mahmood maleki

Lawsonia inermis is utilized in the cosmetics industry and traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Understanding the chemical and genetic diversity of this plant is essential for breeding purposes. This research investigated the chemical and genetic diversity of 12 distinct populations of Lawsonia inermis from different areas of Kerman province through the use of HPLC and ISSR markers. HPLC was employed to quantify the Lawson compound in the 12 populations, while three ISSR primers were utilized to evaluate genetic diversity. The findings showed notable diversity in Lawson content among samples collected from Jiroft, Shahdad, and Ghale Ganj, with the J5 sample (from Jiroft) displaying the highest value. Furthermore, the ISSR marker demonstrated that all populations could be grouped into three categories, with samples from the same region not necessarily clustering together. Although the marker could not differentiate populations based on Lawson content, it effectively distinguished them based on genetic diversity.

Seseli is an important genus of the Apiaceae family with many aromatic species. These plants are widely used in traditional medicine, but there is little information about their phytochemical compositions and biological activities. An ecotype of Seseli transcaucasicum (Schischk.) Pimenov & Sdobnina, about which there is little phytochemical information, grows in the Hezar-Masjed Mountains of northeastern Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer activity and antioxidant properties of ethanolic and methanolic extracts from the leaves and seeds of this plant. Cytotoxic activity against MCF7 and HSkMC was determined by the MTT method, and the antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated by the DPPH and PFRAP methods. The results showed that the methanolic extract of seeds had the greatest effect on inhibiting the growth of cancer cells at 48 and 72 hours, with IC50 values of 54.35 and 50.52 μg/ml, respectively. Moreover, the methanolic extract of the seeds had the greatest effect on the degradation of DPPH free radicals with an IC50 value of 44.64 μg/ml, and this inhibitory effect was comparable to the effect of ascorbic acid. The antioxidant effect of iron reduction of the different extracts was significantly lower than that of ascorbic acid. However, among the extracts, the reducing power of the methanolic seed extract was better than the others. Considering that the methanolic seed extract had the most lethal effect on cancer cells, it seems that the extract that has stronger antioxidant power also has stronger anticancer properties.

Silicon has beneficial effects on a wide range of plant species under abiotic stresses. For this reason, investigating the role of silicon in improving the growth of crops under stress has always been of interest. This study aimed to investigate the effect of silicon dioxide on seedlings of bread wheat, Pishtaz cultivar. After sterilizing wheat seeds with 70% ethanol, the seeds were planted in pots filled with perlite. The experiment was arranged as factorial based on a randomized complete block design. At the two-leaf stage, silicon dioxide was applied at four levels (0, 15, 30, and 45 mg/l). After one week, salinity stress was applied at two levels of 0 and 100 mM. After one week of applying salt stress, different morphophysiological traits including root and shoot length, root and shoot fresh and dry weight, and content of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, sodium, potassium, and iron were measured. The results showed that salinity has a negative effect on morphophysiological traits, and on the contrary, silicon, especially at a concentration of 45 mg/liter, improves these traits under salt stress. Also, the sodium content in the presence of silicon decreased strongly in the wheat seedlings under salinity, and on the contrary, the K/Na increased. Silicon also had a positive effect on the content of iron and chlorophyll of seedlings under salt stress. These results show that silicon improves the growth of bread wheat seedlings by facilitating the absorption of mineral elements, homeostasis of nutrients, and preventing the destruction of chlorophyll.

Codon usage and rare codons have mixed results on the protein structure and function. An increasing amount of data is shown that replacing the rare codons with frequently synonymous ones has diverse results as a decrease in a protein’s specific activity, changing the folding pathway, and reducing protein solubility. In this study, we investigated the situation of codon usage of the Lampyridae family luciferases using computational databases. For this, the codon feature of these luciferases was studied, bioinformatically. Also, in silico analyses of this enzyme were conducted by structural modeling on the I-TASSER web server. The status of these rare codons in these structural models was studied using SPDBV and PyMOL software. Finally, the binding site properties were studied using the AutoDock Vina. Using molecular modeling, two rare codons (Arg533 and Arg536) were analyzed that may have a critical role in the structure and function of these luciferases. AutoDock Vina was used in molecular docking that recognizes some residues that yield closely related to luciferyl-adenylate binding sites. These analyses created a new understanding of the sequence and structure of these luciferases, and our findings can be used in some fields of clinical and industrial biotechnology. This bioinformatics analysis plays an essential role in the design of new drugs.

