed till now. Larval therapy has been used for the treatment of human diabetic ulcers as well as horse hoof lesions. Reports on the use of larval therapy to treat the complications of tumor lesions have been promising.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of larval therapy on equine sarcoid lesions.

In this study, 4 horses were diagnosed with equine sarcoid through the clinical examinations and pathological tests, and larval therapy was used to treat the sarcoid lesions. To place the larvae on the lesion, the method of implantation in an artificial nest was used. The number of larvae used per square centimeter was about 10 larvae.

The result of treatment was satisfactory in 2 cases of horses and even in one case, the lesion was largely limited but the skin began to renew. By the way, in general no positive result was seen in the other two cases, which was probably due to the extent of the lesion and the instability of the larvae on it.

According to the obtained results, it seems that larval therapy is effective for the treatment of sarcoid necrotic lesions, however more studies are needed.

Finding the best diet is very important to rear Lucilia sericata larvae for therapeutic purposes and prepare standard curves in forensic entomology. The aim of this study was to find the best diet for larvae in maggot therapy. Furthermore, this study was conducted to obtain a vertical life table and measure the length and width of immature stages of L. sericata for forensic entomology.

Larvae of L. sericata (Karaj strain) were used to evaluate diets. The tests were carried out in three replicates of 100 eggs for each diet including chicken liver, blood agar, and fish food at the same time. Independent t-test, ANOVA, and Tukey’s post-hoc tests were used to compare the mean length and width of larvae between different groups. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significance level.

In contrast to the first and the second larval instars, there was a significant difference in the mean length and width of the third instar larvae (P<0.001). At the third instar larval stage, those larvae that had been fed on chicken liver were significantly larger than the others. There were also no significant differences between life expectancy, overall survivorship rate, and force of mortality of larval groups fed on three different diets.

Chicken liver is an advisable diet for nurturing larvae and plotting standard curves in forensic entomology. For rearing the first and the second larval instars in sterile conditions, blood agar and fish food can serve as suitable diets.

Fleas are the external parasites of birds and mammals which in addition to causing harassment and skin sensitivities in the host, are also vectors of important diseases such as plague. This study was aimed to study and identify medically important species of fleas in Bojnourd city of North Khorasan province.

This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Sampling was carried out for 7 months from April to October 2018 in rural areas of Bojnourd city of North Khorasan province. Using the cluster sampling method, eleven villages were randomly selected according to geographical location (north, south, east, west and center). Samples were captured using different sampling methods from animal and human sites, and after preparation and mounting, were identified using a valid identification key.

In the present study, a total of 1540 flea were collected using different sampling methods. Captured fleas were from the Placida family included four species of Pulex irritans (94.2%), Ct. felis. felis, (2.1%), Ct. canis (1.2%) and Xenopsylla cheopis (2.5%). 41 % (631) of the samples were male and 59% (909) were female. The dominant species was Pulex irritans and the highest abundance of fleas was observed in Timurtash village (77.7%).

The results of this study showed that Pulex irritans is the dominant species and has the highest abundance in Bojnourd city which can be considered as a health problem. Therefore, planning to control it is very important.

Head lice as external parasite contamination is one of the health-threatening issues that despite the upgrading of health, is still a health problem.

This clinical trial study was carried out on 3062 elementary school female students examined for head lice infection in Mashhad, Iran, using cluster-randomized sampling method. The infected individuals were divided into six treatment groups. Three types of drugs, including lindane 1%, permethrin 1%, and dimethicone 4%, along with vinegar were used in this study. The results of the treatment were recorded after 7, 14, and 21 days during the reanalysis of the students. The results were analyzed by the Chi-square test and logistic regression.

The results showed that 417 (13.6%) students were infected with head lice. The levels of efficacy in the treatment groups of permethrin 1%, lindane 1%, and dimethicone 4% were 27.2%, 31%, and 30.4% after 1 week of treatment, 83.2%, 69.8%, and 69.6% after 2 weeks, and 96%, 91.5%, and 91.4% after 3 weeks, respectively. The levels of the effectiveness of the shampoos with vinegar were 64.2%, 96.1%, and 67.6% after 1 week, 90.6%, 100%, and 100% after 2 weeks, and 100%, 100%, and 100 % after 3 weeks, respectively.

