mohammadreza farzaneh

Chilaiditi syndrome is a rare condition incidentally found in radiography of the chest and abdomen. It may be associated with transient dyspnea and abdominal or chest pain. Herein, we present a man with ischemic heart disease who was incidentally found to have Chilaiditi sign. A 65-year-old man, a known case of ischemic heart disease who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention twice, the last of which was 10 months before, presented with dyspnea on exertion in the last week. On physical examination, he had no abnormal findings. A chest radiograph showed the interposition of a segment of the colon in between the liver and right hemidiaphragm, a condition called Chilaiditi sign. For the possibility of in-stent restenosis of the coronary arteries, the patient was visited by a cardiologist who followed the patient up and finally ruled out the diagnosis based on his clinical judgment, electrocardiography, and serum troponin. After 10 months of follow-up, the patient is doing well. The presence of Chilaiditi sign may lead to a false-positive diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia. Chilaiditi syndrome may cause transient dyspnea; however, persistent dyspnea on exertion in a patient with ischemic heart disease should primarily be attributed to cardiovascular causes rather than the Chilaiditi syndrome.

Climate change often leads to more frequent and intense disasters, such as floods, storms, and droughts, directly affecting people’s health. It is crucial to address the laws related to climate change and disaster risk management (DRM). This study aims to analyze the climate change and DRM laws in developed countries based on the social-ecological systems (SES) framework.

This is a mixed-method study. We first classified developed countries based on the human development index (HDI). Next, the laws related to climate change in these countries were extracted from the climate change laws of the world (CCLW) database. Finally, the qualitative approach (examining, classifying, and analyzing the related documents based on Ostrom’s SES framework) and the quantitative approach (time-series and spatial analyses based on the SESs and their subsystems) were combined to conduct the study. 

The developed countries have passed 40% of all DRM laws in the world. The time-series analysis showed that most laws had been passed in the last 30 years. Additionally, water, transportation, and economy-wide subsystems were considered first in these laws. The spatial analysis indicated that the European countries and South Korea had passed the most laws.

The DRM laws in the early years primarily focused on emergency aid and the costs of natural disasters. Over time, the laws included more goals, such as planning and establishing systems, reconstruction funds, and prevention systems. The continuity of DRM laws and targets can result in better decision-making and more effective measures to tackle climate change.

Global warming has led to changes in climate variability and different characteristic of consequence extreme events. Recently, the study of compound extremes, defined as the co-occurrence of multiple events with extreme impacts, has attracted much attention because of their detrimental impacts on society and ecosystems. In countries like Iran with arid and semi-arid climate patterns, the inter-annual climate variability causes severe influences on agriculture through compound dry and hot extremes. Such impacts are expected to increase due to climatic changes. Decreasing water availability as a consequence will impose a direct impact on agriculture and could endanger the socio-economic development and social sustainability in these regions. Assessment of the vulnerability to climate change and its resulted-in agricultural drought is fundamental for effective adaptation strategies in the future. This paper is presenting a spatial GIS-based assessment method for agricultural drought vulnerability in current and future climatic conditions in Isfahan province, Iran by constructing agricultural drought vulnerability maps. This assessment was conducted by evaluation of changes in the severity, duration, and frequency of compound dry and hot extremes. The results expressed the spatio-temporal variability of the empirical probability of drought occurrence, and indicated the relation between the vulnerability of agricultural drought and the characteristics of drought occurrence. The results of vulnerability assessment can be used to prioritize the counties for implementation of long-term drought management plans and effective countermeasures, as well as to contribute to sustainable agricultural development.

Iran and Afghanistan have a long history of facing climate hazards, leading to extensive damages to life, the environment, and economies. This research conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of their long-term climate conditions on a national scale.Future climate scenarios based on IPCC6AR were projected to understand climatic similarities between the two nations. The results showed that recent years experienced the highest average temperatures in both countries, with significant changes occurring between 1991 and 2020 within the past 80 years. Monthly average temperatures over the last 80, 50, and 30 years exhibited a consistent upward trend, with the last decade being the warmest. Regarding precipitation patterns, the research revealed significant distribution changes in the last 80 years, particularly during 1951-1980 and 1971-2000 in Iran and Afghanistan, respectively. The study also examined natural hazards statistics resulting from climate change, including event frequency and the number of affected individuals over the past 40 years in both countries. The research emphasized preserving and revitalizing wetlands as an effective triple strategy to address climate change impacts in both countries. Given their shared exposure to climate change, conserving and restoration the Hamoun wetlands is crucial. Additionally, involving third parties in international discussions about wetlands or climate change can help resolve disputes.In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of understanding historical climate conditions and potential future scenarios for Iran and Afghanistan.