Medicinal plants contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal plants, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

Salinity is one of the important stresses affecting the growth and yield of crops. Using rhizobacteria to reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress on plants is an effective and promising method. This research aims to isolate and screen siderophore-producing rhizobacteria that tolerate salt stress. After transferring the soil sample to the laboratory and applying heat treatment, rhizobacteria were cultured on nutrient agar. Then, the ability to produce siderophores by isolated rhizobacteria was measured using a liquid CAS assay. Consequently, the best siderophore-producing strains were selected and their ability to produce siderophores under 1.2% and 1.8% salinity stress conditions was investigated. The data obtained from the isolation of all siderophore-producing rhizobacteria were analyzed based on a completely randomized design (CRD) and the data collected from examining the ability to produce siderophore under salt stress were analyzed as a factorial based on a completely randomized design. Duncan's multiple range tests were used to compare the means. All data were analyzed using Excel and SAS software. The results showed that all isolated rhizobacteria strains could produce siderophores. K (0.933) and L (0.925) strains had the highest siderophore units, respectively. Additionally, strains F, H, L, and K produced more than 94% siderophore units under 1.2% salt stress. The findings of this study showed that there is a high diversity in terms of siderophore production in Iranian native strains. Moreover, strains F, H, L, and K can potentially be considered plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under salinity due to their ability to produce siderophores under salt stress.

Codon usage and rare codons have mixed results on the protein structure and function. An increasing amount of data is shown that replacing the rare codons with frequently synonymous ones has diverse results as a decrease in a protein’s specific activity, changing the folding pathway, and reducing protein solubility. In this study, we investigated the situation of codon usage of the Lampyridae family luciferases using computational databases. For this, the codon feature of these luciferases was studied, bioinformatically. Also, in silico analyses of this enzyme were conducted by structural modeling on the I-TASSER web server. The status of these rare codons in these structural models was studied using SPDBV and PyMOL software. Finally, the binding site properties were studied using the AutoDock Vina. Using molecular modeling, two rare codons (Arg533 and Arg536) were analyzed that may have a critical role in the structure and function of these luciferases. AutoDock Vina was used in molecular docking that recognizes some residues that yield closely related to luciferyl-adenylate binding sites. These analyses created a new understanding of the sequence and structure of these luciferases, and our findings can be used in some fields of clinical and industrial biotechnology. This bioinformatics analysis plays an essential role in the design of new drugs.

List analysis is one of the new methods in validating hadith, which is one of the initiatives of Ayatollah Seyyed Ahmad Madadi. For more than a decade, scientific writings have been presented to explain list analysis. But in these writings, this qualitative-quantitative method in evaluating the hadith has been reduced or increased. In this descriptive-analytical article, the two interpretations presented in these writings are reported, presented, reviewed and critiqued. In the first impression, the ultimate goal is to analyze the list of reconstructions of old hadith books, and the validation of the hadith is one of its side benefits. In the second interpretation, the analysis of a list is equal to the source of the narration, and the validity of the hadith is equal to the validity of the source in which it is mentioned. From the point of view of this article, list analysis is a method in validating a hadith in which locating and finding the source is part of it. List analysis is based on the fact that most of the Shiite narrations have been quoted in the context of the text, and therefore validation should be based on the evaluation of the text, and tools appropriate to this type of evaluation should be used, which are the most important tools in the lists.