According to the obtained results of this study, permethrin 1% and dimethicone lotion are recommended for the elimination of head lice contamination in children. Moreover, the efficacy of permethrin 1%, lindane 1%, and dimethicone 4% after 3 week, compared to their use, along with vinegar was shown to be 100%.

Anaplasmosis and Ehrlichiosis are the most important tick-borne diseases. This study was conducted in three cities of Kerman Province in Iran to investigate the circulation of the bacteria in ticks collected from sheep.

Ticks were collected from animals using Srkj forceps and transferred to the Entomology lab in cold chain. After specimen’s identification, they kept at -70 ºC. Tick DNA was extracted using Bioneers DNA extraction kits followed by Nested PCR technique to amplify ribosomal 16S rRNA gene to detect Anaplasma infection in ticks.

472 sheep were examined from which 349 ticks were collected and identified in laboratory using valid keys. Tick specimens belonged to two genera and four species; Hyalomma marginatum (62.47%) was the most frequent and Hylomma asiaticum (5.73%) showed the least abundance. The infestation rate to different tick species was different in three regions of Kerman Province. Observation revealed that 24 specimens (58.3%) were positive for Anaplasma. There is a significant difference between male and female infection rate. However, there is no sig nificant difference between these variables in each of these cities.

This study shows high infection rates to Anaplasma in hard ticks. It is essential for health and veteri nary authorities and farmers to use appropriate strategies to control ticks to reduce the infestation.

There are four medically important scorpion species (Mesobuthus eupeus, Mesobuthus caucasicus, An droctonus crassicauda and Hottentotta saulcyi) in the West Azerbaijan Province, northwestern Iran. scorpion ism is con sidered as a health problem in this region, because there is no information about scorpion envenomation, this study was designed to study epidemiological characteristics of scorpionism to optimize prevention and treatment of scorpion sting in northwest of Iran.

All the data from epidemiological surveys completed in West Azerbaijan hospitals over four years (2014–2017) for scorpion victims were collected. This information includes the number of victims, sex, age, signs and symp toms, site of sting, body parts of victims, history of previous sting, the condition of the patient in terms of recovery and death, and the time to receive anti venom, all data were analyzed by the Excel software.

A total of 2718 cases of scorpionism were reported from March 2014 to March 2017 in the study area. The most cases occur in both sexes in the age groups of 25 to 34 years old. In urban areas 40.3% of people and in rural areas 59.7% of them have suffered. The Poldasht and Chaldoran cities, had the most and least incidence respectively.

In this study, the high risk areas in the case of scorpion stings were identified. Results of this study can be used to design preventive programs to educate more people about dangerous areas to prevent scorpion sting and even death.

Background & Aims:

 of the Study: Pediculosis is a parasitic disease and one of the main factors affecting the health level of the society. The present study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with the prevalence of pediculosis in elementary school females in Mashhad, Iran, from 2017 to 2018.

This descriptive and analytical study included 3062 elementary school female students who were selected by a multistage systematic random sampling in Mashhad, Iran. Experienced health experts examined the students for the presence of nits or live lice. Demographic information form was employed to collect data on gender, place of residence, and others. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 18.0) through a Chi-square analysis. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Out of 3062 elementary school females, 417 cases were infected with pediculosis and the average infection rate of 13.6%. The results showed that head lice infestation was significantly correlated with factors, such as age, school grade, sleeping in a common room, using shared personal instruments, personal health care, parents' educational level, and hair shape (P<0.05). On the other hand, head lice infestation was not significantly correlated with health expert presence at schools, family size, and fathers' occupational status
(P>0.05).

The enhancement of standards for personal health and raising the awareness of teachers and parents about the prevention methods and risk factors associated with pediculosis can significantly reduce the prevalence of this infection among female school children in the regions under study.

The impact of environmental factors and host on Hyalomma spp. community structure and abundance in the main Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) foci of Iran is largely unknown.