The insurance strategy of direct insurers (reinsurers) should be in accordance with actuarial risk-based principles. Therefore, every decision and action taken by insurance institutions in relation to climate change adaptation requires a risk assessment. Therefore, examining international underwriting and dealing with the climate change insurance process in Iran can provide useful strategies to managers. This research has been done in order to investigate the situation of Iran's insurance industry in the underwriting of climate change.

In the beginning, insurance plans and coverage and climate change risk management strategies are reviewed in selected developed and developing countries. Then, the experiences of global surveys, regarding climate change are used in order to develop a questionnaire in line with the current situation of Iran country in the field of climate change insurance.

  The results of the questionnaire’s analysis distributed among 35 insurance experts on climate change risk management, show that some insurance companies, despite predicting the impact of climate risks in their insurance processes and empowering their employees, don’t have any plan for the assessment and mitigation of greenhouse gases, regular assessment of climate hazards, providing incentives and modeling. Also, the strategy of annual re-pricing and risk-based pricing has the highest priority to face climate change in insurance companies.

Most of the country's insurance companies use different strategies to deal with climate change, of which annual repricing and risk-based pricing have been the most popular.

The ectopic presence of helminths and their eggs in the appendix tube can directly and indirectly lead to the hyperplasia of lymphatic follicles in the walls of the tube by antigenic stimulation and thereby cause obstruction and subsequently acute appendicitis. The present study was designed to determine the extent of this role as well as the frequency of appendectomy samples with E. vermicularis during the last ten years in Bushehr.

A total of 3210 slides related to appendiceal samples of appendectomy patients were collected in Bushehr over ten years (2012-2022) and examined in terms of microanatomy. The microscopic evaluation of the samples as well as the information contained in the patient health records were summarized and the collected data were analyzed in SPSS-16 software using the Chi-square test.

The frequency of appendicitis caused by E. vermicularis in the studied samples was 0.8%, showing a decreasing trend over the last years. There was a significant relationship between appendicitis caused by E. vermicularis and the gender and age of the patients, but there was no significant relationship with their place of residence.

Considering the decreasing trend of appendicitis caused by Enterobius over the last few years in Bushehr, a role can be attributed to the COVID pandemic in this outcome. It is suggested to carry out preliminary evaluations for the early diagnosis of this parasitic infection, especially in infected areas, in order to eliminate unnecessary surgical interventions.

Social capacity building and raising awareness on water and environmental problems through education of different groups of people is one of the most fundamental issues that should be considered so that the protection of water and the environment becomes a behavior pattern in society. Among the foundations of participation in the field of water resources and environmental protection, we can mention building cultural capacity, which has a function beyond academic, professional, and human resources training. Many models have been developed to examine the position of behavioral sciences in the field of water resources management, most of them are organized with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) structuring water conservation behaviors, which has been successful in predicting proven behavior and growth and development. The upstream model of this research is also developed through it. Considering that children as the future heirs of resources and students as influential segments of society are of particular importance, so, they should be encouraged to accept the role of protecting water resources in the best possible way. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the psychological factors affecting the behavioral logic and behavioral tendencies of students to participate in water conservation through a socio-psychological model and to investigate the effectiveness of indirect and informal education with an environmental scratch approach.

In this research, the behavior of 90 students in three levels of education, primary, first, and second secondary, as well as 30 selected male and female undergraduate and master's students in Karaj city, about water, was investigated in the two axes of water consumption reduction and water reuse. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed and prepared based on the defined components of the upstream model including intention, attitude, perceived behavior control, moral norm, understanding of risk, subjective norm, behavior, trust, and habit, and based on the review of international sources and interviews with experts to determine the behavioral logic of the statistical population of the research regarding the aforementioned policy options.

The obtained results showed that the indirect and informal educational programs for water protection have had a positive effect on people's attitudes towards water protection, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral inclination towards water protection, and moral norms. Also, education in female students has been more effective in the attitude component, but in male students, the level of knowledge and insight about water protection issues in the pre-test has been higher. In addition, education among primary students has been more effective than in first-secondary students.