Soil salinity is one of the most crucial agricultural problems that in addition to having negative effects on crop production, causes hormonal imbalance and growth reduction in the plant. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a range of bacterial strains from different groups that live in plant roots and rhizospheres and can cause the plants to withstand stress by causing complex alterations in their growth and development. PGPR alters plant metabolism, signaling, and hormone homeostasis. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of two auxin-producing Bacillus strains on vegetative traits and the relative expression of the ARF15 gene of two genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) (MCC77 and MCC68) under salinity stress of 50 and 100 mM sodium chloride in greenhouse conditions. The number of sub-branches of MCC68 has been significantly increased in the inoculation of strains at the concentrations of 0.5 and 1 in the presence of 50 mM sodium chloride. Moreover, the inoculation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FZB42) and Bacillus. cereus at a concentration of 0.5 and 1 led to a significant increase in the fresh weight of MCC77 root. In addition, FZB42 at the concentration of 1 caused a significant increase (28.20%) in the height of MCC77 plants in the presence of 100 mM sodium chloride. In the inoculation of Bacillus sp. at the concentration of 0.5 and the presence of 50 mM sodium chloride, the relative expression of the ARF15 gene of MCC68 genotype showed a 9-fold increase. Both FZB42 and B. cereus strains affected the vegetative traits of MCC68 and MCC77 genotypes, which indicated the role of PGPR in increasing the supply of enzymatic and non-enzymatic metabolites, and the expression of plant genes in response to abiotic stresses.

Exact evaluation of the amount and distribution of genetic diversity in plants is essential for developing a strategy for conservation and use of genetic resources. Study, the genetic diversity of 40 genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated using 10 Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers and four Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The 10 ISSR primers produced 92 polymorphic bands with an average of 9.2 polymorphic bands for each primer and the polymorphic percentage was 86.79%. Also, four RAPD primers produced 19 polymorphic bands with an average of 4.75 bands for each primer, and the average polymorphic percentage was 67.85%. High levels of effective number of alleles, Nei index, Shannon index, and the Polymorphism information content of ISSR markers for UBC813, UBC816 and UBC824 primers, and RAPD markers for OH-04 and OPA02 primers was indicated the high efficiency of these primers in differentiating the studied wheat genotypes in this research. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient based on the whole polynomial bands of ISSR and RAPD markers divided wheat genotypes in two separate groups. Also, principal coordinates analysis and determining population structure based on Bayesian method with STRUCTURE software placed the cultivars in two groups and confirmed cluster analysis results. Molecular analysis of variance showed that within groups’ diversity is more than between groups’ diversity. Information obtained from this research and variation in wheat cultivars can be used in the breeding programs for yield improvement.

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic environmental stresses and is one of the most important factors in reducing the growth and yield of crops including wheat. Wheat is one of the most important crops in Iran and Wheat peloid levels are an important source of excellent genes, and it is highly desirable to study these species for use in breeding activities. Diploid wheat has 27 different species, among them T. boeticum is the most widespread type of wild wheat being distributed in the cold semi-western regions of the country. This study was conducted in 2009 at Graduate University of Advanced Technology on two different genotypes of T. boeticum wheat, which belongs to Kurdistan and Lorestan of Iran. The seeds of these wheat were cultured in the winter of 2018 as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications and statistically analyzed at two levels of salinity stress of 0 and 125 mM. The results of analysis of variance of traits including photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, proteins, phenols, proline, ionic leakage, relative humidity, hydrogen peroxide, root length, some antioxidant enzymes and measurement of sodium and potassium showed that There is a significant difference between the genotype levels and salinity stress levels as well as the interactions between the two treatments in terms of the studied traits.