Biotic and abiotic factors, including host, temperature, humidity, altitude, Köppen-Geiger climate types, sea son, and precipitation on Hyalomma spp. community structure and abundances in 11 provinces of Iran were investigat ed. Additionally, the possible infection of ticks with CCHF virus was evaluated using reverse transcription PCR tech nique.

Species analyses demonstrated the presence of Hyalomma anatolicum, H. marginatum, H. dromedarii, H. asi aticum, H. detritum and H. schulzei in the study area. Hyalomma anatolicum was the dominant species in the southern and northern parts, whereas H. dromedarii was distributed mostly in central parts of the country. The highest tick infestation was recognized in hot season. Spatial variation in tick relative density was observed between habitat types where more ticks were collected in deserts, semi-deserts, and Mediterranean habitats. Except for H. dromedarii, which was more preva lent on camel (P= 0.044), there were no significant variations in the frequencies of other Hyalomma species on different hosts. Hyalomma anatolicum, H. dromedarii frequencies had significant positive and negative asso ciation with tempera ture and precipitation respectively. Also humidity has positive impact on H. asiaticum frequency.

Data presented here will help improve ecological models to forecast the distribution of Hyalomma spp. ticks, to evaluate the risk of CCHF and other tick-borne diseases, and to design proper vector control measures to sup press Hyalomma populations in Iran.

One of the most popular methods to control the synanthropic flies is using parasitoid wasps. The aim of this study was to estimate the experimental parasitism rates of pupae of Musca domestica, Lucilia sericata, and Sarcophaga heamorrhoidalis by parasitoid wasps, including Nasonia vitripennis, Spalangia nigroaenea, and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae. Pupae of three species of flies, including Musca domestica, Lucilia sericata, and Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis were exposed to three parasitoid female wasps, including Nasonia vitripennis, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae, and Spalangia nigroaenea in laboratory condition. The exposure rate was 8 wasps to 10 fly pupae on alternate days up to 5 days. The experiments were performed in triplicate and a total of 2700 fly pupae was exposed to 432 wasps. The parasitism rate and parasitoid host preferences were also determined. Total parasitism of flies was estimated at 22.17%. There was no significant differences in parasitism rate of Musca domestica, Lucilia sericata, and Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis by Nasonia vitripennis, and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae, but there was a significant difference in parasitism rate of house fly by the three parasitoids investigated (P<0.01). The Spalangia nigroaenea was active just on pupae of Musca domestica. The highest parasitism rate of the fly species studied was found by parasitized wasps of 5–7 days old. Spalangia nigroaenea can be considered as an efficient and specific parasitoid for biological control of Musca domestica. Other wasp species, including Nasonia vitripennis, and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae could also be used in integrated fly control programs. Also, in biological control program for flies, 5-7 day parasitoid might be more effective.

The German cockroach (Blatella germanica) is one of the most important vectors of public health interest due to its involvement in the transmission of infectious diseases. Different insecticides are used to control cockroaches; however, resistance developed against most of insecticides has made them ineffective. Attempts should always be made to find proper alternatives to control this insect. In the present study, B. germanica was collected from a hospital in Tehran. Insecticide susceptibility of the cockroaches to cypermethrin was determined using the WHO glass jar method and discriminating doses.Mortality was assessed at 14 h intervals after exposure to bait. The results showed a resistance ratio of about 3.4 to cypermethrin and a complete susceptibility of the field strain to Hydramethylnon gel bait insecticide when they were compared with the susceptible strain. Therefore, there was no cross resistance pattern between these insecticides. This report is the first study on the susceptibility status of resistantB. germanica to Hydramethylnon bait in Iran. We suggest that the use of Hydramethylnon gel bait could be used as an effective control method especially when other insecticides fail to control the cockroach populations0.0.