In designing educational campaigns, it is better to pay attention to the intention of people to save water consumption and then implement this. Also, considering that it seems that the younger the training starts, the better the results. Therefore, special attention should be paid to education at younger ages. In addition, more educational programs should be carried out with an emphasis on indirect and informal education to facilitate water conservation for improving the behavior of water conservation among students.

The rapid growth of industrial activities and as a result the increase of greenhouse gases in the last few decades has caused the disturbance of the global climate balance, which is referred to as the phenomenon of climate change. The negative effects of this phenomenon may intensify in the future due to society's attitude towards the rapid development of industry and less attention to the environment. There is a lot of evidence that these changes are happening; Adapting to climate change includes a set of management measures to reduce harmful consequences and benefit from it. Mitigating measures include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting and expanding clean technologies, and protecting forests to deal with climate change; these are necessary even though these actions will slow down the occurrence of climate change, they are not able to halve or reverse the process of this phenomenon in the future. Therefore, in the medium term, society needs a specific strategy to adapt to the expected changes. Adapting to climate change is based on a better and more appropriate understanding of the effects of climate change and making informed decisions in taking measures to deal with this phenomenon. Adaptive strategies with the effects of climate change include a wide range, some of which are non-engineering or non-structural (education and insurance) and some are engineering or structural (such as structural measures and changes in management style).Insurance is one of the main methods of non-structural adaptation, and in a situation where this trend is increasing due to the growing trend of the harmful effects of greenhouse gases and the intensification of the effects of climate change, paying attention to the experiences of developed countries and adapting to the existing conditions of the country in line with the attention It is very important to have insurance products compatible with climate change that are also compatible with the country.

The research method considered in this article is based on the qualitative research method, and first, scientific reports and related sources were extracted, and the experiences of countries were extracted by examining written documents and using a comparative approach. To present the results, the extracted outputs were analyzed into three main classes of general understanding of the effects of climate change, insurance, and product development. The United Nations Development Program (2021) includes an index called HDI to determine the development of countries. This index is determined based on education, health, lifestyle, etc. The numerical value of this index varies between zero and one, and for developed countries, a value higher than 0.8 is considered. In this article, the value of this index based on the statistics of 2021 is the basis for the division of developed countries, and among the developed countries, Spain, Great Britain, Italy, Iceland, Belgium, Turkey, Romania, Sweden, Finland, Malaysia, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Japan, Norway, Bulgaria, Germany, Denmark and the United States of America were considered as selected countries.

Climate change is one of the main challenges of the last century. With the formation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change at the international level, comprehensive policies in this field were taken into consideration and studies related to investigating the effects, relief, and adaptation to climate change were expanded. Structural and non-structural approaches are the two main approaches to adapting to climate change, and the current research is trying to use an adaptive approach, which is part of the non-structural strategy based on climate change risk management and centered on "insurance".The results showed that in general, the emission of more than half of the greenhouse gases in the world occurs in developed countries and their share of insured losses is higher, and also the governments in these countries seek to understand the general trend of the effects of climate change and respond to it. Therefore, examining the experiences of these countries in the field of providing solutions to face climate change is considered necessary and useful. These ongoing solutions include insurance plans and coverages, climate change risk management strategies in insurance, climate change risk transfer methods in insurance, and insurance products tailored to climate change.

The first step regarding the general understanding of the risk of climate change is to know the effects of climate change and especially the threats caused by climate change in the field of natural hazards and consequently the threat to the insurance industry. From this point of view, developed countries have experienced a favorable situation, which has become a platform for additional experiences in the field of insurance and product development in the face of climate change. Therefore, examining the experiences of these countries in the field of providing solutions to face climate change is considered necessary and useful. These ongoing solutions include insurance plans and coverages, climate change risk management strategies in insurance, climate change risk transfer methods in insurance, and insurance products tailored to climate change. Providing insurance products suitable for catastrophic events, including optional coverage especially for storms and floods, providing insurance for agricultural products or high-risk product insurance, comprehensive legal mandatory insurance against damages caused by natural hazards, creating a national solidarity fund with the aim of financial support for damage prevention. Providing insurance incentives for preventive measures, green loans for financial support of adaptation measures are among the most important and widely used plans and insurance products reviewed in selected developed countries.