Nitrogen is one of the most important elements required by plants. Legume crops are of great significance because they can use nitrogen from the atmosphere through biological nitrogen fixation. In the current study, effects of NARK gene and different nitrogen treatments on growth, physiological parameters and protein profile of soybean leaf of supernodulation mutant and wild-type were investigated. For this, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions. Experiment factors included two levels of ammonium (NH4+) and two levels of nitrate (NO3-) for three types of soybean (sterile, wild-type and supernodulating mutant). Results of variance analysis revealed that the treatment of ammonium plus nitrate in comparison with other treatments had the greatest effect on soybean plants in terms of morphological and biochemical parameters. Two-dimensional electrophoresis also showed that sterile plants under 5mM ammonium sulfate treatment had higher protein variation in leaf compared with the soybean wild-type plants inoculated with rhizobia (non-recipient of mineral nitrogen). This variation in the leaf protein profile of plants could be due to type of nitrogen they receive (mineral nitrogen/biological nitrogen fixation). In addition, the protein variation could be due to alteration in genes expression because of symbiosis in inoculated plants with rhizobia. Traits such as chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and reduced sugar content, had the highest amount under the ammonium plus nitrate and 5mM ammonium treatments and the lowest amount in control plants.

Glucoraphanine is an aliphatic glucosinolate, which largly found in Lepidium draba from Brassicaceae family. This glucosinolate convert to isothiocyanate, sulforaphane (SFN) in the presence of myrosinase which has different biological activities such as the antioxidant and anti bacterial properties, and also able to prevent proliferating of cancer cells.  CYP79F1 is the first enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of glucoraphanine.

 In this study, L. draba seedlings wer grown for 7 days in the presence of different concentration of sucrose and chitosan (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L), in fully-random designs with three repetitions. After collection of the seedlings, SFN content in the arial parts of them were measured using HPLC apparatus. Furthermore, in the treated seedlings, the gene expression level of CYP79F1 were examined using the Real Time PCR technique.

 The results showed, that SFN content in the sucrose treated seedlings significantly increased compared to the control. While in the chitosan treated seedlings significant increase in SFN content was only seen at the 200 mg/L concentration. The results showed that the expression of CYP79 F1 was significantly increased in the treated seedlings with 50 mg/L sucrose and 50 and 100 mg/L chitosan compared to the control.

 According to the results, it concluded that the mentioned elicitor's concentrations can stimulate aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis through expression of CYP79F1 gene. Based on the role of SFN as a valuable medicinal metabolit and also the role of CYP79F1 enzyme in the glucoraphanin biosynthesis, it suggested that the effects of others concentrations and time of treatment of the mentioned elicitors were analyzed on this plant.

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that can affect the yield of wheat. It is important to study the mechanisms of tolerance to salinity in crops and their ancestors. The purpose of this project was to investigate the responsive protein spots to salt stress in tolerant population. In this research, five diploid wheat population of T. boeoticum (A1, A10, B3, B4, C5) were grown in greenhouse as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Salinity was applied at two levels of zero and 150 mM. Then, the traits of shoot and root height, fresh and dry shoot weights, chlorophyll a, b, total carotenoids and total protein content were measured. Total protein was extracted using TCA / acetone method. The proteins were separated in the first dimension by isoelectric point using IPGs pH 4-7 followed by SDS-PAGE as the second dimension using molecular weight. The results of physiological data analysis showed that for fresh and dry shoot weights and total protein content, the interaction effect of the population*salinity was significant. For the two traits of fresh weight and total protein, the population of B4 had the highest average. Two-dimensional electrophoresis gel analysis revealed 205 repetitive spots. Out of these, 7 spots showed upregulation and 7 spots downregulation. Identified proteins include proteins involved in the cell wall, photosynthesis, energy metabolism, chromatin-related proteins, chaperones, proteolytic, in the removal of reactive oxygen species, in repairing damaged proteins and in the transmission of the message. These results can be used to improve wheat cultivars.