About 4-5 million snake bites annually are happening in the world which 20000 -125000 they are dying. Incidence rate of snake bites in Ardabil province is 3-5 in one hundred thousand. This study was designed for determine of snakebite Status in Ardabil province and Identify of high and low risk areas for education, management, prevention and control. This cross-sectional study was conducted and all cases of snake bites that occurred from 1390 to 1394 and were referred to health centers and hospitals by maintaining ethical considerations were analyzed. Distribution snakebite maps were prepared for ArcMap GIS version 10.2 and IDW interpolation. Total of 228 cases of snake bites had occurred in the Ardabil province that 74 % were in rural area and 26 % in urban area. The highest cases were in Parsabad county (29.4 %) and the lowest in Kowsar (0.45 %). Snake bites reported from 105 regions and the results of IDW interpolation showed that three regions were high risk in Ardabil province. The results of this study showed that Parsabad county in Northern and Khalkhal county in Southeast of Ardabil province were a high-risk area

The larvae of Lucilia sericata are efficiently and widely used in maggot therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate some environmental factors
that influence the mass rearing of Lucilia sericata as the most suitable candidates for maggot therapy in Iran.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in flies breeding insectarium of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The best temperature for embryonic period and hatching was 27 °C with relative humidity of 80% and 16:8 light-dark periods. At the insectarium, food, water and a nest for laying eggs were provided for the flies and after oviposition, the eggs were transferred to a new rearing place and identification keys were used to identify the specimen. Four factors (temperature, humidity, photoperiod and diet) were studied for the maintenance and mass rearing of Lucilia sericata larvae under laboratory condition.
The best temperature for embryonic period was 27 °C (P In in-vitro condition, although temperature, humidity, light-dark period and diet had an effect on the growth of L. sericata, however, temperature and relative humidity were found to have more influence in the development of L. sericata larva.

Head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) is one of the common health problems of the children in elementary schools. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors associated with head lice (Pediculosis) infestation among elementary school students in Meshkinshahr County, Northwestern Iran.
This descriptive-analytic study is done over 1,950 students (1,055 girls and 895 boys) in Meshkinshahr County, North West of Iran that were selected two-stage cluster. Data collection was conducted using researcher-made questionnaire. In addition, the suspected cases were confirmed via physical examination for the presence of adult lice, and eggs. Head examinations were done by general physicians and medical entomologist experts. For data analysis, Chi-square and Regression Logistics tests were used.
In total, out of 1,950 students of primary schools, 200 students (10.25%) were infested with pediculosis. A total of 131 (12.42%) of girls, and 69 (7.71%) of boys were head lice infested. Most of head lice infested students 145 (72.5%) were in the classrooms with capacity of more than 20 students. Also, one hundred sixty-one (80.5%) of the cases were in the schools with capacity of more than 100 students. This study revealed significant differences among student’s family size, students and their parent's history of infestation, type of bathrooms, history of use shared hygiene items and head lice infestation (P The prevalence of head lice infestation in Meshkinshahr County was relatively high in comparison to other studied areas of Iran. It seems family size, students and their parent's history of infestation, type of bathrooms, and history of use shared hygiene items were probably risk factors associated with head lice infestation among students of primary schools.

Organizational culture and knowledge management will affect all aspects of the organization. Successful knowledge management is required to improve of organizational culture. In fact the organizational culture is the base of knowledge management. The context of appropriate organizational culture provides more effective application of knowledge or knowledge management and case the promotion and development of organization. So in this study investigated between two components of organizational culture and knowledge.
Organizational culture and knowledge management were evaluated by pre-approved questionnaire. This study was examined on all faculty members of Research Centers Affiliate to University of Medical Sciences. After using Smirnoph Colomogroph test to determine data normality, Descriptive and analytical statistics was performed by SPSS software (version 21).
Current situation review of organizational culture and knowledge management of considrered centers were assessed as average (range, 3 to 4). Pearson correlation coefficient results was also showed a significant correlation between organizational culture and knowledge management (P= 0.926). Organizational collaboration and knowledge management relationship was not significant (P In order to achieve the goals of proper management of knowledge in promoting organizational culture in research centers it is essential to provide the necessary training and skills because there was a direct link between knowledge management and organizational culture.