The number of hazards and related damages is one of the main concerns of nankind in the last century. A review of international statistics shows that the largest number of catastrophic events are related to the Asian continent. The country of Iran is also facing this issue and also the climate change causes the aggravation of these damages. The current research seeks to explain the dimentions of international studies in this field. The methodology considered for conducting this research is based on the qualitative research method and was designed with a review approach of written documents related to the topics, indentification, classification, and a three-level analytical framework. The results showed that from the point of view of the level of exposure, floods and from the point of view of the number of casualties, earthquakes have the highest statistics at the international level, and it is very important pay attention to non-structural strategies to face risks, especially the insursnce strategy.

Title: Theoretical and Empirical Aspects of Pro-Environmental Behaviors Theory (PEBT) Several socio-psychological theories, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), have been used to understand better the factors that explain water and resource consumption decisions. Although this theory is more frequently applied based on the interaction between people’s attitudes, behavior, subjective norms, and personal control to undertake actions, it lacks non-cognitive components. To fill this gap, this study aims to develop a comprehensive theory by leveraging appropriate non-cognitive and cognitive components considering the systematic relation between factors affecting environmental behavior and the socio-cultural context. TPB is significantly developed to Pro-Environmental Behavior Theory (PEBT) in this study. Testing the model in some empirical studies, the authors claim that the model can increase the predictive capacity of environmental behavior. Keywords: pro-environmental behavior theory (PEBT), non-cognitive components, cognitive components. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sexual precocity in boys is defined as any sign of secondary sexual characteristics present before the age of 9. Leydig cell tumors of the testes are a rare cause of peripheral precocious puberty in boys. Here, we report 8 years and 4-month-old boys with signs of peripheral precocious puberty because of a testicular Leydig cell tumor that developed true precocious puberty after surgical removal. Examination of genitalia showed Tanner 4 hair growth. The penis length was 14.5 cm with a 2.5 cm width. The right testis was enlarged but the left testis was measured at 2cm in length and 1 cm in width. Laboratory results showed low serum gonadotropin levels and increased androgen levels. Testicular sonography reported one solid mass measured 31×28×15 millimeters. With a presumptive diagnosis of Leydig cell tumor, the patient underwent radical orchiectomy. Pathologic evaluation confirmed it. Two months after surgery, the diagnosis of central precocious puberty was confirmed according to physical examination and rising of serum gonadotropins. We started treatment with a Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. Leydig cell tumor in children is an uncommon cause of precocious puberty. In every boy with the sign of peripheral precocious puberty and asymmetrical testicular enlargement, the testicular tumor should be considered. It may induce central precocious puberty after surgical resection and this diagnosis should be considered in the patient’s follow-up in the next visits.

Global warming and consequently, the phenomenon of climate change is considered one of the most important environmental challenges of the last century, and as a result, the need for a global consensus to reduce its impacts is felt more than ever. In such a context, regulation in the field of climate change is very crucial. In this research, laws related to adaptation to climate change in developed countries have been analyzed from the perspective of thematic axes. Therefore, developed countries are first classified based on the Human Development Index (HDI). Then, climate change adaptation laws are categorized based on socio-ecological systems in the form of three systems of resources, actors, and governance, In the next step, the time and spatial trends of laws based on these systems and subsystems are analyzed. The results indicate that regulation in the field of adaptation to climate change in developed countries began in 1957 and continued until 2018, and the largest share belongs to the European continent. Also, the actor system has received more attention than the other two systems. The analysis of the subsystems shows that water, energy, and economy-wide subsystems are more important than other subsystems in each system. In addition, laws were passed in water, agriculture, and health subsystems earlier than others. Finally, it is shown that over time, the laws have included more comprehensive and broader goals and, on average, they have reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

In the present age, the issues and challenges of water crisis are at the center of attention of human life. To solve these crises, recent environmental policies have focused on encouraging pro-environmental behaviors and the determining factors of this behavior. Considering that one of the reasons for this crisis is the lack of human knowledge in the sustainable management of resources, therefore, the present research aims to contribute in the explanation and prediction of cooperative use behavior of water resources by Investigating the rich experiences of a successful case study in the field of water consumption local management by focusing on the knowledge component.