Phosphorus, the most essential nutrient for plants, becomes quickly unavailable for the plants in the soil. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB( can play an important role in providing Phosphorus for plants. In this study, the PSBs were screened from plant rhizosphere by Pikovskaya method. Then, the growth rate and phosphate solubilizing ability of 9 superior strains were measured at different temperatures and levels of salinity and pH. The best strain was identified by 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Finally, the genetic diversity of phosphate solubilizing strains were examined by RAPD markers. Results showed that 25 strains were capable of solubilizing insoluble phosphates among the 57 isolates studied. Of the nine superior strains, Cke1 had the highest solubilizing index with the average growth rate under all conditions and was introduced as the best PSB strain identified in the present study. 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that this strain belonged to the Enterobacter genus. The results of genetic variation showed that all stains were divided into six groups and three strains that had the lowest similarity with other strains were placed in three separate groups. Given that Cke1 strain has the ability of solubilizing the insoluble phosphate in different stresses, it can be a good candidate for providing phosphorus at temperatures of 30 and 35 °C, 1.2% and 1.8% salinity levels and pH levels of 6 and 8 for the crops.

Providing the main food for people in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, bread wheat is considered one of the most important crop plants in the world. The present study was aimed to assess the genetic diversity and the relationship between morphological and agronomic traits under normal and drought stress conditions among thirty-five wheat genotypes. A split-plot in RCB consisting of three replicates was carried out. The morphological and agronomic traits, which were measured, included plant height, awn length, spike length, leaf length, internode length and number of nodes, number of tillers, number of leaves, number of spikelets per a spike, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, grain yield, 100 grain weight and biological yield. And phonological traits containing of number of days to germination and heading were calculated too. According to anova, there were statistically significant differences among various wheat genotypes for the all of traits evaluated. Correlation coefficients among traits demonstrated that in normal conditions, there was a positive correlation between grain yield and spike length, spike weight, number of nodes, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike and number of spikes per plant. However, under stress conditions, grain yield showed a positive correlation with spike weight, number of nodes, number of leaves, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike and number of spikes per plant. In regression analysis, the four variables entered the model in normal conditions, included 100 grain weight, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike and awn length. And the six variables under stress conditions which have been entered the model contained number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, spike weight, 100 grain weight and leaf length. Path analysis revealed that under normal and stress conditions, 100 grain weight and spike weight had the highest role in increasing grain yield, respectively. In the analysis of the main components, the three main factors justify 77/5٪ of the total variation in normal condition.According to the results, the genotype D1(genomeAA(and Sabalan cultivar,which in all their high performance conditions,can be recognizwd as the most tolerant.

Nitrogen deficit is one of the most limiting nutrients for plant production. Therefore, identifying diazotrophic indigenous inoculants to promote nitrogen fixation have a great importance in agriculture. In the current study, a number of rhizobacteria isolated from nodules of different legumes cultured in Kerman (IRAN) province. Isolates were screened for their ability to grow on N-free media. Eight isolates showed the best growth speed on on N-free media selected for further experiments. The reminders with little speed grow on medium were discarded. The selected isolates were analyzed in vitro for diazotrophic potential tests for ammonia production. The effect of isolates on some growth parameters and nodulation of bean plants were also studied under greenhouse conditions by 10 treatments including N and N-free groups. All selected isolates significantly (P<0.01) enhanced growth parameters of bean plants above the un-inoculated N-free control. Chlorophyll a was also raised in the presence of rhizobacteria inoculation which the content was as much as the group treated by mineral N application. Its total chlorophyll content was also the highest after mineral N treated group. Among isolates, MPV2 followed by GMS with the highest number of root nodulation showed the greatest impact on growth characteristics such as plant height and leaf water content. MCA and GMS isolates had the most nitrogen content in plants comparing to the rest of groups. It can be concluded from the results that MPV2, GMS and MCA, respectively collected from root nods of Phaseulus vulgaris, Medicago sativa and Cicer arietinum plants are good candidates for improving bean plants growth production as N-fixator biofertilizers. However, the beneficial of these isolates should be screened under field conditions for P. vulgaris plants.