Scorpions are one of the most important medical arthropods in Iran. This study aimed to determine the fauna, spatial distribution and some morphological characteristics of these venomous arthropods in the study area.
Scorpions were collected using Ultra Violet light, rock rolling and digging methods in West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, and Ardabil Provinces during 2015–2016. The specimens were preserved in 75% ethyl alcohol and transferred to the laboratory for species identification and morphological studies.
Distribution maps were produced using ArcGIS 10.3. Totally, 368 specimens from two families of Buthidae (97.1%) and Scorpionidae (2.99%) were collected and identified as Mesobuthus eupeus (80.16%), Androctonus crassicauda (10.60%), M. caucasicus (4.89%), Hottentotta saulcyi (1.35%) and Scorpio maurus (2.99%).
The presence of medically important species, including the deadly black one in northwestern Iran re­quires health educational and control programs for reduction of these public health problems.

Head lice are considered as mandatory ectoparasites living on human head hair, which are transmitted to others through direct physical contact. This disease is mostly seen among children. In this review study, search was conducted among all studies performed in the past 20 years and studies were selected and reviewed. Contributing factors like location, study year, etc. were analyzed to procure a national management guideline. The finding of the present study showed that age, gender, parent's education, parent's job, family size, and presence of health inspector at schools were of statistical positive significance. However, hair type, hair length, dandruff, woven hair, and hair oil application showed no effect on head lice infestation. Head lice could be managed significantly regarding educational health and personal and public principles, especially regarding head lice biology and epidemiology to students, teachers, and parents.

Scorpion sting is a common medical emergency in Iran. The epidemiological features and control of such cases vary from south to north. This review will provide new information about the epidemiology of scorpion stings in different provinces of Iran.
In this descriptive retrospective study, data on scorpionism including incidence rates, mortality as well as locality from 2002 to 2011were collected.
Overall, 433203 victims of scorpion stings had been referred to health centers from of all of the 31 prov­inces. The incidence of scorpion stings in 100000 populations was from 54.8 to 66. The highest rate of scorpion stings occurred among the 25–34 yr old group. The highest incidence of scorpion stings during 2011 was observed in Khuzestan Province and the lowest number in Mazandaran Province. The peak number of human cases (scorpion stings) was recorded during May to August.
Scorpion stings in Iran are high. It is necessary that physicians and health care professionals should be familiar with local scorpions, especially those that are potentially more dangerous than others, the effective treatment protocols, and supportive care as well as their control of scorpionism.

Ticks are vectors of some important arthropod-borne diseases in both fields of veterinary and medicine, such as Lyme, tularemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and some types of encephalitis as well as Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). Iran is known as one of the main foci of CCHF in west of Asia. This study was conducted in DarrehShahr County because of the development of animal husbandry in this area to detect the fauna and viral infection of the hard ticks of livestock. A cross-sectional survey was conducted during 2011-2012 with random sampling in four villages. A sample of ticks was subjected to RT-PCR method for detection of viral infection. During the study period, 592 Ixodidae ticks were collected and identified as seven species of Hyalomma asiaticum, Hy. marginatum, Hy. anatolicum, Hy. dromedarii, Hy. detritum, Rhipicephalus bursa and Rh. sanguineus. More than 20% of these ticks were examined to detect the genome of CCHF virus while 6.6% were positive. All species of Hyalomma were found to be positive. A high rate of livestock was found to be infected with hard ticks, which can act as the vectors of the CCHF disease. Regarding infection of all five Hyalomma species captured in this area, this genus should be considered as the main vector of CCHF. Planning control program can be performed based on the obtained data on seasonal activity of Ixodidae to prevent animal infestation as well as to reduce the risk of CCHF transmission.

Scorpionism is one of the public health problems in Iran especially in southern and western part of the country. In these regions many people especially children are being stung by scorpions and consequently serious injuries or even death occurs. The aim of the current study was to assess the geographical distribution of scorpions with a focus on Hemiscrorpius leptorus. The study was conducted using published articles and books since 1979 to 2013. Southern and western provinces of the country are habitat of the Hemiscorpius scorpions. Sting of these scorpions can cause severe complications and even death of the injured individuals. People in most communities and health personnel have low information about Hemiscrorpius leptorus. Therefore, it is necessary to perform further studies on the distribution, diagnosis of symptoms, and problems associated with scorpionism.