The theoretical framework of the research is the modify theory of planned behavior (MTPB) with an emphasis on the local knowledge component. This descriptive research was conducted using a survey method and a questionnaire among two groups of drinking and agricultural users in Toshan and Galand villages in Golestan province. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires have been confirmed using the Content Validity Ratio and Cronbach's alpha test. According to the research objectives, SPSS software was used for the statistical analysis of the questionnaires. In the following, structural equation modeling using Smart PLS software has been used for the simultaneous analysis of causal relationships between variables and the degree of conformity of the conceptual model with experimental observations.

The results of the statistical analysis show that the environmental knowledge of the users about water issues in the region is higher than the expected average, and this means that the level of cooperative behavior in the study area is high. Also, according to the Stone-Geisser scale, the structural model has a good structural quality in all cases. Investigating the structural part of the model by Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR) shows the appropriate reliability and convergent validity of the MTPB model. Also, the value of the R2 coefficient shows that in total, the variables of the modify model explain 92, 93, 74 and 79% of the behavior of the users of Toshan drinking, Galand drinking, Toshan agriculture and Galand agriculture, respectively, in relation to local participation in the use of water resources. Regarding the structural paths of the model, the results indicate that all components have a positive and significant effect on the variable of behavioral intention. Also, according to the obtained path coefficients, a positive and significant relationship has been observed between knowledge and attitude with the behavior of cooperative use of water resources, which confirms the hypothesis of the research and shows that the users have a positive attitude towards the cooperative behavior of water conservation in all cases.

According to the field experiences in the study area, the participation of stakeholders in the use of water resources facilitates the work by sharing environmental knowledge in cases where there are conflicts regarding the use of water. Adding the knowledge component, has not shown significant differences in improving behavior prediction between different cases of consumption. Of course, the results show that knowledge can be effective as a prerequisite for engaging in cooperative behavior. It should be noted that the results show that drinking water users, with a slight difference compared to agricultural users, have a greater behavioral intention to accept cooperative management of water resources.

Climate change has a wide range and affects various sectors such as agriculture, water, environment, etc. Climate change regulation is one of the international efforts to deal with this phenomenon. In this research, climate change adaptation laws in developing countries have been analyzed on two qualitative and quantitative levels. First, the laws are classified based on socio-ecological systems in the form of resource, actors, and governance systems. Then, based on these systems and their subsystems, the time and spatial trends of the laws are analyzed. Time analysis shows that climate change adaptation laws have been passed in developing countries from 1964 to 2021. The spatial analysis also indicates that Asia has the most laws in this field. In addition, the number of laws mentioned in the resource system is more than the other two systems, and this system has been considered in laws earlier than the others. In the next step, it is shown that water, transportation, and wide-economy subsystems have been mentioned more than other subsystems in each of the systems, and water and Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) subsystems, in the resource system, transportation and building in the actor system and social development in the governance system have been considered in the laws before the other subsystems. Finally, it was found that the passage of time and the increase in awareness about climate change have led to the expansion and comprehensiveness of the intended goals in the adaptation laws, and the climate change laws reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.

Knowledge of impacts and damages of natural and climatic disasters, besides the development of related insurance products, are among the factors that play a significant role in a better understanding of climatic threats and climate change adaptation and mitigation. Therefore, this research was carried out in order to examine the status of Iran's insurance industry in understanding the effects of climate change and developing related insurance products.

  In order to examine the international experiences of the world insurance industry in the field of climate change, library studies were used, and to examine the current situation of the Iranian insurance industry in understanding the phenomenon of climate change and insurance products, a questionnaire was used.

  Findings show, the deep and extensive attention of the insurance industry to the phenomenon of climate change, the needf for requirements such as providing detailed statistical analyxes of the number of damages and effects caused by the occurrence of climate change, clarifying the harmful effects of climate change on profitability, considering encironmental issues and biological changes in the macro polocies of the country, creating fundamental thinking and attitude regarding climate change in the country. 

The results indicate that climate change has increased customer demand for some insurance products, and the consequences of climate change have caused the need to develop and upgrade the products and use new insurance products.