Squalene is a polyunsaturated hydrocarbon with six double bonds. Squalene has many applications in biofuel, cosmetic, medical and pharmaceutical industries. The common source of Squalene is shark liver oil that its consumption is limited. Thraustochytrium a genus of unicellular marine protist belong to the thraustochytrids family which is capable of producing high Squalene. In this study, the qualitative and quantitative production of Squalene, oil and biomass was investigated in the native strain of Thraustochytrium 71-1 by TLC and HPLC. Molecular characterization of this strain was analyzed by 18srDNA gene analysis. Results showed that the strain 71-1 belongs to the family of Thraustochytrids and the genus of Thraustochytrium. The results showed that the strain of Thraustochytrium 71-1 produced 4.12 and 1.25 gr/L, biomass and oil, respectively. Also, Squalene was produced as 74.6 mg/L in 4 days of incubation in GYP medium.
Discussion and In this research, the production of Squalene has been reported in the strain of the thraustochytrium marine for the first time in the Middle East. It is hoped that in future, the production of this substance could be increased by optimizing the culture medium and culture conditions of this strain to produce Squalene.

Squalen is a polyunsaturated triterpene with wide range of applications in pharmacy. In this study, production of squalen and bioinformatic analysis of corresponding gene were investigated in native strain of Aurantiochytrium. This strain produced 3.7 and 1.6 g/l biomass and oil rich in squalene, respectivelly. The amount of produced squalene by this strain was assessed as 48.9 mg/l. Also, Aurantiochytrium squalen synthase gene was identified and sequenced by molecular analysis. Using the bioinformatics software's, some of codon parameters were evaluated and graphical chart was drawn. By use of modeling databases and their software's, the modeling process of this enzyme was conducted. The results of modeling confirmed the role of some amino acids as alanine, glutamic acid, leucine in construction of alpha helix structure. These types of studies help in identification of squalene synthase reaction mechanism. Evaluation of these hidden information can improve the knowledge of the squeal-like scalene folding process and the challenges of protein expression and will be effective in the new design of the enzyme.

Siderophores are relatively low-weight molecules (500 to 1000 Dalton), which are produced by many microorganisms as the chelating ligands of iron under iron deficiency. Plants can absorb the siderophore-iron complex to meet their needs for iron. The aim of this study was isolation and identification of siderophore producing bacteria.
In this study, we used liquid chrome azurol S (CAS) assay for the isolation of siderophore producing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs). Then, different kinds of the produced siderophores by the best strains were determined using overlaid chrome azurol S (O-CAS) assay. Finally, two best siderophores producing strains were identified using the 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis.
The results showed that 69.3 percent of the isolated bacteria could produce siderophores. The lowest and highst levels of siderophores belonged to the strains Cke1 (17.58 percent siderophore unit) and Wah1 (97.76 percent siderophore unit) respectively. Based on the O-CAS assay method, these strains produced catchol and hydroxamat types of siderophores. Two strains Wah1 and Wkh were identified using 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis as Bacillus cereus and Enterobacter cloacae, respectively.
Discussion and Wah1 and Wkh produced more siderophores (as siderophore unit) than other strains, which were studied using the same method until now. Therefore, they could be valuable strains to study their potential as biological fertilizers and plant protection against the soil born pathogens.

Luciferase enzymes are involved in the bioluminescence reaction (light emission by living organisms). The bioluminescence process is a widespread phenomenon in the Nature. These enzymes are identified in some domains of life, but the luciferases from lampyrid genus are considered of for biological applications. The molecular cloning of a new type of firefly luciferase from Luciola lateralis was reported, previously. Here, we study its substrate binding site and rare codon with molecular docking and bioinformatics studies. By molecular modelling, some rare codons were identified that may have a critical role in structure and function of this luciferase. AutoDock Vina was used in the molecular docking that recognizes some residues that yield closely related with luciferin and AMP binding site. These types of studies help in the discovery of the light production reaction. Evaluation of these hidden information’s can improve the knowledge of luciferases folding and protein expression challenges and help in design of new drugs.