Loxosceles rufescens, commonly known as the Mediterranean Recluse or Mediterranean Fiddle-Back Spider is recorded from Iran for the first time. The genus Loxosceles contains 100 described species, two of them (including L. rufescens) are cosmopolitan. All Loxosceles species tested so far possess necrotic venoms, which is a unique characteristic among the Order Araneae. Considering this characteristic, it is of medical/arachnological im­portance to determine a specific geographical distribution of these spiders. Collecting methods include visual inspection and direct hand collecting. All the specimens were collected in Tehran, Iran.Six specimens of both sexes were collected from parks, houses and apartments. The characteristics of the genus, which are the arrangement of six eyes in three pairs and also the violin shaped mark on the cephalothorax, as well as the short tibia of adult male palpi with narrow base and it’s embolus which is about as long as the width of the globular bulb were observed and recorded. Having the cytotoxicity of the venom and its urban distribution in mind, L. rufescens is probably among the more important spider species of Iran. Since there are no reports of loxoscelism from Iran, we assume that the bites are either infrequent or misdiagnosed. Therefore further studies are needed to clarify the medical importance of this species.

Background and Pediculosis is a worldwide public health concern. This descriptive study was performed on primary-school-aged children to determine the prevalence of pediculosis and its risk factors in Mazandaran Province, Iran, on basis of geographic information system (GIS). A random sampling method was used to select 45237 school-aged children from Sari to Ramsar cities during September 2012 to June 2013. Data were collected from the selected schools by five trained nursing inspectors. A detailed questionnaire was filled for each child prior to hair examination following which examination was carried out to detect head lice as well as eggs/nits. Data were analyzed chi-square test. Finally, the GIS map was obtained in province informational chart. 823 primary-school children (of 45237) were infected with lice in Mazandaran Province. The mean infection prevalence was 1.4% in cities 5.64% in rural area from Sari to Ramsar. There were significant relationships between pediculosis and some factors (P < 0.05). GIS map revealed that the contamination was less in west than in east and central regions. Increasing awareness and training of teachers and parents, as well as improving standards of personal health can significantly reduce the prevalence of pediculosis.

The purpose of present article is to identify and study faunistic aspects of biter ants living across the islands of Abu Musa، Qeshm، Kish، Hormuz، Hangam and Larak. This study was done because of multiple accounts on the bite of aforementioned ants as well. It is a descriptive cross-sectional research in which fire ants were sampled by three 1- directs 2- Focus 3- using the pit traps. The research was conducted from the Spring to Autumn of 1390. During the study a total of 1718 ant specimens were collected from two islands in terms of identification keys of Medical Entomology Laboratory of University of Ulm along with the Museum of Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Then they were identified as species of Pachycondyla sennaarensis. Although the effects of ant bites are not dangerous and do not lead to shock and death، they can cause pain، itch، and too much irritation and can cause discomfort. Thus، prevention and control measures as to these ants should be taken. Besides، the ecology and the environmental behavior of such sanitary species should be subject of additional research.

Tick-borne diseases are of the most important diseases in the world including Iran. This survey was conducted to understand the eco-epidemiology of tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases in Qazvin province, Iran, using Geospatial Information System (GIS). DNA samples were extracted from livestock blood samples collected from different regions of Qazvin province. 18S rRNA-based PCR targeted Theileria/ Babesia species were done. Initial parameters for mapping the local tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases and raster files were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization and Iranian Space Agency. Mapping of the parameters in relation to prevalence of these diseases were done. Statistical analysis was used for weighting parameters ranking and predicting spatial distribution in different climatic zones. Vapor pressure, precipitation, and altitude are of several environmental factors correlated with tick abundances. Based on the generated maps and the results of this survey, some predicting results could be used for predicting tick-borne diseases and their control. 9.7% of ruminant blood samples (N=16) were infected with protozoa pathogens from the genera Theileria and all of the specimens were negative regarding to Babesia genera. Results showed that prediction of a very high prevalence of Theileria/ Babesia species and mapping endangered area is possible in different parts of Iran. Based on the environmental conditions, key factors exist for host-seeking and range expansion of ticks.