The phenomenon of climate change has caused abnormal changes in the Earth's atmosphere and has a variety of consequences, including rising global average temperatures, rising sea levels, changes in rainfall, impact on the global economy, financial systems, etc. Given the impact of this phenomenon on different sectors, adaptation and mitigation strategies should be used to better understand the effects of climate change and reduce vulnerability.The wide consequences of climate change in the last 25 years in developing countries, including 95% of the world's deaths and the doubling of direct economic losses in low-income countries compared to high-income countries, have led to different plans with the focus on adaptation. Strategies for adapting to the effects of climate change include a wide range of non-engineering or non-structural strategies (such as education and insurance) and engineering or structural strategies (such as structural measures and management practices). The insurance industry reduces the catastrophic effects of climate and natural disasters and enables timely recovery by distributing losses and also reduces the burden of damage, as a measure of adaptation to climate change. It provides timely post-disaster liquidity and is associated with preventive and risk reduction activities. It also plays an important role in reducing the vulnerability of society to natural disasters related to climate change by supporting sustainable development goals.

The research method was based on the qualitative research method. Therefore, related scientific reports and sources were extracted and written documents were reviewed to extract the experiences of developing countries according to a comparative approach. A general understanding of the effects of climate change, underwriting, and product development were the three main classifications in developed countries that were analyzed to present the results. The selection of countries was based on the value of the Human Development Index in 2021. This index ranges between 0 and 1 and is used by the United Nations to determine the development of countries. Finally, Ukraine, Bangladesh, Thailand, Taiwan, Syria, Colombia, Morocco, Nigeria, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, China, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Mexico, India, and Afghanistan were selected among developing countries.

The experience of developing countries in the general understanding of the effects of climate change shows that in recent years. global warming has led to rising temperatures in all countries and rising sea levels in coastal countries. In addition, the number of natural disasters caused by climate change, especially floods, droughts, and Tropical storms has increased in developing countries, which in many cases have been catastrophic, resulting in significant deaths and economic losses.Studying the underwriting and insurance programs in selected countries shows that in general, some countries do not have a practical plan in this field, some are researching and testing solutions in this field, and some establish microfinance institutions, insurance pools, and government agencies, etc., and have paid particular attention to agricultural insurance.With the increasingly negative consequences of climate change, a wide range of insurance products including index-based insurance, agricultural insurance, microinsurance, weather derivatives, green insurance, catastrophic bonds, and other types of securities has been considered by the government to secure financing post-disaster damages.

Because most compatibility options have long execution times, long-term planning and acceleration are crucial to closing compliance gaps. With the advent of the insurance industry as one of the largest industries in the world, it is expected that disaster safety nets will be provided to discuss regime adaptation and climate change. Insurance and alternative tools are effective in risk transfer and can play an important role in financing and reducing the vulnerability of human and natural systems. The experiences of developing countries in adopting effective approaches and tools to deal with climate change showed that in terms of recognizing and understanding the necessity of the issue, these countries, following the developed countries, realized the importance of the climate change issue and seek to compensate for the gap created between the existing level of capacity utilization and its acceptable level. Regarding underwriting and existing measures, there is a major difference in the approach of selected countries, which has led to a wide range of practical measures. These differences are due to the prioritization of different sectors and financing capacities in the country, which in some cases have used the help of international institutions. In reviewing the programs and development of insurance products, it was observed that in all selected countries, according to priority, the development of insurance products has been considered and, in some countries, leading to the development of index-based insurance and issuance of various securities to secure financing post-disaster damages.

Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in men and the tenth most common cancer in women. The role of viral infections in the development of urinary bladder cancer has been discussed a lot in recent years. The role of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) as a cocarcinogen has been proven in some human cancers. Therefore, the aim of this research is the molecular investigation of EBV in bladder masses in Bushehr province.

The current research is a descriptive-analytical study. The study population includes bladder tissue biopsies of people diagnosed with bladder cancer referred to Persian Gulf Martyrs Hospital in Bushehr. The paraffin-embedded bladder biopsy tissue of 181 patients with bladder cancer with an average age of 64.52±13.78 as well as 30 non-cancerous bladder tissue samples as the control group were examined for molecular tests after deparaffinization and nucleic acid purification. In order to ensure the absence of PCR inhibitors, human beta globin gene was first detected as an internal control, and then the BKRF1 gene of EBV was detected by nested PCR method. Finally, SPSS software version 26 was used to analyze the data and perform statistical tests.

Out of 181 bladder carcinoma samples, 7 cases (3.9%) were infected with EBV, but no statistically significant relationship was found for age, sex, and stage and grade of tumor with EBV positive samples (P>0.05). In addition, EBV was not detected in any of the non-cancerous control samples; however, the difference in the prevalence of EBV between the bladder cancer patients' group and the control group was not statistically significant (P=0.33). In addition, the sequencing of the nested PCR products of the BKRF1 gene and the phylogenetic analysis indicate the presence of EBV type 1 in the positive samples.