27 different populations of Triticum boeoticum were gathered from west and North West of Iran for their grouping using morphological traits. All populations were assessed in farm based on completely random design with three replications in 1393. The measured traits include stem length with spike, spike length with and without awn, awn length, flag leaf length, the woolly leaves, peduncle length, spikelet length, number of grains per spikelet and 100-grain weight. The result showed that the most diversity were observed in hairy leaf and flag leaf length traits according to the variation coefficient in studied traits. All populations are located in three groups based on cluster analysis. Obtained grouping was not agreed with geographical grouping and showed more diversity into populations gathered from the same province. Based on factor analysis, three factors were recognized that explain 76.65 percent of total variation. The first factor allocation of 30.09 percent of the total variation is mainly explained by the traits of hairy leaf, spike length with awn, awn length, grain number per spikelet and was named as a spike morphology factor. The second factor is explained 23.12 percent of the total variation and named length factor and third factor allocation 23.12 percent of the total variation and name were grain filling factor. Biplot figure based on two first factor, all populations were placed on three groups. The obtained results from factor analysis were conformed the result of cluster analysis and confirmed them. The result indicated that when two first factors legitimized high percent of variation, can be used for grouping.

Rhizobia are bacteria that have a symbiosis with legumes. Rhizobia that have some capabilities like ACC deaminase and siderophore production in addition to nitrogen fixation are successful competitors in different environmental conditions for production of more nodules. The aim of this study was the screening of ACC deaminase and siderophore producing Rhizobia.
For screening of ACC deaminase producing rhizobia, all isolates were cultured on M9 medium with two different nitrogen sources, ACC and NH4Cl, and M9 medium without nitrogen source was considered as a control treatment. ACC deaminase producing Rhizobia were identified based on statistical comparison of growth rate on M9 medium with ACC against other mediums. Chrome Azurol S (CAS) liquid assay was used for siderophore producing Rhizobia. All treatments repeated two times and all data analyzed in the base of the completely randomized design. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used for identifying the best ACC deaminase and siderophore producing strain.
14 isolates of Rhizobium were used for screening of ACC deaminase and siderophore producing isolates. Results showed that just R8 strain was isolated with the capability of ACC deaminase production. This isolate could have better growth on M9 with ACC than two other mediums. In the next experiment, it was determined that 8 isolates are siderophore producing rhizobia based on CAS liquid assay. The result showed that R12 isolate could produce more siderophore than others. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, R8 and R12 isolates identified as Sinorhizobium meliloti.
Discussion and The R8 strain that have the capability of ACC deaminase production probability can prevent adverse effects of ethylene during nodulation and abiotic stress. On the other side, R12 that are able to produce siderophore can prevent the growth of soil born pathogen in addition to facilitating nodulation and iron uptake by plants.

Proteomics has emerged since 1995 for studying the total proteome of cells, tissues, or organisms at any condition. The study of proteins has a fundamental importance because they are the functional and final molecules of the gene expression process and proteomics could be a valuable technique for achieving this purpose. Mass spectrometry is a complementary technique for proteomics that allows us to identify protein spots. In this review, we described all features of gel-based proteomics that include two different methods for separation and identification of protein spots.

Microorganisms produce carotenoids as a part of their response to environmental stresses. Carotenoids have many applications in human health, such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, light protection activity and as a precursor for hormones.
In this study, the effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources was evaluated on carotenoids production by native Aurantiochytrium strain. The effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources were studied on biomass and carotenoid production. Then, carotenoids were extracted and analyzed by TLC, spectrophotometry and HPLC methods.
Results showed that glycerol is the best carbon source for production of high carotenoids content. Selected medium contained: glycerol (1.5% v/v), peptone (1g/l), yeast extract (1g/l) and 50% of sea water. Total carotenoids content was 134.8 µg/g CDW in this medium. TLC analysis showed that the extracted carotenoid is included: beta-carotene, astaxanthin monoester, astaxanthin diester and free astaxanthin. The results of HPLC analysis showed presence of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone and β-carotene in the carotenoid extract.
Discussion and In this research, production of carotenoids was investigated in native strain of Aurantiochytrium and carotenoids profile was included astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, β-carotene and echinenone.