Based on the findings of the present study and despite the fact that the percentage of EBV infection in cancerous samples was higher than in non-cancerous samples, it is unlikely that EBV is an effective factor in causing bladder cancer in Bushehr province, and other risk factors are probably involved in the etiology of bladder tumors in our study population, such as increasing air pollution in this region of the country, high-risk occupations, smoking, and other carcinogenic viral factors.

Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis is the spread of a tumor to the lungs through the lymphatic system, which is a rare and final manifestation of cancer with a poor prognosis. Its main symptom is gradual and progressive dyspnea. The method of choice for diagnosis is high-resolution CT (HRCT), the most common finding of which is an increase in nodular and irregular septal thickness between the lobules with the formation of a network of dense polygons. Histological findings confirm the diagnosis. Here we present a patient with lymphangitic carcinomatosis in Bushehr, which occurred secondary to pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Flood is one of the main natural disasters in Iran, which has caused losses in different regions. The present study developed a methodology that uses Sentinel 1 images and global products to assess the losses caused by a flood in the province of Khuzestan (2020) and Chabahar-Konarak (2021-2022). In this study, in addition to Sentinel 1 satellite data, Landsat 8 satellite images have been used. The results of this research have turned into the development of a flood application in the Google Earth Engine software. The results showed that the use of optically inactive images of this Landsat 8 or Sentinel 2 in cases where the cloud cover does not bother will increase the accuracy of the output. This issue is one of the specialization features in the conditions of uncertainty in determining the thresholds of changes in radar images. In the field of flood zone and subsequently estimation of losses from flood.

Nephrotoxicity is a major side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics, caused by oxidative damage and inflammation. Fucoidan, a group of sulfated polysaccharides derived from different species of brown algae, are well recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

In the present study, we aimed to investigate, for the first time, the efficacy of fucoidan extracted from Sargassum angustifolium C. Agardh 1820 against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of control, gentamicin (100 mg/kg), and gentamicin plus 50- and 100-mg/kg/day fucoidan pretreatment. In the end, all rats were killed, and then urine, blood, and tissue samples were prepared. Kidney weight (KW), body weight (BW), and 24-hour urine volume, as well as serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Cr clearance, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, were measured. Kidney samples were also evaluated for histopathological changes.

Gentamicin significantly increased KW, KW/BW ratio, 24-hour urine volume, serum Cr, MDA, and BUN levels; however, fucoidan pretreatment, especially at a dose of 50 mg/kg, significantly returned these variables near to the control group values. Gentamicin also decreased BW gain, Cr clearance, SOD activity, and the degree of renal tissue damage compared to the control group, while treatment with fucoidan significantly reversed these alterations.

The results show that fucoidan from S. angustifolium C. Agardh 1820 ameliorates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by alleviating oxidative stress and augmenting antioxidant enzymes activity in renal tissue, suggesting the potential use of this fucoidan in a clinical setting

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of active music therapy and play therapy on social skills and eye contact in 6-12 year old boys with autism level 2 in Tehran rehabilitation centers.

The eye contact rate of these children was measured using an eye tracker, and their social skills were measured by the Gershom & Elliot Social Skills Scale (SSRS). Samples were randomly divided into three groups: music therapy (M), play therapy (P) and control group (C). For group M, there were 12 sessions of active music therapy intervention and for group P the same number of play therapy sessions. For group C, only educational training sessions were held in the centers, and then eye contact and social skills of all three groups were re-measured.

Comparison of eye contact and social skills of the three groups after the intervention, using ANCOVA test in SPSS 23 software, showed a significant difference between the results of the three groups in both eye contact and social skills (p<0/05). Tukey post hoc test showed significant improvement in eye contact in music group but no change in game and control group. No significant improvement was observed in social skills of music group and observation group but no change in control group.

Based on findings it can be concluded that music therapy is effective in improving both eye contact and social skills, but playing therapy only affects social skill improvement

Constructing and using water systems and the indigenous knowledge associated with them are among the pivotal components of local communities, manifesting the convergent correlation of human life and Mother Nature. Practically, the purpose of this convergence was to realize human needs according to a careful understanding of natural limitations which ends to formulation of a system of meanings and rituals related water using styles. As a historical water-storing construction, Burka maintains strong similarities with other traditional water-storing structures in other parts of Iran while remaining particularities due to the geographical and cultural conditions of Qeshm Island. Relying on a realistic ethnography method, and after selection of 18 urban and rural regions in the island as its field, this study used both deep and focus-group interviews with more than 80 persons of local informants along with participative observation and survey of related published documents to collect and analyze the data regarding this traditional knowledge. Finally, this study led to a thick description of the indigenous knowledge regarding construction, maintenance and utilizing Burkas and functional-ritual values around them. Wise techniques of spotting the best location for harvesting the best quality rain water and building the Burka according to a technical intelligent architecture and then channeling the stream to the sediment pool and then transmitting it to a deep covered basin (constructing), constant solidarity of local communities through subtle mores (maintenance), and frugality and contentment in using water according to priorities (utilizing) are prominent components of this indigenous knowledge.

Considering the importance of cotton in crop rotation and the decreasing trend of its cultivation area in recent years, it is necessary to use efficient and optimized methods to increase the cultivation area and the amount of production of this strategic crop and to reduce its production costs. One of these methods is the delayed cotton cultivation of premature cultivars in the form of transplanting. Considering the important role of time management and irrigation in cotton cultivation, it is necessary to determine the optimal amount of water consumed by this plant in the delayed cultivation method. This research was carried out in a split plot design by randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation interval treatments (including irrigation after 70, 105 and 140 mm cumulative evaporation from the evaporation pan) as main plots and different irrigation water amounts (including 50, 75, 100 and 125% of evaporated water from the pan) as subplots were considered. The results showed that the treatment of irrigation after 105 mm evaporation from the pan had the highest yield, bolting percentage, water use efficiency and lint content, and yielded higher yields of 11 and 40% than 70 and 140 mm treatments, respectively. While 100% water treatment with 2016 kg/ha had the highest yield among irrigation depth treatments, the difference between treatments with 50 and 125% was not significant in 5% level in Duncan test. On the other hand, with increasing water depth, water use efficiency decreased, in such a way that 50% water treatment had the highest water use efficiency. Finally, according to the evaluation results of performance, yield components, and water use efficiency, the best treatment was irrigating after 105 mm evaporation from the pan with depth of 50%.

Considering the importance of cotton in crop rotation and the high reduction of cotton cultivation in recent years, it is necessary to use new approaches to increase the cultivation area, production amount and to reduce the production cost of this strategic crop. One of these strategies is the delayed cotton cultivation in the form of transplanting method by using earliness cultivars. This method can be used to plant cotton after wheat in a crop rotation and due to shortening of the growth period and without dealing with cold, an acceptable amount of crop can be obtained. Managing the time and amount of irrigation plays an important role in delayed plantings. In this regard, it is necessary to determine the optimal amount of water used by cotton in transplanting and conventional methods. This experiment was carried out in a split split plot design with three repetitions with transplanting and direct treatments as main plots, irrigation frequency including irrigation after 70, 105 and 140 mm cumulative evaporation from evaporation pan as subplot, and various water quantities including 50, 75, 100 and 125% of evaporation from the pan were considered as sub-sub plots. The results showed 38% increase of yield for transplanting method in comparison to direct cultivation, but this increase was not significant. Water use efficiency, earliness percentage and lint percentage in transplanting were 14%, 45% and 3.3% higher than direct planting, respectively. The highest yield, water use efficiency, earliness and lint percentage were related to irrigation frequency after 105 mm evaporation of the pan. The treatment of 50% of used water had higher yield, water use efficiency, and lint percentage than other treatments. Therefore, the best treatment was the transplanting method with 105 mm pan evaporation and 50% used water.

Short stature is an important clinical feature of Turner syndrome (TS). In this report, a girl with short stature suspected to have Turner syndrome underwent cytogenetic analysis, which confirmd Turner syndrome by observing sex chromosomal monosomy using the karyotype test. In addition to Turner syndrome, Robertsonian (ROB) translocation t(13;14) was detected. As recommended by a genetic counselor, all family members underwent karyotype analysis, which detected ROB translocation t(13;14) in father of the family. The simultaneous occurrence of ROB translocation and Turner syndrome is a rare phenomenon and affects the individual’s life, for instance, reduced fertility. Therefore, cytogenetic study is recommended in cases with abnormally short stature in order to manage their health before any treatment procedure.